利用高世代回交群体对大豆小粒性状的基因型分析及QTL定位

利用野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的高世代回交导入系,经过严格的百粒重筛选鉴定,得到43个百粒重性状明显小于轮回亲本的导入系个体。利用这套选择群体结合随机对照群体和基因型分析,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于7个连锁群上的9个与大豆小粒性状相关的QTL位点,对小粒性状表现为正效应,为大豆小粒性状分子辅助育种提供有用的分子标记。     

大豆耐低温出苗的遗传分析与分子标记

大豆是光温敏性作物,其对低温的敏感性不但制约了大豆在高纬度地区的生产,也严重影响低纬度地区低温年大豆的种植产量.以周9311-3×徐9125的P1、P2、F1F2、F2:3为材料用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法,对大豆耐低温出苗性状进行遗传分析,然后采用BSA和t测验的方法分析筛选与大豆耐低温出苗性状紧密连锁的SSR分子标记.结果表明:大豆耐低温出苗性状是受一对主基因控制,其遗传模型的适合性检验表明符合D-0模型,即耐低温性状受一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性.上位性多基因控制,主基因呈超显性.大豆耐低温出苗性状和标记satt157及satt562相关,并根据R2得到两位点的变异解释率分别为3.4%和13.9%.根据已经发表的整合大豆遗传图谱中satt157、satt562的位置将大豆耐低温出苗的两个QTL初步定位于D1b和I连锁群.aatt562的效应值较大属于主基因位点,satt157的效应值较小属于多基因位点.     

大豆高油相关QTL分子标记辅助选择研究

选用高产大豆品系哈交5448-4和高油大豆品种黑农45为亲本杂交获得F2分离群体,进行大豆高油基因SSR分子标记.共筛选覆盖大豆全基因组的325对SSR引物,利用筛选出的63对在亲本间具有多态性的SSR引物对F2分离群体的120个单株进行SSR扩增,经电泳检测后,所得数据用于作图和定位分析.定位到高油QTL 1个,与satt160连锁,遗传距离为26.0cM,贡献率为23.20%,位于大豆公共遗传图谱的F连锁群.利用该引物在24份大豆材料中进行高油材料检测和筛选,在15份高油材料中筛选到11份,检出率达到73.33%.结果说明satt160具有一定的检测通用性,可以利用它对高油大豆材料进行分子标记辅助选择.     

新消息

新消息０２６２大麦籽粒淀粉性状的遗传──大麦淀粉可分为Ａ型（大粒）和Ｂ型（小粒）。Ａ．Ｂ．ｔｙｌｉｖｅｉｒａ等运用１４个遗传特性不同的大麦品种在４种环境中评价了品种与环境对淀粉粒大小的影响，各品种亲一子代淀粉粒的遗传以及淀粉粒与麦芽品质间的关系。结果...     

川渝地区地方和育成大豆品种SSR标记多样性分析?

利用基本均匀分布于大豆20条染色体的135对SSR标记，对232份包括6个地方品种地域亚群和1个育成品种亚群进行全基因组扫描。结果表明：所有的标记都有多态性，所有检测到的位点都是纯合基因型，说明所选用品种高度纯合，每个标记存在2～4个等位变异，平均2.66个。亚群多态信息含量变异范围0.2751-0.3165，整个群体为0.3208；亚群内Nei遗传距离变异范围0.325 8～0.359 4，整个群体为0.3711，说明川渝地区大豆遗传变异较小。亚群间的遗传一致度（GI ≥ 0.8862）较高，亚群间遗传距离（GD ≤ 0.1208）较小，地方品种亚群间遗传差异更小，育成品种亚群与自然地域亚群的遗传差异相对较大。亚群间基因分化系数（Fst）平均为 0.0722，基因流（Nm）平均为 3.214，说明不同亚群之间存在一定的基因交流。主坐标分析表明第一、二和三主成分分别解释总变异的4.97%、3.54%和3.33%。来自同一区域的品种资源基本聚集在同一亚群，聚类分析同样表明同一自然地域亚群品种资源虽不能完全聚集到同一个遗传类群中，但具有一定的聚集效应，说明川渝大豆品种资源遗传变异与地理位置有一定的关系。分子方差分析表明亚群内变异占总变异的97%，亚群间变异仅占总变异的3%。Mantel收敛分析表明地方品种自然地域亚群的遗传距离与所处的地理位置距离（纬度和海拔）呈显著的正相关关系（R2=0.723）。川渝地区大豆种质资源群体遗传丰富度不高，当前的育成品种未蕴含本地区所有遗传变异。     

