盐胁迫对水稻叶片气孔性状及生理功能影响的研究

选择NaCl作为胁迫因子,观察与测定盐胁迫下不同品种水稻剑叶气孔密度、大小及稻叶各项生理过程和功能的变化情况,研究NaCl对水稻的盐害表现及水稻的抗盐机理,为探索作物耐盐机理和培育耐盐作物提供科学依据。     

NaCl胁迫对梭梭种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

试验以NaCl为胁迫因子,设置0、2、4、6、8、12、16、20、24、30、36g/L等11个盐质量浓度,对梭梭进行盐胁迫处理,通过分析相对发芽率、幼芽及幼根长、幼苗鲜质量和细胞膜透性等指标,研究NaCl胁迫对梭梭种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,NaCl胁迫质量浓度低于8g/L时,梭梭种子相对发芽率均在90...     

盐胁迫下谷胱甘肽对玉米幼苗根系抗氧化能力的影响

采用80mmol/L NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫,研究了谷胱甘肽对盐胁迫下滑玉14幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质和膜质过氧化指标的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫对玉米幼苗根系造成了氧化胁迫。同时,根系可以通过提高抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和POD活性及抗氧化物质AsA质量摩尔浓度,以抵抗盐胁迫造成的氧化胁迫。与单独盐胁迫相比,GSH处理则可以显著提高盐胁迫下根系的APX和DHAR活性及AsA质量摩尔浓度,分别提高了200%、503%和66%;显著降低了膜透性和MDA质量摩尔浓度,分别降低了34%和41%。外源谷胱甘肽处理可以提高玉米幼苗根系的抗氧化能力,以抵御盐胁迫所造成的伤害。     

盐胁迫对苣荬菜光合生理特性及水分利用率的影响

分别用0、3、6、9、12 g/kg NaCl处理苣荬菜,对苣荬菜叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等光合生理特性及水分利用率进行研究.结果表明:在盐胁迫下,许多植物的光合性能会受到不同程度的影响,其影响程度取决于盐浓度和植物的抗盐能力.随着NaCl浓度梯度的不断上升,叶绿素含量和水分利用率的趋势均为先上升后下降,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度则随之下降,而胞间CO2浓度先下降随后上升;苣荬菜对盐胁迫有一定的适应能力.     

氮水平对不同时期盐胁迫下水稻生长及生理特性的影响

【目的】探究供氮水平对不同时期盐胁迫下水稻生长及某些生理特性的影响。【方法】以2个北方常规粳稻品种为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,开展了5个氮水平对3个时期盐胁迫下水稻植株地上部与根系的生物量、渗透调节物质量、水稻叶片丙二醛量和膜透性影响的研究。【结果】(1)盐胁迫下水稻地上部与根系的生物量积累均显著降低,与CK相比,在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别以营养液正常含氮量的2倍、1倍和0.5倍水平下降低的幅度最小。(2)盐胁迫下,2个水稻品种叶片与根系的可溶性糖和脯氨酸量均显著增加,与CK相比,在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期时分别以营养液正常含氮量的2倍、1倍和0.5倍水平下增加的幅度最大。(3)盐胁迫下水稻叶片的丙二醛质量摩尔浓度和膜透性均显著增加,与CK相比,分别以营养液正常含氮量的2倍、1倍和0.5倍水平下增加的幅度最小。【结论】综上可知,盐胁迫条件下,分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期最佳的施氮水平应为营养液正常含氮量的2倍(1.43 mmol/L)、1倍(0.715 mmol/L)和0.5倍(0.357 5 mmol/L)水平。     

盐胁迫下番茄苗期生理特性研究

采用模拟土壤盐渍化的方式,研究不同浓度NaCl盐处理对番茄生长发育的影响。结果表明:在番茄幼苗期,低盐胁迫促进番茄幼苗生长,增加地上部、地下部干鲜重和株高;高盐胁迫抑制幼苗生长,明显降低幼苗地上部和地下部干鲜重、株高和茎粗。     

铈对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中生理指标的影响

以小麦为材料,在实验室模拟条件下,研究一定浓度的Ce（NH4）2（NO3）6对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发的影响。发现当用浓度为0．8％NaCl溶液对小麦种子进行盐胁迫时,溶液中含10mg／L的Ce（NH4）2（NO3）6能够降低盐胁迫下的小麦种子可溶性糖和丙二醛含量,说明稀土元素铈在一定程度上能降低盐胁迫对小麦种子的危害。     

盐分胁迫对油菜碳酸酐酶活性的影响

对盐胁迫下油菜光合作用、碳酸酐酶活性和叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随着盐浓度的提高,碳酸酐酶活性下降,油菜的光合速率降低,叶绿素含量先增加后减少。这说明,盐胁迫抑制了碳酸酐酶的活性,不同程度地破坏了植物的光合机构,气孔关闭,碳酸酐酶对光合作用的调控作用使得碳酸酐酶活性降低的同时光合速率也下降;盐胁迫下植物叶片中叶绿素含量下降,其主要原因是由于NaCl能增强叶绿素酶活性,促进叶绿素分解。     

