转基因作物的安全性评价及其对我国传统农业的影响

2001年全球转基因作曲种植面积达到了5260万km^2，其中转基因抗除草剂作曲占77％，转基因抗虫作曲占15％。200l年中国转基因作曲种植面积为150万hm^2，占全球的3％，主要为转基因抗虫棉。转基因作曲安全性从20世纪90年代以来倍受政府、科学家和大众的关注，在转基因作曲食品安全性方面提出了和传统食品“实质等同性”的评价概念；在转基因作曲环境安全性方面注重转基因作物本身及基因扩散给环境带来的直接、间接和潜在的影确。国外转基因农作曲及其产品对我国传统农业提出了新的挑战。     

南繁条件下转基因棉花对根际土壤微生物及棉田虫害影响的初步研究

转基因作物安全评价是当前生物安全研究的重要内容。本实验以海南三亚南繁基地为实验平台,通过比较转BT/CPTI双价基因抗虫棉花SGK321和非转基因棉花石远321根际土壤微生物动态变化,初步研究了转基因棉花SGK321对农田生态环境的影响。通过常规培养计数、分子鉴定等手段监测土壤微生物多样性变化,经过近两年的跟踪研究,发现两次生长周期内,转基因棉花SGK321和非转基因棉花石远321根际土壤微生物(包括细菌、真菌、放线菌)的动态变化趋势大致相同,群落数量和种属组成都没有明显差异。此外,南繁大田种植环境条件下,除棉铃虫数量差异明显外,其余各种棉田虫害数量差异不明显。据此,我们初步推断南繁条件下转基因棉花SGK321的种植对土壤微生物及棉田虫害影响不显著。本研究可为在我国南繁基地开展转基因作物安全评价提供参考。     

Can wild species become problem weeds because of herbicide resistance? Brachypodium distachyon: a case study

A purported drawback to the use of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops is the fear that the crop or interbreeding wild relatives will become weedy. It has been posited that a change even in a single trait can confer weediness. This hypothesis was tested with Brachypodium distachyon. This innocuous species came into contact with herbicides through the use of crushed rock from its habitat for road foundations. It evolved s-triazine resistance and developed as a monoculture. When true weeds later evolved simazine resistance, B. distachyon was partially competed from the ecosystem and then disappeared upon the use of non-triazine herbicides. Thus, this wild species remained a weed only until true weeds evolved resistance or until other herbicides were used. One gene mutation did not convert it into a weed, which implies that this will be equally improbable in other cases, when the gene codes for an otherwise neutral trait such as herbicide resistance.     

高通量测序技术在转基因作物分子特征评价中的应用：机遇和挑战

转基因作物的分子特征为转基因的安全性评估和后续监测奠定了基础。由于靶点的特异性，以聚合酶 链反应（PCR）为基础的传统分子特征鉴定方法不能全面检测外来基因的非预期插入、载体骨架残留及未知的转基 因事件。更多新的育种技术产生的基因修饰作物也对传统分子特征鉴定方法提出了挑战。下一代测序技术,可以 克服基于PCR的方法的某些局限性，提供快速、全面分子特征数据。本文综述了T-DNA整合的复杂机制，传统分 子特征鉴定方法的局限性，高通量测序方法在转基因分子特征安全评价中的应用、遇到的挑战及应用策略，为转基 因的安全评价工作提供借鉴。     

Comparative analysis of the proteomic and nutritional composition of transgenic rice seeds with Cry1ab/ac genes and their non-transgenic counterparts

Nutritional assessment of transgenic crops used for human food and animal feed is an important component of safety evaluations. Profiling techniques, such as proteomics, are currently used as complementary analytical tools to detect the unintended effects of transgenic. We analyzed the proteomic profiles and nutritional composition of transgenic rice seeds containing the Cry1Ab/Ac protein to assess the safety of these transgenic seeds. We focused primarily on the effects of genetic modification and growth environment. By comparing proteomic profiles, we found that 21 proteins were up- or down-regulated as a consequence of environmental influence (WT01 vs. WT02). Similarly, 20 to 22 protein levels were differentially modulated in transgenic rice seeds in comparison to their non-transgenic counterparts (T01 vs. WT01; T02 vs. WT02). These latter changes may be due to the influence of growth environment and the insertion of a single gene into the rice genome. Based on the nutrient composition analysis (proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutritive components), we conclude that the nutritional quality of the rice from the transgenic lines was equivalent to that of its non-transgenic counterparts and that the effect of growth environment on the rice was no less than that of the single gene insertion.     

