A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Developing Bovine Sympathetic Ganglia

This study concentrated on the histogenesis of bovine sympathetic ganglia, especially the development of the capsule, the interaction of sympathoblasts and supporting cells, and the ultrastructural detail of developing sympathoblasts. For this purpose 1st thoracic ganglia from 19 embryos and foetuses were collected and separated into 4 groups. The methods of study involved light and electron microscopy. From the study it was concluded that for neuronal development a functional interaction was necessary with satellite and Schwann cells, that the capsule had a role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and that sympathetic neurons displayed a number of morphologically distinct forms before reaching maturity.     

Development of the Retina in the Porcine Fetus A Light Microscopic Study

Morphogenesis of the porcine retina was studied using light microscopy from 4 weeks of gestation until birth (18 to 310 mm crown-rump length), and compared with the adult stage (6 months). Tissue samples were examined from the posterior and peripheral parts of the retina. At 18 mm the retina consists of an inner marginal layer and an outer layer of neuroblastic cells. At 18-40 mm the latter layer is divided into an inner and an outer neuroblastic layer by the transient layer of Chievitz. Subsequently, the development of the different retinal layers begins at the inner retinal border and moves progressively outwards; it also spreads from the posterior to the peripheral part of the neural retina. Many cells of the inner neuroblastic layer are prospective ganglionic cells which migrate inwards, thus forming the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer at 90 mm. At 120 mm, primitive horizontal cells appear within the outer neuroblastic layer. Separation of this layer into the inner nuclear, outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers is first evident at 180 mm. At this stage all retinal layers are present, except the layer of the photoreceptor cells which is not widespread until at 220 mm. The inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells lengthen considerably during the last month of gestation. During the late fetal stage the nerve fiber layer, the inner and outer plexiform layers and the layer of rods and cones all continue to increase in thickness. Concurrently, the ganglion cell layer and the inner and outer nuclear layers have reached their maximal thickness and become thinner. After the total thickness of the neural retina amounts to approximately 180 microns at two to three weeks before birth, it then thins to approximately 160 microns in the adult stage.     

鸡中脑中央灰质的光、电镜结构研究

采用尼氏小体染色、髓鞘染色、高尔基技术和透射电镜观察等多种方法,对30只成龄母鸡的中脑中央灰质结构进行了较详细的研究。结果表明:鸡的中脑中央灰质仅位于三角形导水管的两侧,由形状、大小及染色深度不一的小神经元按非均一分布方式组成。神经元可分为卵圆形、梭形、三角形及四边形四种类型。从中脑导水管壁向外侧推移,中脑中央灰质神经元的密度、大小、染色深度、神经纤维的直径和有髓化程度均逐渐增加,无内、外侧亚核的区分。神经元胞体的核质比值很高,神经网主要由无髓神经纤维和树突组成。有轴—树、轴—轴、树—树和轴—体四种突触类型。突触小泡包括清亮圆形小泡、扁平小泡及腰粒性小泡三种。同时还发现有突触小球、轴—轴—树、树—轴—树、轴—树—轴等突触串及神经元胞体间的直接连接。     

鹅生长发育过程中小肠绒毛形态发育的扫描电镜观察

为探究鹅个体发育过程中小肠绒毛形态发育情况,通过扫描电子显微镜对鹅胚胎发育过程中和成体的小肠绒毛进行形态学观察。结果表明:鹅胚胎时期,小肠绒毛经历了由山脊状黏膜褶发育为“W”形板状黏膜嵴最后变为指状绒毛的过程;出雏后,鹅小肠绒毛形态由指状变回板状。其中,鹅胚胎发育18 d后(胚胎发育的60%阶段后),小肠表面黏膜由山脊状黏膜褶变为规则的“W”形板状黏膜嵴。发育25 d后(胚胎发育的83.3%阶段后),板状黏膜嵴均变为指状绒毛。鹅胚孵出8 d后小肠指状绒毛开始变扁,17 d龄鹅的小肠指状绒毛变成板状绒毛,成体鹅一直保持板状绒毛形态。     

