Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

中国野生动物驯养与繁殖法律制度的缺陷与完善

野生动物驯养繁殖在世界野生动物资源保护中具有重要作用，有关野生动物驯养繁殖的法律制度也成为各国野生动物资源保护立法的主要内容。本文针对目前中国野生动物驯养繁殖的立法现状与存在问题，提出完善中国野生动物驯养繁殖的国内法对策，以推进中国野生动物资源保护立法的发展。     

应激宁对HSP70在大鼠应激性溃疡中表达的影响

为了探讨热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在应激性溃疡中表达的变化及应激宁对其变化的影响,选用Wistar大鼠水浸-束缚应激(WRS)4 h的方法,建立应激性溃疡模型.用免疫组织化学方法检测胃黏膜组织HSP70的表达.结果表明,HSP70的表达主要分布在胃腺区,对照组大鼠胃黏膜组织中有散在的表达,应激组中HSP70阳性细胞数目较应激宁组增多,两者具有明显的差异(P＜0.05),而且,应激组和应激宁组中HSP70阳性细胞数目均比对照组明显增多(P＜0.01).表明应激宁对WRS后胃黏膜组织HSP70的表达具有调节作用,这也表明应激宁具有抗应激的作用.     

Economic aspects of outbreaks of dermatophilosis in first-calving cows in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel

Outbreaks of dermatophilosis in nine herds of dairy cattle in Israel were studied retrospectively. The outbreaks might have been associated with the exposure of the animals to intense showering during the spring and summer months of May to October, in addition to calving and postcalving stress. The acute exudative form of dermatophilosis occurred in the first-calving cows during the six weeks after they calved. The morbidity rate ranged from 10.0 to 66.6 per cent and the period of morbidity ranged from eight to 19 days. Mortality or culling occurred in four of the herds and ranged from 1.6 to 17.1 per cent. The disease also resulted in a gradual loss of condition, a decrease in milk production and marked increases in the somatic cell counts in milk.     

湖南山羊附红细胞体病的感染调查

对湖南省2个规模化山羊养殖场进行附红细胞体病的感染调查,结果表明:山羊附红细胞体总感染率为51.4%,其中A场感染率为53.4%,B场感染率为0。将镜检阳性山羊血液人工感染小白鼠,10d后小白鼠体内出现附红细胞体。     

精原干细胞体外培养研究进展

精原干细胞（SSCs）是指位于睾丸生精小管基膜上既能自我更新维持自身群体数量恒定,又能定向分化形成精母细胞,最终形成精子的一类原始干细胞。其体外培养以及近年来兴起的移植、基因转染的深入研究,为探讨精子的发生机制、重建不育个体的精子发生、生产转基因动物提供了新的途径。文章综述了精原干细胞体外培养的研究现状,并对其体外的纯化、鉴定,以及未来的应用进行了介绍,旨在为精原干细胞的研究提供借鉴。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

2015年内蒙古赤峰市天然草场牧草返青期分析

2014年12月—2015年2月中旬,内蒙古赤峰市的气温偏高、降水偏少,且降水分布不均匀,该气候条件对牧区正常的牧业生产活动产生了不利影响。通过对天然草场牧草返青期与前期气候条件综合分析后,对该地区天然草场牧草返青期进行了预测,即2015年赤峰市天然草场牧草返青期出现在4月下旬—5月上旬,总体较常年偏早3~6 d。     

Prevalence of Bordetella hinzii in mice in experimental facilities in Japan

To reveal the current status of the prevalence of Bordetella hinzii in mice in experimental facilities in Japan, a survey of this agent was performed by culture of tracheal swabs from a total of 12,923 mice from 1699 facilities (12,192 mice from 1572 facilities in universities and research institutes and 731 mice from 127 facilities in pharmaceutical companies) in total. In the results, 195 out of 12,192 mice (1.6%) from 44 out of 1572 facilities (2.8%) in universities and research institutes were positive for B. hinzii. No B. hinzii-positive mice were found in 127 pharmaceutical companies surveyed. Gross lesions in the lungs with isolation of B. hinzii were observed in seven mice from four universities, and the lesions were identified as bronchopneumonia histopathologically. To our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the prevalence of B. hinzii in laboratory mice.     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Tajikistan

