Einfluß des Stickstoffangebotes auf Wasserverbrauch und Stoffproduktion der Zuckerrübe in Gefäßversuchen

Influence of nitrogen supply on water consumption and dry matter production of sugar beet in pot experiments
This paper describes the influence of nitrogen on water consumption, dry matter production and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet.
The experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989 using sand culture in pots, included five nitrogen levels from 2 to 16 g/pot.
Beet roots were heaviest where the N-supply was 8 g/pot. Top weight increased considerably up to 16 g N/ pot. Therefore plant dry weight was greatest where the N-supply was maximum. Overall, in 1989 dry matter production (g/pot) was 20 % greater than in 1988 because the beet roots were heavier.
Water consumption increased with nitrogen supply. At the largest N-doses water consumption was 110 1 (1988) and 140 1 (1989). This was three times the amount used at the smallest N-supply. Over the whole season WUE was greatest at 4 g N/pot and lower at both extremes of N-supply. Independently of N-supply, production of plant dry matter per litre of water consumed was between 4.9 and 6.0 g. For root dry matter, equivalent values were 3.7 and 4.6 g/l, and for white sugar yield they were 2.3 and 3.1 g/1     

Amyloplastenentwicklung und Stärkesynthese in Samen von Futter- und Markerbsen

Development of amyloplasts and starch synthesis in seeds of field and garden peas
Amyloplast development and changes in starch and amylose content in seeds of field and garden peas ( Pisum sativum ssp. sativum and ssp. medullare) was studied from flowering to maturity in view of a possible relationship between amyloplast form and starch composition.
Starch and amylose contents increased at different rates in both subspecies. In field peas starch content had reached the maximum (44 % in DM) 26 days after flowering with 45 % amylose in total starch. In garden peas, 25 days after flowering, starch content had only reached half of its maximum (32 % in DM) with an extremely high amylose proportion (88 %). At that growth stage form and size of amyloplasts were similar in both subspecies. There seems to be no tight relationship between form of amyloplasts and proportion of amylose in total starch.
But then, when amyloplasts abruptly increased in size those of garden peas disrupted suddenly. This disruption is not due to a high amylose content. Because in a cross-breeding of field and garden peas, which was also investigated, the amyloplasts had remained intact irrespective of a high amylose proportion (63 %). The disruption may be due to differences in arrangement of starch molecule and in structure of plastid envelope.     

Das optimale N-Angebot im Frühjahr bei unterschiedlicher Keimdichte von Winterweizen

The optimal N-supply in spring for different plant densities of winter wheat
The influence of plant density (plt./m²) on the optimal N-supply in spring (N_min-content + N-fertilization) has been tested at three sites. The different plant density was produced by different seed rates in autumn of about 150, 250, 350, 450 and 550 grains/m². The N-supply in spring was - apart from a non-fertilized field (N_min-content) 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 kg N/ha. Additionally, 80 kg N/ha were applicated as N-topdressing. Moreover the optimal N-supply in spring has been tested on a winter wheat field thinned out due to winterkilling. In detail we got the following results:
1. The reduction of the N_min-content due to the N-uptake by the plants slowed down in accordance with minor plant density.
2. The same N-supply in the soil produced a higher N-supply per individual plant in accordance with decreasing plant density and lead to a considerable increase of N-nutrition.
3. Thin crops showed a higher tillering. The differences in plant density between 150 and 550 plt./m² in spring diminished to about 90 ears/m² at harvest.
4. Independently of plant density the maximum yield was obtained by a N-supply (N_min+ N-fertilization) in spring of about 120 kg/ha N. Due to the abundant N-nutrition of the individual plants and the minor increase of yield a higher N-supply is not necessary with a minor plant density.
5. Essentially the yield level was only diminished with the lowest plant density (100-140 plt./m²).     