无毛同类系小鼠皮肤形态及扫描电镜观察

对3种无毛同类系小鼠的皮肤形态及超微结构进行了观察。结果发现，3种无毛同类系小鼠约在12日龄开始从眶周脱毛，3～4周龄后除触须外全部脱净，并终生保持无毛状态；1月龄时，无毛小鼠内脏可视，随年龄的增长，皮肤逐渐变松、变厚，并形成特别的皱纹和褶痕，似犀牛状，指甲过度生长，呈螺旋状弯曲；BALB／c无毛小鼠无色素沉着，表型类似于豫医无毛小鼠，DBA／2、C57BL／6无毛同类系小鼠皮肤有黑色素沉着，嘴角、眶周、耳和尾部颜色较重。随年龄增长，皮肤及尾部表面出现一些类似人粉刺样的丘疹，数量逐渐增多，触须也随着年龄增长变得异常而稀疏。电镜扫描观察，脱毛前毛囊上部的毛管先变大，然后再脱毛。无毛同类系小鼠表面有较厚的一层鳞片状角化物，毛囊腔宽大，部分毛囊内含有一些能脱落到表面的角化样碎片。35日龄无毛同类系小鼠可见明显的包囊结构，4月龄包囊增多、变大。     

Light and Electron Microscopic Studies on Alpha Naphtyl Acetate Esterase Activity of the Periphral Blood T Lymphocytes in Van Cats

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and the localization of ANAE enzyme at the electron microscopic level in Van cats by using an alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase procedure. Peripheral blood samples taken from 20 Van cats were used. The percentage of ANAE positive lymphocytes was 83.0%. Neutrophilic gra-nulocytes gave a negative reaction, whereas monocytes, eosinophilic granulocytes showed a diffuse granular positivity. In the electron microscopic examination, ANAE positive reactions were seen in lysosomal granules found in lymphocytes.     

Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Perineal Gland in the Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck 1827)

The perineal glands were identified in the zona cutanea of the anal canal of males more than 4 months old. These glands are organized on a lobular model made up of sebaceous cells and isolated by connective parietal cells. The paler in colour the sebaceous cells, the more lipid vacuoles they contain. PAS-negative and Sudan III-positive secretions were demonstrated in these cells. Electron microscopy showed that the intracellular organelles were well-developed, which is a mark of high metabolic activity and storage by the glandular cells. Cystic vesicles were found in the lobules. The size and number of these cysts were variable. The position of the cyst cells and the variability of their size suggest that they are formed after lysis of some holocrine secretory cells. These observations suggest a progressive maturation of the gland towards its secretory site. No specific secretory duct for the purpose of draining secretions was observed, however, there were possible discharge pathways, although with no real walls, as is found for the biliary canaliculi.     

铁与维生素A水平对小鼠胚胎存活的影响

试验探讨了铁与维生素A水平对小鼠胚胎存活的影响。选取21日龄昆明种小鼠,饲喂商品日粮2周,随后采用试验饲粮饲喂第11周时,进行交配。此后选有阴栓的小鼠随机分为1个对照组和9个处理组(采用2因素3水平完全随试验设计,铁添加水平为3.5、35、175mg/kg,维生素A水平为400、4000、20000IU/kg),每组分3个重复,每个重复6只。结果表明:妊娠3、6、18d,与对照组相比,35mg/kgFe+4000IU/kg维生素A组胚胎存活率分别提高了25.6%(P<0.05)、9.2%(P<0.05)、46.6%(P<0.05)。适量的铁和维生素A水平有利于胚胎的发育,高铁会降低胚胎的存活率。铁与维生素A对胚胎的存活率的影响存在互作效应(P<0.05)。     

不同剂量阿苯达唑治疗鼠旋毛虫病效果初探

使用不同剂量阿苯达唑对人工感染旋毛虫的小白鼠进行疗效试验,观察其不同剂量的杀虫效果.结果表明：应用阿苯达唑20 mg/（kg·d）×7治疗鼠旋毛虫病有很好的治疗效果,为阿苯达唑临床应用提供科学参考.     

Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Development and Structure of Tooth Enamel in Cervidae (Mammalia: Ruminantia)

Enamel formation and structure were investigated in 102 developing or erupted teeth of roe, fallow and red deer. Special attention was given to the topography of the forming enamel surface, the form, arrangement and course of enamel rods, its relation to interprismatic enamel and the occurrence of Hunter-Schreger-bands in the enamel. Discussed are the significance of the enamel pattern for the identification of certain taxa and the adaptive value of Cervidean enamel structures.     

Light and Electron Microscopic Investigation of Equine Synovial Membrane: A Comparison Between Healthy Joints and joints with Intraarticular Fractures and Osteochondrosis Dissecans

Light and electron microscopic examination was made on equine synovial membrane from 23 healthy joints, nine joints with synovitis caused by intraarticular fracture and 10 joints with synovitis caused by osteochondrosis dissecans. Histologically as well as ultrastructurally the equine synovial membrane from healthy joints was of principally the same character as described in other species. Three types of synovial membrane — areolar, fibrous and adipose — and two types of lining cell were distinguished histologically. Ultrastructurally three types of lining cells were distinguished: A and Β type and an intermediate cell type. In healthy joints they were loosely arranged, parallel to the joint surface in an intercellular matrix, which was in direct continuity with the joint space. In joints with intraarticular fracture there was mild inflammation of the synovial membrane. There was elongation and hyperplasia of the lining cells with a relative increase in type A cells. The cell surface of lining cells was increased through filopodia. There was also an increase in cytoplasmic organelles i.e. hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes in Β type cells and an increase in lysosomes, and increased numbers of vesicles of varying types in A cells. In joints with osteochondrosis dissecans the lining cell hyperplasia and the inflammation in the synovial membrane were more prominent. Ultrastructurally the same alterations as in the previous group were seen including a relative increase in the number of A cells but degenerative changes were common in the lining cells. These changes were dilatation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial condensation, dilatation of the nuclear envelope and loss of plasma membranes, leading to disintegration of cells.     

Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Oviductal Epithelium in Thai Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) at the Follicular and Luteal Phases

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in the epithelium of Thai swamp buffalo oviducts at the follicular and luteal phases by histological technique and scanning electron microscopy. The samples from the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and uterotubal junction (UTJ) of the oviduct were taken immediately after slaughter at the local abattoir. Noticeable cyclic changes were observed on the epithelial surface of the infundibulum and ampulla, but few changes were present in the isthmus and UTJ. At the follicular phase, the epithelium of infundibulum and ampulla were densely covered with ciliated cells whose cilia concealed the apical processes of the secretory cells. In contrast, the secretory cells dominated in the epithelium at the luteal phase and most of the ciliated cells were hidden by the bulbous processes of these cells. In the isthmus and UTJ at the follicular and luteal phases, the secretory cells were almost flat or gently rounded and covered with numerous microvilli at their apical surface. In conclusion, the histological and ultrastructural observation of Thai swamp oviduct epithelium revealed marked cyclic changes in the cellular differences associated with the main functions of segmental variations.     

淡水鱼类线虫病的病原及其扫描电镜观察

从浙江省的窖湖、灵湖、凤湖等水库捕捞的大银鱼、花Hua、鸟鳢鱼、黄颡鱼、鲶鱼、沙塘鳢等6种鱼类体内获得大量的红色线虫，对其进行光镜和扫描电镜察，根据其形态特征和流行病学资料，鉴定为膨结科胃瘤线虫未定种(Eustrongylides sp．)。此线虫在大银鱼、花Hua、沙塘鳢体内寄生国内尚属首次报道。     