A cross-sectional serological survey of the prevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in the Region of Republican Subordination and Khatlon oblasts (provinces) in Tajikistan was conducted in May 2003. Sera from 13,625 ruminants involving 3513 households in 172 kishlaks (villages) were collected and screened by the rose bengal test. Doubtful and positive results were further tested with competitive and indirect elisas. The overall serological prevalences (95 per cent confidence intervals [cis]) were 5.8 per cent (5.2 to 6.4 per cent) for sheep, 5.5 per cent (5.0 to 6.0 per cent) for goats and 2.1 per cent (1.0 to 3.2 per cent) for cattle. The results show that brucellosis was a common disease of ruminants that was widely but unevenly distributed throughout the two oblasts. Seropositive animals were found in 119 of the 172 kishlaks (69.2 per cent [95 per cent ci 61.9 to 75.6 per cent]) and 14.4 per cent (95 per cent ci 13.3 to 15.6 per cent) of the 3513 households. Evidence of infection was also found in cattle kept for milk production in urban kishlaks in two major cities and in state-owned dairy farms.     

冀东地区干乳期奶牛日粮中微量元素盈缺分析

该试验应用原子吸收光谱法对冀东地区干乳期奶牛基础混合日粮中的铜、铁、锰、锌含量进行测定和盈缺分析,以便为干乳期奶牛日粮配制提供借鉴。试验结果表明,基础混合日粮中铁、铜、锰和锌含量分别为299．87,14．38,37．70和32．67mg／kg。其中,铁含量为NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量的16倍,是其他文献报道需要量的3倍;铜含量达到干乳期奶牛需要量;锰、锌的含量达到NRC（2001）报道干乳期奶牛铁需要量,而低于文献推荐需要量。     

Metabolism of carbohydrate in alimentary tract of reindeer in winter

The study was conducted on six reindeers in December. It was established that concentration of reducing sugars in the chyme of jejunum increases substantially (6 times in comparison with abomasum), whereas concentration cellulose, on the contrary, decreases (4.5 times). The maximal increase of monosaccharides in the small intestine testifies to formation of metabolic fund of sugars in this part of the alimentary tract due to high degree of polysaccharides hydrolysis of exogenous, as well as endogenous, microbial formation. Obtained data assume that the need of the reindeer for glucose is provided for not only by gluconeogenesis as it was considered before, but also by absorption of monosaccharides from the alimentary tract.     

Survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Kosovo

A cross-sectional survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep, goats and cattle in Kosovo was made in January 2001. A total of 12,000 serum samples, from 7941 cattle, 3548 sheep and 511 goats, were screened using the Rose Bengal test. Doubtful and positive results were further tested with competitive and indirect ELISAS. The overall serological prevalences derived from the samples positive to all three tests, were 6.26 per cent (95 per cent confidence intervals [CI] 5.5 to 7.1 per cent) for sheep, 7.24 per cent (5.3 to 9.8 per cent) for goats and 0.58 per cent (0.43 to 0.77 per cent) for cattle. The survey covered 26 of the 29 municipalities and showed that brucellosis was widely but unevenly distributed throughout the province. Seropositive animals were found in 25 per cent (19 to 32 per cent) of 162 villages surveyed. The risk of cattle being infected on holdings where both cattle and sheep were kept was greater, with a risk ratio of 4.6 (2.2 to 9.6), than on holdings where only cattle were kept. Brucella melitensis probably predominates as the cause of brucellosis in ruminants in the province of Kosovo.     