The Influence of the Pea Plant Ideotype on Seed Protein Content and Seed Yield

The assimilation and translocation pattern of radioactive 14-C-assimilates and how it may affect nitrogen fixation was studied in conventional and semi-leafless pot grown field peas ( Pisum sativum L.). Leaf areas, plant development patterns and yield components and their influence on protein content, protein yield and seed yield were studied by using simple regression, multiple regression and factor analyses over a period of two years of field grown material.
It was shown that roots and nodules received most of the carbon assimilate from the lower leaves at the beginning of flowering. Four weeks later most of the assimilates came from the upper leaves. Furthermore, it was discovered that stipules were more important than leaflets in supplying the roots and nodules. Field studies supported the results obtained in pot grown material. They also showed that in order to achieve high seed and protein yield it is more important to have many generative nodes instead of a few with several pods on each. In semi-leafless types, vegetative upper nodes and late flowering are also important factors. An ideotype suited for both high seed yield, high seed protein yield and high protein content is discussed.     

Analysis of the uniformity of maturity of one-, two- and three-podded pea varieties

Summary An analysis was made of the uniformity of maturity of pods at various pod places on plants of one-, two- and three-podded varieties.The index for maturity was the hardness of the peas measured with a texturometer.Counted from the first fertile node to the top, the percentage decrease in hardness (PDH) of the peas in first, second or third formed pods on the peduncle at successive nodes was constant for each variety, independent of the position of the node. For the five varieties examined PDH's of 11, 13, 15 and 16 were found. The difference in hardness between pods at the same node did not seem specific for a variety. The PDH was always 6, independent of the variety.The uniformity of maturity of a plant was expressed as the percentage of peas with a hardness between 140 and 90, at the moment the weighted average hardness of all peas was 115. The PDH at successive nodes as well as the number of pods per node appeared to have only a small influence on the uniformity of maturity. A lower PDH as well as a higher number of pods per node enlarge the total yield, but do not noticeably raise the percentage of peas of good quality. With a lower PDH the plant can form more nodes with harvestable peas, but the percentage of pods with good quality peas does not increase.On the basis of these findings criteria are mentioned to be met by a pea plant in order to achieve a substantially improved uniformity of maturity.     

不同剂量中子辐射针叶豌豆的M1代效应研究

研究不同中子吸收剂量对豌豆产生的M1代生物学效应,为放射生物学研究和中子辐射诱变育种提供重要参考。本研究用²⁵²Cf源发射的中子对针叶豌豆(Pisum sativum L. var MZ-1)的干种子进行了辐射,研究了M1代豌豆生长过程中形态和生理方面的生物学效应。结果表明：中子辐射(0.24~4.33 Gy)对M1代豌豆的萌发能力和幼根的生长均有一定的促进作用,低吸收剂量的中子辐射(0.38 Gy)能够显著促进豌豆的萌发和幼根的生长,较高中子吸收剂量(1.66、4.33 Gy)的辐射对M1代豌豆苗期株高的生长有抑制作用,较低中子吸收剂量(0.24、0.38、0.84 Gy)的辐射对M1代豌豆苗期株高的生长有促进作用。微剂量(0.24、0.38 Gy)的中子辐射不会引起M1代豌豆的形态变异,中子吸收剂量在0.84~4.33 Gy间,可以引起M1代豌豆分枝致变。以上结果说明,0.24~4.33 Gy的低吸收剂量的中子辐射豌豆干种子能够使M1代豌豆产生生物学效应,且有比较明显的规律,可以用于辐射育种研究。     

Die Blattanatomie eines schnell und eines langsam wachsenden Grases in Abhängigkeit von der Stickstoffversorgung

Leaf anatomy of a fast- and a slow-growing grass as dependent on nitrogen supply
The grass species Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra , originating from habitats with differing N-availability, differ in their relative growth rate. This is mainly caused by the higher specific leaf area of L. perenne compared to F. rubra . The leaf anatomy of both species was further investigated. The species were raised in growth chambers under high and low N-supply. The higher specific leaf area of L. perenne (27 mm² mg^–1) in relation to F. rubra (14 mm² mg^–1) was mainly caused by a lower leaf density (0.23 vs. 0.33 mg mm^–3). The level of N-supply influenced both leaf density and leaf thickness. The leaf volume of L. perenne comprised higher fractions of epidermis and lower fractions of mesophyll and intercellular space compared to F. rubra . However, the discrepancy in leaf density between the species could not be explained by anatomical differences. Under low N-supply, the leaves of both species had higher amounts of vascular bundles and fibre cells and lower amounts of intercellular space, which partly explained the higher density of the leaves. It is concluded, that thinner cell walls and higher amounts of cytoplasm cause the higher specific leaf area of L. perenne .     