铜和维生素A及互作效应对肉仔鸡生产性能及理化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡448只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每重复14只(公母各半)。采用4×2(Cu×VA)完全随机试验设计,研究了日粮添加不同水平的Cu(0,8,150,225 mg/kg)和维生素A(1 500,5 000 IU/kg),对肉仔鸡不同生长阶段(0~4周龄和5~7周龄)的生产性能及理化指标的影响。结果表明:铜的适宜添加量,前期为8 mg/kg,后期为0~8 mg/kg;全期高铜抑制了肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫功能、CuZn-SOD活性及胰岛素浓度;维生素A(5 000 IU/kg)组获得较好的生产性能、免疫功能及CuZn-SOD活性,并显著(P<0.05)抑制了血清胰岛素浓度;Cu与维生素A互作效应对前期体增重及全期料重比影响均显著(P<0.05),对后期淋巴细胞ANAE %、全期血清CuZn-SOD活性及前期血清胰岛素浓度影响均极显著(P<0.01),且二者间存在互补作用。     

铁与维生素A水平对小鼠子宫分泌蛋白及胚胎存活率影响

探讨铁与维生素A水平对小鼠子宫分泌蛋白及胚胎存活率影响。选取21日龄昆明种小鼠,随机分为9个处理组,每个处理3个重复,饲喂商品日粮2周,随后采用试验饲粮饲喂。试验采用3×3(铁、维生素A)2因子3水平有重复设计(铁添加水平为3.5、35和175 mg/kg,维生素A水平为400、4000和20000 IU/kg),饲喂第11周时,进行交配,此后选有阴栓的小鼠162只,每个处理3个重复,每个重复6只。结果表明:(1)妊娠3 d,与对照组(Fe1-VA1)相比,5组(Fe1-VA2、Fe1-VA3、Fe2-VA2、Fe2-VA3、Fe3-VA1)添加铁与维生素A对胚胎存活率影响显著(P<0.05),分别提高了20.0%、22.7%、24.7%、19.5%和7.7%。妊娠6 d,添加3.5 mg/kg Fe 4000 IU/kgVA、3.5 mg/kg Fe 20000 IU/kg VA、35 mg/kg Fe 4000 IU/kg VA和35 mg/kg Fe 20000 IU/kg VA效果较好(P<0.05)。妊娠18 d,与对照组相比,添加35 mg/kg Fe 4000 IU/kg VA组显著提高了47.4%(P<0.05);(2)铁与维生素A水平组合在对胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶含量、视黄醇结合蛋白含量影响显著(P<0.05)。添加35 mg/kg Fe 4000 IU/kg VA可使胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶含量、视黄醇结合蛋白含量和子宫总蛋白分泌含量最高;(3)175 mg/kg铁水平组降低了胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶、视黄醇结合蛋白和子宫总分泌蛋白含量。35 mg/kg铁水平组使胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶含量、视黄醇结合蛋白含量最高,提高了子宫总分泌蛋白含量;(4)4000 IU/kg维生素A组使胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶含量、视黄醇结合蛋白含量最大,提高了总分泌蛋白含量;(5)铁对子宫酸性磷酸酶含量影响显著(P<0.05),维生素A对视黄醇结合蛋白含量影响显著(P<0.05)。适量的铁和维生素A有利于胚胎发育;铁与维生素A水平组合对胚胎存活率、酸性磷酸酶含量、视黄醇结合蛋白含量影响存在互作效应。随着铁在3.5~35.0 mg/kg、维生素A在400~4000 IU/kg范围内增加,子宫铁蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白增加,更好地促进胚胎存活。     

Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.
The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.     