日本转基因水稻研究现状与发展趋势

介绍了世界转基因作物栽培概况,阐述了日本转基因植物利用以及日本转基因食品的安全审查及标示现状。并以柳杉花粉过敏症缓和米以及多抗性转基因水稻的开发为例,重点介绍了日本转基因水稻研究现状与发展趋势。最后简要讨论了新型植物育种技术及其应用前景。     

南繁玉米试验地不同除草剂防效比较

以"玉洋洋"、"玉临军"、"苞卫"、"随薏打"和"金都尔"5种化学除草剂为试验药剂,以丹玉8479为试材,研究南繁玉米试验田的杂草防治效果。结果表明,不同除草剂间对杂草的防效存在差异性,"玉洋洋"和"随薏打"防效较好,最高值超过90%;"苞卫"和"金都尔"的防效周期较长,达30~35 d。5种除草剂对玉米均相对安全,对收获产量影响也较小。综合防治效果和防控周期考虑,在南繁玉米试验田根据不同需要可以使用"玉洋洋"和"苞卫"2种除草剂。根据海南冬季农田生产的特殊性,施用除草剂时应严格控制剂量并防止漂移,避免对周围瓜菜和后茬作物产生影响。     

【Short Report】Alternative Experimental Method Using a FRP Pot for Evaluating Wet Damage in Soybean and Morning Glory Grown underExcess Soil Water Conditions

Abstract

A fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) pot, equipped with a slanted pipe through which water is supplied, has been used for assessment of rice herbicides. This pot may also be useful for controlling water table in upland conditions. In this experiment, early growths of soybean and morning glory grown under waterlogging and excess soil water conditions were evaluated. The waterlogging condition was attained by adjusting the top of the slanted pipe to soil surface level, and excess soil water condition (0.2 m³ m^?3) by adjusting to 15 cm below the soil surface. The water content of the soil did not fluctuate during the treatment. Shoot growths of soybean and morning glory were poorer under waterlogging than excess soil water condition. The present experimental procedures using a FRP pot could be available for evaluation of wet damage of field crops grown under ill-drained field.     

Biochemical and morphological risk assessment of transgenic wheat with enhanced iron and zinc bioaccessibility

Decreased iron and zinc bioaccessibility, caused by the anti-nutrient phytic acid, is one of the leading reasons for micronutrient deficiency-related disorders. Biofortification of wheat with phytase gene to enhance iron and zinc bioaccessibility appears to be a fitting solution for this problem, especially in developing countries where most of the population belongs to the lower economic sector. However, societal views on crops, particularly crops that are genetically modified (GM) to express a new trait, needs to be changed. Risk assessment of GM crops can play a crucial role in fostering positive public perception, since it is imperative to ensure safety before allowing human consumption. The present study performed compositional and morphological risk assessment of T3 and T4 generations of phytase transgenic wheat by comparing their biochemical and morphological traits. Transgenic plants were analysed for their carbohydrate, protein, starch and phytic acid content along with iron bioaccessibility, zinc bioaccessibility and phytase enzyme activity. Morphological traits studied included plant height, seed number, seed weight and spike number. No significant differences were observed for carbohydrate, protein, starch content and for morphological traits; however, a significant increase was observed in phytase activity as well as iron and zinc bioaccessibility, which correlated with a significant decrease in phytic acid. These results demonstrate that phytase transgenic wheat is as native as local wheat varieties and can potentially increase iron and zinc bioaccessibility.     