Symbiotic Interactions between Rhizobium leguminosarum Strains and Elite Cultivars of Pisum sativum L.

Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is an important world grain legume and vegetable in the south of Europe where it is grown in small farms and gardens during the cool season. Most of the pea production of this area occurs in high nitrogen (N) soils. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N fixation and reduce the external inputs. Three pea elite cultivars representing human food market classes (green, sugar and dry peas) were studied in order to characterize the cultivars' variability in symbiotic characters using two Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae commercial strains and the indigenous soil strain, and three N-fertilization rates. Significant differences were observed among pea elite cultivars for the weight and length of plant parts, and the traits associated with N fixation. Pea cultivars showed a significant cultivar–strain interaction for shoot fresh weight and significant differences among strains were found for nodule fresh weight. Green and sugar pea cultivars had good N fixation with a particular commercial strain, while the dry pea cultivar did not show an effective symbiotic combination. The differences between the pea cultivars could be exploited in breeding programs for enhanced nodulation and N fixation in each pea market class.     

Cultivar × rhizobial strain interactions in peas with respect to early symbiosis, nodule initiation and N uptake

Sixteen pea cultivars differing in their phenotypic characteristics were studied in order to characterize the cultivars' variability in symbiotic characters using three Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viceae strains. The peas did not show any cultivar × strain interactions with the rhizobial strains used with respect to root hair infection frequency or day of nodule initiation. Three cultivars had high root hair infection frequencies, and five had only a few infected root hairs. Four of five leafless/semi-leafless varieties investigated and one cultivar with normal leaves formed nodules quickly, whereas three varieties with normal leaves formed nodules slowly. Ten of the cultivars showed cultivar × strain interactions with respect to N uptake, indicating that the performance of the N2-fixing symbioses depends on the rhizobial partner. Six cultivars showed cultivar × strain interactions with respect to dry matter production and the nodule proportion of the dry matter. Of the cultivars investigated, we conclude that some of the leafless/semi-leafless varieties (‘Capella’, ‘Filby’ and ‘Solara’) are suitable for inclusion in a future breeding programme, since these cultivars combined several important symbiotic characters.     

Yield components,harvest index and plant type in relation to yield differences in field pea genotypes

Summary The effectiveness of yield components, harvest index and morphological characteristics as selection criteria among four field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes was examined. Genotypes were grown at a wide range of plant populations (9 to 400 plants m^-2) to maximise environmental diversity.Both biological and seed yields approximately doubled from 9 to 100 plants m^-2. This response flattened from 100 to 400 plants m^-2. Differences among the genotypes were found only at 225 and 400 plants m^-2. Analysis of the yield components highlighted the plasticity and large genotype by environment interactions of field peas. The numbers of pods per plant and peas per pod were maximised when each genotype was grown as spaced plants, but the low plant numbers meant seed yields per unit area were at their lowest.Genotypic differences for plant harvest index (PHI) were also only found at 225 and 400 plants m^-2. Broad sense heritability estimates indicated that direct selection for PHI was not feasible. The inference from the yield component and PHI results was that alternative selection criteria such as physiological or morphological characteristics may be necessary for improved yield potential. Classification of each genotype indicated that low seedling vigour may be a positive attribute for crop plants of semi-leafless and conventionally leafed field peas. Selection based on any single plant attribute is unlikely to lead to dramatic improvements in the yield potential of field peas. Selection should be based on plant characteristics rather than on differences in yield components.     