Application of PCR and DNA probes in the characterisation of trypanosomes in the blood of cattle in farms in Morogoro, Tanzania

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes were used to characterise trypanosomes from cattle in Morogoro region of Tanzania. Blood samples collected from 390 beef and dairy cattle in selected farms in Morogoro region were examined for presence of trypanosomes using the buffy coat technique (BCT) and blood smears (BSs). Fifty-two animals were found infected: 40 with Trypanosoma congolense, 10 with T. vivax and two with both T. congolense and T. vivax. DNA extracted from all the parasitologically positive and 62 randomly selected parasitologically negative samples were subjected to PCR amplification using primers specific for different trypanosome species. Using a set of seven specific-pairs of primers on the parasitologically positive samples, we detected only T. congolense, either the Savannah- or the Kilifi-type, as single or mixed infections. With the PCR, trypanosome DNA could be detected in 27 (43%) out of 62 samples that were parasitologically negative. DNA hybridisation using probes specific for Savannah- or Kilifi-types T. congolense, or T. vivax, confirmed the presence of these parasites in cattle kept on some farms in Morogoro region of Tanzania. From these studies, it is clear that there is a need to undertake molecular epidemiological studies to determine the distribution of trypanosome species and subspecies, and to assess the economic impact of these parasites in the productivity of livestock in Tanzania. In particular, it would be desirable to verify the assumed association between the different presentations of trypanosomosis on one hand and genotypes of T. congolense on the other.     

哈尔滨市不同生境类型春季麻雀种群密度差异分析

城市中不同功能区内的生境环境各不相同,常见的功能区为景区、人工林、校园及居民区,研究城市不同生境类型对麻雀种群数量的影响可以对城市进一步建设和管理提供参考。本试验选取哈尔滨市太阳岛部分景区、东北林业大学林场、哈尔滨医科大学校园及哈尔滨市南岗区大众新城居民小区作为研究点。通过样方与样线法采集不同生境下的麻雀数量,使用SPSS 19. 1软件进行分析得到麻雀的种群密度。通过t检验得出结论为:城市不同功能区内的同一绿地种类中麻雀种群密度之间差异极显著,就均值来看麻雀种群密度大小依次为:太阳岛、大众新城、哈医大校园、东北林业大学林场,因此相对来说麻雀更喜欢太阳岛(风景区),其次是大众新城(居民区),然后是哈医大(高校校园),最后是校林场(人工林)。同时,通过t检验得到高校校园功能区中不同绿地种类的麻雀种群密度间差异也极显著,结果中均值显示麻雀种群密度从大到小依次为:林草混合地、林荫路、草地,因此相对来说麻雀更喜欢林草混合地,其次是林荫路,最后是草地。     

Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in livestock in Trinidad

A study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis and infecting serovars across livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs) in Trinidad using the microscopic agglutination test with an international panel of 23 serovars. Of a total of 590 cattle tested, 21.5% were seropositive with agglutinations to 13 of the 23 antigens used in the panel. Icterohaemorrhagiae (9.3%), Sejroe (4.1%), Ballum (4.1%), and Autumnalis (1.9%) were the predominant serogroups detected in the cattle sampled (n = 590). Of 222 sheep tested, 5.0% were seropositive with agglutinations to five serovars belonging to two serogroups. These serogroups were Autumnalis at 2.7%, and Icterohaemorrhagiae at 2.3% of all sheep tested (n = 222). Of a total of 180 goats tested, 3.3% were seropositive, all agglutinating to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, 1.7% to serovar Copenhageni, 1.1% to serovar Mankarso, and 0.6% to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. Among pigs (n = 200), 5.0% were seropositive for five serovars belonging to three serogroups. These serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae at 2.5%, Australis at 2%, and Ballum at 0.5%. Overall, age and sex of animals were not significantly associated with leptospirosis with the exception of cattle where age was a significant factor for seropositivity. It was concluded that for livestock, leptospirosis may be an important zoonotic and economic disease, particularly in the case of cattle. It is imperative that the impact of leptospirosis on abortion, stillbirths, and decreased milk production in livestock in the country be assessed.     