转基因水稻食用安全性评价内容与主要争论问题分析

介绍了中国转基因水稻食用安全性评价的政策依据,并以实例为基础介绍了食用安全性评价的主要内容、检测标准:新表达物质毒理学评价、新表达物质致敏性评价、关键营养成份与抗营养因子检测、新表达物质含量(表达量)检测、新表达物质热稳定性和可消化性检测、全食品安全性检测等.针对转基因水稻螟虫不能吃,人是否能吃,是否能长期吃,实质等同性原则是否存在逻辑错误、偏袒大公司等问题进行了分析.对中国转基因水稻的发展前景进行了评论,认为前期需要有一个渐进、积累的过程,但之后将快速覆盖、急剧增长.     

环介导等温扩增技术及其在转基因作物检测中的应用

转基因作物及其产品的安全性一直存在着较大的争议,人们对转基因产品仍持谨慎态度。因此,快速、准确、灵敏的转基因检测手段对转基因生物的安全监管至关重要。环介导等温扩增(LAMP)是一种恒温核酸扩增的技术,其设备简单、成本低廉、结果可视化,且灵敏度高,现已广泛应用于细菌、病毒、寄生虫、转基因等检测行业。介绍了LAMP技术的原理、特点和联合应用其他技术,及其在转基因作物与产品检测方面的应用情况。     

我国抗ALS类除草剂油菜种质创制与研究进展

化学除草是控制田间草害的有效手段,但我国油菜化除面积非常有限。创制对特定除草剂具有选择抗性的油菜新种质,选育抗性品种是实现我国油菜化除的有效途径。乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS) 类除草剂具有高效低量、选择性强、杀草谱广等优点,在生产上得到广泛应用。本文简述了ALS 基因及其突变产生抗性的机制,着重介绍我国基于ALS靶酶突变的抗除草剂油菜种质创制、抗性生理生化和分子机理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了抗除草剂新种质在油菜抗性新品种选育、杂交油菜制种及抗性基因在转基因工程中的应用。     

Herbicides and seed production by two perennial ryegrass cultivars grown in weed-free conditions

The effects of five herbicides on seed yield and viability of perennial ryegrass cv. S24 were tested at two sites. Benzoylprop-ethyl, chlorfenpropmethyl, difenzoquat, ethofumesate and flam-prop-isopropyl were safe to use at doses recommended for use in other crops. When applied at three times the recommended dose, only difenzoquat reduced the yield and germination of seed and benzoylprop-ethyl reduced seed germination. The recommended doses of difenzoquat and ethofumesate were safe when applied on cv. Barlenna at different growth stages. Difenzoquat reduced seed yield only after three times the recommended dose was applied to tillered plants. Ethofumesate, even at three times the recommended dose, did not affect seed yield but plant numbers were reduced by early treatment. The results suggest that the herbicides tested may be safe to use in perennial ryegrass seed crops at the recommended doses but more work is needed on the safety of difenzoquat in relation to crop growth stage.     

农业转基因生物的发展及安全管理

农业转基因生物包括转基因动植物和微生物及有关产品。综述了转基因作物的发展历程,主要转基因生物的种植面积、产值,我国在这方面的研究和应用情况以及世界各地对转基因作物对人类安全性的争论焦点。同时就欧盟与美国对农业转基因生物的安全管理进行了比较。指出了我国对转基因生物安全管理的法律法规、管理体系、对策等一些具体措施。预见了转基因生物的发展形势。     

A specific qualitative and real-time PCR detection of MON863 maize based on the 5′-transgene integration sequence

Genetically modified crops are widely grown in the world today. Labeling is required when genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are placed on the market. There is a need to establish a specific method for the detection of genetically modified foods. MON863 transgenic maize containing a Cry3Bb1 sequence that produces insecticidal protein cry3Bb1 is a major GMO crop. In this paper, we report studies that designed specific PCR primers and TaqMan probes based upon the 5′-transgene integration sequence, and developed qualitative and quantitative PCR conditions using these primers and probes. We determined the 5′-transgene integration sequence using a ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM PCR) method. In qualitative PCR studies, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5% for MON863 in 100 ng genomic DNA. In the quantitative PCR assays, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) are 10 and 100 haploid copies, respectively. Maize samples with different contents of genetically modified component were tested using the established TaqMan real-time PCR system.     