Effect of Shading on Nodule Growth and Sugar Distrihution in Faha Bean (Vicia Faba L.)

The faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) is an important grain legume world wide, yet the relationship between light intensity and nodule development and N₂ fixation has received minimal attention. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on faba bean growth, seed yield, nodule development, and the distribution of total N and total sugar among plant parts. Seeds of the V. faba cultivar Xichang Dabai were sown in pots at Xichang. China, in 1986–90. The plants subjected to 50 % and 20 % shading for 145 d had thinner and taller main stem than the control, and fewer flowers, pods, and seeds. Poor dry weight of organs and less developed underground parts were recognized. Shading caused the deficiency of photosynthate (supply), subsequently less nodules formed poorer fresh weight of nodules was produced and nodule senescing advanced. Total N and total sugar contents per plant and in roots, stems and leaves were consistently lower under shading regimes, but the contents in nodules did not change significantly. It seems that the insufficient photosynthate supply limited both N and C metabolism in shading plants by first limiting growth of the whole plant and nodule, and that the lower total N content in faba bean plant under shading regime was attributed to an decreased effective nodule mass and advanced nodule senescing.     

Interactive Effects of Salinity and Biological Nitrogen Fixation on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Growth

The effect of salinity on the nodulation, N-fixation and plant growth of selected chickpea- Rhizobium symbionts was studied- Eighteen chickpea rhizobial strains were evaluated for their growth in a broth culture at salinity levels of 0 to 20 dS m⁻¹ of NaCl + Na₂SO₄. Variability in response was high. Salinity generally reduced the lag phase and/or slowed the log phase of multiplication of Rhizobium. Nine chickpea genotypes were also evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and early seedling growth in Petri dishes at five salinity levels (0–32 dS m⁻¹). Chickpea genotypes ILC-205 and ILC-1919 were the most salt-tolerant genotypes. The selected rhizobial strains and chickpea cultivars were combined in a pot experiment aimed at investigating the interactive effect of salinity (3, 6 and 9 dS m⁻¹) and N source (symbiosis vs. inorganic N) on plant growth. Symbiotic plants were more sensitive to salinity than plants fed mineral N. Significant reductions in nodule dry weight (59.8 %) and N fixation (63.5 %) were evident even at the lowest salinity level of 3 dS m-¹. Although nodules were observed in inoculated plants grown at 6 dS m-¹, N-fixation was completely inhibited. The findings indicate that symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than both Rhizobium and the host plant, probably due to a breakdown in one of the processes involved in symbiotic-N fixation. Improvement of salinity tolerance in field grown chickpea may be achieved by application of sufficient amounts of mineral nitrogen.     

Combining ability for nodulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes from Andean and Middle American gene pools

Ten F₁'s obtained from crosses among five common bean genotypes of Andean (WAF 15, Mineiro Precoce and Batatinha) and Middle American (BAT 304 and Ouro) gene pools were assessed for their combining abilities for root nodulation with Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT 899. The plants were grown under controlled conditions and evaluated for number of nodules per plant (NN), nodule dry weight (NDW), mean nodule weight (MNW) and plant fresh weight (PFW). The subdivision of the treatment effects on the general (GCA) and specific combining effects (SCA) were performed according to Griffing's diallel analysis method 2, model 1. The analyses of variance and estimates of quadratic components showed that non-additive gene effects were more important in the expression of NN and PFW, whereas additive gene effect was predominant for NDW and MNW. A close association was observed between high number of nodules and GCA. Generally, crosses involving parents of different gene pools yielded hybrids with high positive estimates of SCA for all assessed traits. The genotypes of Andean origin WAF 15 and Mineiro Precoce are the most promising parents for breeding programs to increase NN and NDW in common beans. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Inoculant Rate on Nodulation and Various Agronomic Traits of Soybean