胁迫后复水对水稻叶面积的补偿效应

对不同生育期、不同程度、不同历时的水分胁迫及胁迫后复水条件下水稻叶面积变化规律和机理进行了研究,结果表明:土壤水分变化并未改变水稻叶面积在整个生育期间的单峰变化;水分胁迫对水稻叶面积的扩展生长存在抑制效应,抑制程度与胁迫程度、胁迫历时正相关;胁迫后复水对叶面积有补偿效应。重度胁迫大于轻度胁迫后复水的补偿效应。分蘖期轻度胁迫下胁迫时间越长补偿越明显,拔节期胁迫时间延长补偿效应降低。复水后加肥有助于叶面积补偿效应的提高,促进叶面积相对扩展速率增加并使响应时间提前。     

分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫对水稻生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验,以常规灌溉为对照(CK),研究了水稻在分蘖期轻度旱涝交替胁迫(T-LD)和重度旱涝交替胁迫(T-HD)前、后及复水后各个生育期的部分生理指标变化,以探讨旱涝交替胁迫对水稻生长影响的机理。结果表明,T-LD处理的水稻叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于T-HD处理和CK;与CK相比,旱涝交替胁迫处理显著降低了水稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)的质量摩尔浓度和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,显著增加了水稻叶片中叶绿素总量;复水后(黄熟期)GS活性均明显提高并高于CK。说明分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫可以增强水稻叶片的生理活性,延缓叶片衰老,不会降低水稻后期的耐淹能力。     

粳稻品种苗期耐盐指标分析及品种耐盐力鉴定

为筛选水稻耐盐品种,以10个粳稻品种为试验对象,采用对比试验的方法,分析评价1.5%NaCl水溶液对粳稻苗期各项耐盐指标的影响。耐盐指标综合分析结果表明:辽盐2号、辽粳9234、沈农9911、丰锦、辽盐糯的总体耐盐力较强;盐丰47、铁粳4号、沈农9816的总体耐盐力中等;一见钟情、松粳7号的总体耐盐力较低。     

化学法提取脱油米糠中蛋白质的研究

以脱油米糠为原料,采用碱法、酸法、盐法依次分步对米糠蛋白质进行提取,以蛋白质提取率为指标,通过单因素试验确定这3种方法中料液比、pH值、温度、时间以及盐溶液的浓度对其提取率的影响,再通过正交试验确定各方法的最优条件。试验结果表明,碱法最佳提取条件:时间3 h,pH值13,温度35 ℃,料液比1∶10,提取率为24.3%;酸法最佳提取条件:时间3.5 h,pH值0.5,温度40 ℃,料液比1∶8,提取率为18.18%;盐法最佳提取条件:NaCl浓度0.6 mol/L,温度45 ℃,料液比1∶10,时间2.5 h,提取率为7.86%。最后依次采用碱法、酸法和盐法的最优参数对脱油米糠蛋白进行分步提取,提取率为48.23%。      

电解法次氯酸钠发生器不同技术参数的研究

次氯酸钠发生器是以盐（NaCl）为原料,在直流电作用下,电解食盐水产生次氯酸钠消毒液的设备,其性能的优劣由有效氯反映。目前广泛用于家庭、餐饮、医疗、工业生产等方面的消毒。详细介绍了电解法次氯酸钠发生器的工作机理,系统分析了电流密度、盐浓度技术指标对次氯酸钠发生器运行效果的影响,研究对比了用纯水与自来水配置电解液对发生器运行效果的影响,为其今后的设计、生产、运行等提供了一定的指导作用。     

不同盐分胁迫对碱地风毛菊苗期生长的影响

采用Na2CO3、NaHCO3、NaCl和Na2SO4共4种单盐对碱地风毛菊（Saussurea amara L.）苗期的耐盐性进行研究，主要从存活率、株高、根长和耐盐性指标分析该草种在不同盐分、不同浓度胁迫下的生长状况。结果表明:该草种株高和根长随盐浓度的增大而下降；在中性盐胁迫下存活率比在碱性盐胁迫下存活率高，而且碱性越大，存活率越低。      

基于Web3D的交互式虚拟水稻主茎可视化研究

在已建立的水稻主茎结构器官数学模型的基础上,采用Java3D和Web开发技术实现了水稻主茎的三维Web显示和交互控制,构建了基于Web的水稻主茎器官模型三维可视化研究平台,使得虚拟水稻作物的研究得以在IE浏览器上进行,也为其他作物的虚拟研究提出了一个新的研究思路.     