甘蓝型油菜遗传图谱的构建及开花期的QTL分析

在由两个春性甘蓝型油菜双低品种DH401（早花）和Q2（迟花）的F1代植株通过小孢子培养所获得的DH（doubled haploid）群体中，应用SSR、SRAP及AFLP标记构建了一张遗传连锁图谱，并对开花期性状进行了数量性状座位（QTL）分析。在亲本间共检测到263个有多态性的遗传标记，其中SSR标记有88个、SRAP标记101个及AFLP标记74个。其中248个标记分布于19个连锁群，总遗传距离为1634.7 cM，标记间平均遗传距离为6.6 cM，标记偏分离比例达到27.4% (p<0.01)且主要集中在第4、5连锁群。应用QTLMAPPER 1.6在武汉、和政分别检测到2个和4个控制开花期的主效QTL位点，分别解释了68.63%和75.83的开花期表型变异，其中有2个主效QTL位点在这两地同时被检测到。另外也分析了影响开花期的上位效应并探讨了本研究结果在实际育种中的意义。     

小麦籽粒性状的遗传效应分析及其育种策略

大粒性状对于小麦高产育种具有重要意义。为明确大粒型小麦新种质籽粒性状的遗传特性,以漯麦76（大粒型）和L529（小粒型）为亲本构建P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁和B₂共4个世代6个群体,利用SmartGrain软件获得籽粒性状数据,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分析方法研究大粒性状的遗传规律。结果表明,千粒重的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型（MX2-ADI-ADI）,籽粒面积和粒长的最佳模型均为加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型（PG-ADI）,籽粒周长的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因遗传模型（2MG-ADI）,粒宽的最佳模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性显性多基因遗传模型（MX2-ADI-AD）。综上,对大粒性状的选择,应采用“高粒重×高粒重”的组合配制方案构建F₂（单交）和B₂（大粒亲本回交）选择群体,多环境鉴定,以低代宽、高代严的选择标准,在高代对大粒性状进行选择。     

利用重组近交系群体检测花生青枯病抗性SSR标记

用抗青枯病花生品种远杂9102与感病品种Chico杂交，从F2起用单粒传法构建了花生重组近交系群体（RIL）F6和F7。采用354对SSR引物对重组近交系F6群体的基因组DNA鉴定，获得多态性标记45个。结合重组近交系群体F6和F7青枯病抗性鉴定结果，应用相关软件统计分析，构建了栽培种花生部分遗传连锁图。图谱总长度为603.9cM，含29个标记（28个SSR标记和1个表型标记）的8个连锁群，还有17个独立的SSR标记；获得了与青枯病抗性相关的SSR标记2个（7G02和PM137），位于该图谱的第1连锁群上，与青枯病抗性基因间的遗传距离为10.9cM和13.8cM，并且位于抗性基因的两侧，两标记间的距离为23.7cM。     

野生大豆回交导入系蛋白质含量性状的QTL分析

以野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的回交导入系（1204株）为研究材料,利用WinQTL2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM)在9个连锁群定位了16个与蛋白质含量相关的QTL（14个正效应,2个负效应）;导入系群体经过严格的蛋白质含量筛选鉴定,得到10个蛋白质含量性状明显大于轮回亲本的导入系株行。利用这10个高蛋白含量株行（选择群体）结合随机对照群体,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于10个连锁群上的17个与大豆蛋白质含量相关的标记位点,对蛋白质含量表现为正效应。两种方法共同检测到7个QTL。这些材料和位点将为高蛋白含量相关基因克隆及分子辅助育种提供重要的材料基础和标记信息。     

野生大豆ZYD00006回交导入系构建

为挖掘野生大豆优异稀有基因，2006年至今以栽培大豆绥农14（轮回亲本）与野生大豆ZYD00006（供体 亲本）为双亲材料，经杂交、回交，标记辅助选择构建获得一套覆盖野生大豆全基因组的染色体片段导入系（代换 系）。该群体共 192个株系，包含野生大豆目标导入片段 237个，平均每个连锁群的导入片段个数为 11.85个；导入 片段总长度1865.17 cM，覆盖整个基因组的82.43%。其中L连锁群野生大豆基因组覆盖率最高，为100%，N连锁群 覆盖最低为 53.17%。最长导入片段 43.30 cM，最短导入片段 0.22 cM。高度一致的遗传背景对大豆重要基因及野 生大豆特有优异基因挖掘具有重要意义。同时，野生资源的引入极大丰富了栽培大豆的遗传基础，进而使得导入 系后代表型变异丰富，为大豆遗传育种提供重要的材料基础。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.