In a soil lacking indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum , soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodulation depends upon the number of rhizobia applied with the inoculum. This field study reports the effect of different rates of applied rhizobia on nodulation, dry matter and nitrogen content in soybean in a Mediterranean soil lacking B. japonicum.
Treatments included six rates of B. japonicum , ranging from 2.5 × 10⁴ to 6.075 × 10⁶ rhizobia cells per seed applied to the seed as peat inoculant at planting, 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and an uninoculated control. The experiment was conducted in an Entisol soil. Regression analysis showed linear relationship between the rate of applied rhizobia and the number of the nodules per plant or the dry weight per nodule. In early stages of development (32 and 68 days after planting) plant dry weight was not affected by inoculation rate. At harvest a rate of 7.5 × 10⁴ rhizobia cells per seed was necessary for maximum total and stover dry weight. A higher rate, 6.75 × 10⁵ rhizobia cells per seed, was required to obtain maximum grain yield, total N content in plant tops and grain N content. Grain percentage N was increased up to 2.025 × 10⁶ rhizobia cells per seed. Nitrogen application increased grain yield, total N content and grain N content at the same level as the lower inoculation rate.     

Konkurrenz und Ertragsvorteile in Gemengen aus Erbsen (Pisum sativum L.) und Hafer (Avena sativa L.)

In field trials on a fertile fluvisol in 1995 and 1996 near Göttingen, Germany, pea (Pisum sativum; cv. Messire/conventional leafed, cv. Profi/semileafless) and oats (Avena sativa; cv. Alf) were grown as sole crops and in substitutive mixtures. The sole crops were established at 80 pea seeds m^?2 and 300 oat seeds m^?2. The mixtures consisted of 67 % (pea) and 33 % (oats) of the monoculture densities, respectively. Interactions of cv. Messire or cv. Profi and oats were similar in 1995 and 1996. The mixtures outyielded the monocultures with respect to total above ground dry matter (RYT = 1.15) and grain yield (RYT = 1.09). Grain yield of pea and oats averaged 4.9 t ha^?1 in monocultures and 5.5 t ha^?1 in mixtures. Oats was relatively the stronger of the two competitors. Decreasing number of pods per plant could be highlighted as the factor for a lower pea seed frequency in the yield of the mixtures. For oats the number of panicles per plant and kernels per panicle were higher in the mixtures compared with the oat monocultures. The average amount of the harvest index (HI) was 0.52 for pea and 0.46 for oats. Favourable growth conditions increased HI values however, prolific vegetative growth in the mixtures resulted in lower HI values. The predicted RYT‐values estimate the maximum combined grain yield of 6.3 t ha^?1 in the mixture of 87 % pea (70 seeds m^?2) and 13 % oats (39 kernels m^?2).     

The Influence of Day Length on Plant and Nodule Development of Fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and Grasspeas (Lathyrus sativus L.)

The valuation of the influence of different day length (DL) on plant and especially nodule development of fababeans ( Vicia faba L.) and grasspeas ( Lathyrus sativus L.) was the aim of these experiments. For that, experiments in growth chambers (Exp. 1) with DL of 10, 13, 16 and 19 hours and an experiment in vegetation boxes (Exp. 2) with DL of 7, 10, 13 hours and natural DL as control (CON) were conducted. The development of plants was studied by 6 and 7 harvests (HA) respectively beginning at 27 and 31 days after emergence (DAE) respectively, as well as consecutive determinations of leaf area, dry matter (DM) of the different plant organs and nodule number.
Total- and pod-DM of both species increased with higher DL (19 h, CON). Nodule-DM was positive influenced by longer assimilation duration and bigger leaf areas of the higher DL treatments. With onset of pod ripening, which occurred early under higher DL, lower nodule-DM was determined due to the beginning of nodule senescence. Under 19 h DL the fababeans established highest nodule-DM, 1,100 mg/plant, whereas the grasspea 410 mg only. Nodules under shorter DL (7 h, 10 h) showed less intensive red tissue and less nodules > 6 mm diameter. The grasspea established more bigger nodules than the fababeans. Total nodule number was not unequivocal affected by DL, however, it increased with the course of vegetation. Senescence of nodules was most evident at time of highest growth rates of the pod-DM.     