Effects of winter crop and supplemental irrigation on crop yield,water use efficiency and profitability in rainfed rice based cropping system of eastern India

Soil moisture availability is the main limiting factor for growing second crops in rainfed rice fallows of eastern India. Only rainfed rice is grown with traditional practices during the rainy season (June–October) with large areas (13 m ha⁻¹) remaining fallow during the subsequent dry season (November–March) inspite of annual rainfall of the order 1000–2000 mm. In this study an attempt was made to improve productivity of rainfed rice during rainy season and to grow second crops in rice fallow during dry (winter) season with supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater. Rice was grown as first crop with improved as well as traditional farmers’ management practices to compare the productivity between these two treatments. Study revealed that 87.1–95.6% higher yield of rice was obtained with improved management over farmers’ practices. Five crops viz., maize, groundnut, sunflower, wheat and potato were grown in rice fallow during dry (winter) season with two, three and four supplemental irrigations and improved management. Sufficient amount of excess rainwater (runoff) was available (381 mm at 75% probability level) to store and recycle for supplementary irrigation to second crops grown after rice. Study revealed that supplemental irrigation had significant effect (P < 0.001) on grain yield of dry season crops and with two irrigation mean yields of 1845, 785, 905, 1420, 8050 kg ha⁻¹ were obtained with maize (grain), groundnut, sunflower, wheat and potato (tuber), respectively. With four irrigations 214, 89, 78, 81, 54% yield was enhanced over two irrigations in respective five crops. Water use efficiency (WUE) of 13.8, 3.35, 3.39, 5.85 and 28.7 kg ha⁻¹ was obtained in maize, groundnut, sunflower, wheat, potato (tuber), respectively with four irrigations. The different plant growth parameters like maximum above ground biomass, leaf area index and root length were also recorded with different levels of supplemental irrigation. The study amply revealed that there was scope to improve productivity of rainfed rice during rainy season and to grow another profitable crops during winter/dry season in rice fallow with supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater of rainy season.     

黑龙江省典型县耕地种植结构空间分异特征与影响因素

为阐明微观地理尺度下耕地种植结构空间分异及其影响因素,以黑龙江省典型产粮大县为研究区,以1km2地理网格为研究单元,运用分区统计法、空间自相关分析法及地理探测器法分析水稻、玉米和大豆3种主要作物种植结构的空间分异特征,揭示区域耕地种植结构空间分异的影响机理。结果表明：研究区耕地种植结构以单一大豆型、单一玉米型和玉米-大豆型为主要类型,以单一水稻型和大豆-玉米-水稻型为次要类型;不同作物种植结构的空间集聚性特征存在一定差异,水稻以HH型为主,玉米和大豆以HH型和LL型为主;地形条件是水稻种植结构空间分异的主导因素,玉米和大豆种植结构空间分异主要受气候条件和土壤条件影响,自然条件是耕地种植结构空间分异的关键性影响要素;研究区耕地种植结构空间分异是多因子交互作用的结果,双因子交互作用的影响均比单一因子影响程度大,市场区位和交通区位与其他因子的交互作用对玉米种植结构空间分异的影响最大,灌溉潜力与其他因子交互作用对水稻种植结构空间分异的影响最大,但因子交互作用对大豆种植结构空间分异影响程度的提升不明显。本研究有利于理解不同粮食作物种植结构空间分异的形成机理,可为耕地种植结构优化调整提供科学依据。     

Spatial and temporal trends of water productivity in the lower Mekong River Basin

We estimate the physical and economic water productivities of rice and upland crops grown in the Lower Mekong River Basin and we examine their spatial and temporal trends. We discuss the constraints to low productivity, suggest measures for improvement and show the future productivity requirements for food security for increased population. Both the physical and economic water productivities of rice are higher in Vietnam, moderate in Laos, and lower in Thailand and Cambodia. In contrast, the physical water productivities of upland crops such as sugarcane and maize are highest in Thailand. The economic water productivity of upland crops is higher in Laos followed by Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand, and is much higher than that of rice. However, the economic productivity of all crops is dominated by the productivity of rice, particularly lowland rainfed rice, which is the dominant crop in the Lower Basin. The intra-regional variation (among the provinces within a country) of productivity is not substantial. There is an increasing trend of both physical and economic water productivity in all four riparian countries; however, the increase is more prominent in Laos and Vietnam. The economic productivity of upland crops is much higher than that of rice and therefore cultivation of more upland crops can significantly increase farm-level incomes, with positive impacts on reducing poverty. Increasing upland crops areas is unlikely to have any impact on the food security of the basin. The current rate of increase of both production and productivity of rice is considerably greater than the rate required to feed the expected extra population by 2050, suggesting that food security is not threatened by the population increase. There appears to be considerable scope to increase productivity and maintain the export potential of the basin.     

农作物秸秆基础特性的主成分分析

为探明农作物秸秆工业分析成分、物理特性和元素组成等基础特性之间的相关关系,对5种农作物秸秆进行综合评价,采用水稻、玉米和棉花等作物秸秆为原料,测试了其基础特性数据,并进行主成分分析。结果表明,前4个主成分因子可解释农作物特性的84.29%,前4个主成分的贡献率分别为41.27%、21.73%、12.93%和8.36%。利用主成分分析结果可对水稻、玉米和棉花等作物秸秆样品进行简化的综合评价。