不同剂量环磷酰胺对昆明小鼠肝肾组织的损伤作用研究

为研究不同剂量的环磷酰胺对小鼠肝肾组织及功能的损害程度,试验选取40只5周龄健康雌性昆明小鼠,随机分为5组,除对照组外,其余4组小鼠连续3 d分别腹腔注射40、80、120及160 mg/（kg·BW）环磷酰胺溶液,注射后第7天采集肝脏和肾脏组织样品及血清,制备石蜡组织切片及透射电镜切片,观察肝脏和肾脏的组织学变化,检测血清中甘胆酸（CG）、胆碱酯酶（ChE）、血清前白蛋白（PA）、总胆汁酸（TBA）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、尿素氮（BUN）、血清肌酐（SCr）、尿酸（UA）含量/活性。结果显示,环磷酰胺可引起小鼠肝肾组织病理损害,呈剂量依赖性,肝脏比肾脏更早出现损伤。石蜡切片及透射电镜切片观察结果显示,环磷酰胺对肝脏的毒性作用主要表现在肝索紊乱、肝血窦扩张、微胆管淤胆、门管区及中央静脉周围炎性细胞浸润及纤维增生、组织间出血、肝细胞出现脂肪变性及气球样变性,凋亡及坏死细胞增多。肾脏组织损伤主要表现在出血及纤维增生,肾小管上皮细胞胞浆空泡样变、线粒体损伤、核固缩,上皮细胞基底膜增厚。环磷酰胺对膀胱的损害不严重。与对照组相比,40~160 mg/（kg·BW）剂量组小鼠血清中ChE活性及PA水平,120~160 mg/（kg·BW）剂量组AST活性,80~160 mg/（kg·BW）剂量组BUN水平及80 mg/（kg·BW）剂量组UA水平均显著升高（P<0.05）;其余生化指标与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。以上结果表明,环磷酰胺注射剂量在80~120 mg/（kg·BW）时可引起昆明小鼠肝脏和肾脏组织及细胞明显的病理损伤。该研究结果可为选择合适的环磷酰胺注射剂量用以制备动物肝脏免疫抑制模型提供试验依据。     

维生素A对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟及后续胚胎发育能力的影响

【目的】探究维生素A对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟及后续胚胎发育能力的影响。【方法】以牦牛卵母细胞为研究对象,在其体外成熟培养液中分别添加0（对照组）、2、5、10和20 μmol/L维生素A,体外培养24 h统计第一极体排出率;对成熟后各组卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,在孤雌激活胚胎培养的第2和8天分别统计卵裂率和囊胚率;用实时荧光定量PCR检测各组MⅡ期卵母细胞中维生素A调控卵母细胞成熟典型信号通路中的节点基因RARα、RARβ、RARγ、RXRα、RXRβ、RXRγ、STRA8及非典型信号通路中的节点基因MEK和ERK1的相对表达量,筛选最佳维生素A处理浓度。在体外成熟培养液中添加最佳浓度维生素A,成熟6和24 h分别收集MⅠ和MⅡ期卵母细胞,将部分MⅡ期卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,收集激活8 d的囊胚,用实时荧光定量PCR检测GV、MⅠ和MⅡ期卵母细胞及孤雌激活囊胚中RARα、RXRα、STRA8基因的相对表达量。【结果】与对照组相比,2、5和10 μmol/L维生素A组第一极体排出率和卵裂率均显著提高（P<0.05）,且2 μmol/L维生素A组均达到最高;2 μmol/L维生素A组囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,20 μmol/L维生素A组第一极体排出率、卵裂率和囊胚率均显著降低（P<0.05）。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,与对照组相比,2、5、10和20 μmol/L维生素A组RARα、RXRα和STRA8基因的相对表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）,其中2 μmol/L维生素A组均达到最高,因此2 μmol/L维生素A对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的效果最好。与GV期卵母细胞相比,STRA8、RXRα、RARα基因的相对表达量在MⅡ期卵母细胞均极显著增加（P<0.01）,在MⅠ及囊胚期差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】在体外成熟过程中,添加2 μmol/L维生素A可以促进牦牛卵母细胞的成熟,能够显著提高孤雌激活胚胎的卵裂率,且维生素A主要通过典型信号通路调控牦牛卵母细胞的成熟。