不同除草剂对蚕豆田间杂草及蚕豆生长和根瘤的影响

为筛选适于蚕豆田间的高效、安全除草剂,以四川省主栽品种‘成胡15号’为试验材料,选用7种除草剂（2种苗前、5种苗后除草剂）,设人工除草和等量清水喷雾2种对照,调查秋蚕豆田杂草种类,研究不同除草剂对蚕豆田杂草的防除效果、对蚕豆根瘤生长和蚕豆农艺性状及产量等的影响。结果表明：（1）蚕豆田间杂草共13科42种,最主要的是菊科、禾本科、苋科、蓼科和十字花科。（2）33%除草通、960 g/L精异丙甲草胺和15%精喹禾灵+48%灭草松3种处理能有效防治杂草,防效均为3级。（3）施用除草剂和人工除草均会影响蚕豆根瘤生长,15%精喹禾灵和15%精喹禾灵+48%灭草松处理均能提高根瘤鲜重和干重。（4）33%除草通处理增加蚕豆单株粒数效果显著,960 g/L精异丙甲草胺和15%精喹禾灵+48%灭草松2种处理可显著增加蚕豆有效分枝、单株荚数和单株粒数,15%精喹禾灵显著提高蚕豆株高。33%除草通、5%精禾草克和15%精喹禾灵+48%灭草松3种处理表现出显著增产作用。结合草害防效、根瘤生长、蚕豆农艺性状及产量结果,在本试验条件下,秋播蚕豆田除草剂推荐苗前施用33%除草通、苗后采用15%精喹禾灵+48%灭草松混合处理。     

60Coγ诱变豌豆M2农艺性状与产量多重分析

为了更好的发掘利用豌豆辐射诱变变异后代资源,本研究分别以3种不同复叶类型豌豆为材料,通过对豌豆诱变M2代农艺性状进行相关分析、多元分析、通径分析、主成分分析,明确豌豆诱变后代产量的决定因子。结果表明不同复叶类型豌豆诱变M2的主要农艺性状的变异丰富,变异系数达0.171-0.8539;且结荚节数、单株荚数、单株粒数均与单株产量呈极显著正相关关系;通径分析结果证实,不同复叶类型豌豆诱变后代选择中,单株粒数及单株荚数对单株产量的影响均很大;主成分分析结果表明：单株荚数、单株粒数、结荚节数是高产型豌豆形态决定因子。豌豆诱变后代单株产量的主要决定因子依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、结荚节数,同时对百粒重给予足够重视。     

紫叶酢浆草组培快繁技术研究

研究了紫叶酢浆草地下鳞茎初代培养、继代培养和生根培养3个技术环节的激素配比以及生根苗移栽试验。结果表明：以MS为基本培养基，初代培养激素配比以6-BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.5 mg/L+2,4-D0.1 mg/L为宜，诱导率达83%，增殖系数为2.6；在继代培养中，以6-BA0.5 mg/L+NAA0.1 m/L为宜，增殖系数达3以上；以1/2MS为基本培养基，生根激素以NAA0.1 mg/L为宜，可使生根率达92%；生根苗移栽基质为蛭石与细沙按1:1时移栽成活率达90%。     

基于植物微扩繁器的草莓快繁技术的研究

为探究草莓在植物微扩繁器中液体增殖培养的适宜条件,以草莓无菌苗为材料,不加琼脂的MS为液体基本培养基,设计不同接种数量、不同浸润时间、不同培养液体积以及蔗糖浓度,对其进行研究。结果表明：在可自动更换培养液的植物微扩繁器中,当培养容器中草莓组培苗的接种数量为30株/瓶;培养系统的浸润频率6次/24 h,每次1 min;培养液体积150 mL/瓶;培养基中蔗糖浓度20 g/L时,草莓在植物微扩繁器中的增殖效果较好,增殖系数平均可达9.83,每瓶增殖芽数平均为295。该技术方法显著优于传统固体培养方法,为草莓苗的工厂化生产提供了技术依据。