转G2-EPSPS和GAT基因的耐除草剂大豆ZH10-6对田间生物多样性的影响

明确转基因大豆ZH10-6(转G2-EPSPS和GAT基因,耐除草剂)在生物多样性方面的安全性,从田间节肢动物多样性、大豆病害、大豆根瘤菌和田间杂草等方面进行了调查和分析.结果表明,转基因大豆ZH10-6对田间节肢动物群落组成、群落结构、主要节肢动物种群的发生规律、大豆主要病害的发生及根瘤菌数量等方面的影响,与非转基因...     

Current and Potential Role of Transgenic Crops in U.S. Agriculture

SUMMARY

Transgenic crop cultivars with resistance to insects, pathogens, and herbicides offer growers powerful new pest management tools. We reviewed the observed and potential farm-level impacts of transgenic cultivars, including those with regulatory approval and commercial availability as well as those still being researched and developed. Direct grower benefits, such as yield and production increases and decreased management costs, have led to rapid and extensive adoption of Bt corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant cotton, soybean, and canola, and virus-resistant papaya. Other transgenic crops, including Bt sweet corn and potato, and herbicide-resistant sugar beet and corn, have not been adopted despite strong agronomic and pest management performance, largely because growers fear there will be no market for their harvests. Despite inconsistent adoption of transgenic cultivars, demonstrated benefits of the technology encourage ongoing efforts to incorporate pest management traits into a wider variety of crops, including broccoli, tomato, lettuce, grape, citrus, pineapple, raspberry, peanut, wheat, barley, and rice. Potential impacts of these upcoming transgenic cultivars range from a decrease in weed management costs for lettuce and tomato growers, to the defense of stone fruit, grape, and citrus against devastating new pests.     

转基因水稻环境安全评价研究进展

水稻是世界上主要的粮食作物之一。自20世纪80年代以来,中国全方位开展转基因水稻的研发,已经培育出抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂和抗逆的转基因水稻品种,这将为提高中国水稻的生产力和确保粮食安全做出重要贡献。但转基因水稻的环境安全问题备受关注。通过分析转基因水稻给人类带来的利与弊,并从转基因水稻的杂草化与基因漂移、对生物多样性和土壤微生物的影响等方面评价转基因水稻的环境安全性,以期为中国转基因水稻的安全应用提供参考。     

A specific qualitative and real-time PCR detection of MON863 maize based on the 5′-transgene integration sequence

Genetically modified crops are widely grown in the world today. Labeling is required when genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are placed on the market. There is a need to establish a specific method for the detection of genetically modified foods. MON863 transgenic maize containing a Cry3Bb1 sequence that produces insecticidal protein cry3Bb1 is a major GMO crop. In this paper, we report studies that designed specific PCR primers and TaqMan probes based upon the 5′-transgene integration sequence, and developed qualitative and quantitative PCR conditions using these primers and probes. We determined the 5′-transgene integration sequence using a ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM PCR) method. In qualitative PCR studies, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5% for MON863 in 100 ng genomic DNA. In the quantitative PCR assays, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) are 10 and 100 haploid copies, respectively. Maize samples with different contents of genetically modified component were tested using the established TaqMan real-time PCR system.     

转基因大豆及其制品的安全性和检测研究现状

转基因大豆及其制品日益增多,已经直接或间接地成为人类消费的食品, 进入人们的食物链.转基因大豆及其制品对人体健康及生态环境的影响越来越引起人们关注,本文阐述了转基因大豆及其制品的安全性,并对其检测现状进行了概述.