Production of amines in equine cecal contents in an in vitro model of carbohydrate overload

Acute laminitis can be induced experimentally in horses by the administration of carbohydrate, resulting in fermentation within the cecum and ischemia-reperfusion of the digits. The products of fermentation that trigger acute laminitis are as yet unknown; however, compounds such as amines might play a role due to their potential vasoactive properties. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amines present in equine cecal contents and to use a model of carbohydrate overload in vitro to test the hypothesis that carbohydrate fermentation is associated with increased amine production. Cecal contents from each horse were divided into aliquots and incubated anaerobically with either cornstarch or inulin (a form of fructan carbohydrate; both 1 g/100 mL). The pH was measured and samples were taken at the same time for amine measurement by HPLC at 2-h intervals over a 24-h period. In a second set of experiments, the effects of the antibiotic virginiamycin (1 mg/100 mL), calcium (CaPO4; 0.3 g/100 mL), and plant steroidal saponin (Yucca schidigera extract; 0.1 g/100 mL) were examined on pH and amine concentrations in cecal contents incubated with starch or inulin. Both starch and inulin caused significant time-dependent falls in pH, from 6.7 +/- 0.1 at 0 h to 5.2 +/- 0.1 (starch) and 5.0 +/- 0.1 (inulin) at 24 h. Fermentation of carbohydrate was also associated with increased production of phenylethylamine and isoamylamine (two- to threefold increases) as well as putrescine and cadaverine (1.5- to twofold increases). Virginiamycin inhibited the fall in pH and increases in production of phenylethylamine and isoamylamine, while calcium phosphate moderated the changes in pH only. Yucca schidigera extract was without effect. These data show that fermentation of carbohydrate by equine cecal microbiota may lead to increased production of amines.     

河北省不同地区夏季规模化羊场气载细菌的检测与分析

旨在研究河北省夏季不同地区规模化羊场气载细菌的日变化和区域性变化。选择3个区域(燕山丘陵、太行山区和平原地区)10个规模化羊场(14个舍),采用定点采样和培养计数法,对夏季各羊舍及其运动场的细菌数量进行3 d连续检测。结果:羊舍和运动场细菌数量表现为中午低、早或晚高的变化规律,早、中、晚不同地区羊舍的细菌数量分别为6.23×10^3~9.78×10^3、5.05×10^3~6.56×10^3和6.05×10^3~7.51×10^3 cfu/m^3,其中太行山区羊舍细菌在3个时间段间达显著差异(P<0.05)。从区域性分布看,太行山区羊舍细菌数量高于其他2个地区,燕山、太行和平原3个地区羊舍细菌平均数量分别达6.76×10^3、7.79×10^3和6.01×10^3 cfu/m^3;羊舍与运动场比较,虽然太行山区和平原地区羊舍细菌与运动场之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但太行山区羊舍及其运动场的细菌数量有增加趋势(P=0.05,P=0.07),而燕山丘陵50%的羊舍细菌数量显著高于运动场(P<0.05)。另外,比较4类羊(妊娠、母带仔、育成和育肥)舍细菌得出,妊娠舍细菌平均数量最高(7.10×10^3 cfu/m^3),育肥舍或带仔母羊舍细菌数量最低(5.54×10^3 cfu/m^3,5.55×10^3 cfu/m^3)。该研究结果可为完善羊场的羊舍设计和环境调控提供可靠依据。     

新型广谱杀虫药沙罗拉纳在国外伴侣动物体外寄生虫防治中的应用

沙罗拉纳(sarolaner)属异恶唑啉类化合物,是一种新型广谱杀虫药。沙罗拉纳已被证实通过特异性阻断昆虫γ-氨基丁酸受体和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道而显示出抗寄生虫活性。本文综述了近年来沙罗拉纳在国外伴侣动物体外寄生虫防治中的开发及临床应用情况,旨在为该药的深入研究和国内开发应用提供参考。近年来,该药主要用于犬猫等伴侣动物体外寄生虫的临床预防和治疗,对蜱类、蚤类、螨类等体外寄生虫有高效的杀灭作用。与其他杀虫药相比,该药在分子结构、作用位点和选择性等方面有显著差异,具有杀虫活性强、治疗剂量低、安全性高等优点。此外,该药通过与多种药物联合应用,可提高治疗效果,扩大治疗范围。就国外研究来看,沙罗拉纳是一种安全广谱的高效杀虫剂,拥有广阔的应用前景。