猪病毒性脑心肌炎的流行病学特点与防治

猪病毒性脑心肌炎又称猪脑心肌炎,是由RNA病毒引起的猪的传染病。猪病毒性脑心肌炎对仔猪具有较高的传染性和致死性,对妊娠期母猪可造成流产等后果。本文从流行病学特点、临床病理特征及防治措施三个方面对该病予以介绍。     

猪脑心肌炎的防制措施

猪脑心肌炎又称猪病毒性脑心肌炎。是由脑心肌炎病毒感染引起的一种对仔猪致死率极高的自然疫源性传染病。以脑炎、心肌炎和心肌周围炎为主要特征。最近发现，本病毒也可引起母猪繁殖障碍。     

猪脑心肌炎的防制措施

猪脑心肌炎又称猪病毒性脑心肌炎。是由脑心肌炎病毒感染引起的一种对仔猪致死率极高的自然疫源性传染病。以脑炎、心肌炎和心肌周围炎为主要特征。最近发现，本病毒也可引起母猪繁殖障碍。     

母猪繁殖障碍的检查与防治

母猪繁殖障碍主要表现为母猪不能正常发情、孕期流产、产死胎、木乃伊或不能怀孕。这些综合征在不同猪群引起的损失差异很大，但总的来说，饲养纯种猪的原种猪场要比商品猪场严重得多。引起母猪繁殖障碍的原因很多．有传染性和非传染性，传染性又分为细菌性和病毒性两种．病毒性病原主要引起母猪死胎、木乃伊或不孕，多数不引起流产，这是与细菌性病原的主要差别。     

猪心脑肌炎病的临床症状及防制

猪心脑肌炎是一种由心脑肌炎病毒（EMCV）导致猪急性心脏病及妊娠母猪生殖性障碍的自然疫源性病毒性传染病,以脑炎、心肌炎和心肌周围炎及母猪生殖性障碍为主要特征。     

猪脑心肌炎的鉴别诊断与防制

猪脑心肌炎又称猪病毒性脑心肌炎，是由脑心肌炎病毒感染引起对仔猪致死率极高的自然疫源性传染病。以脑炎、心肌炎和心肌周围炎为主要特征，该病毒的宿主范围很广，在多种啮齿类动物、野生动物和灵长类动物均有发现。猪是感染脑心肌炎病毒最广泛、最严重的动物，以仔猪的易感性最强，20日龄内的仔猪可发生致死性感染，成年猪多呈隐性感染，也可引起母猪繁殖障碍。     

猪脑心肌炎的鉴别与防治

猪脑心肌炎又称猪病毒性脑心肌炎。是由脑心肌炎病毒感染引起的一种对仔猪致死率极高的自然疫源性传染病。以脑炎、心肌炎和心肌周围炎为主要特征。该病毒的宿主范围很广,在多种啮龄类动物、野生动物和灵长类动物均有发现。人也可感染,但大多数不出现任何症状。猪是感染脑心肌炎病毒最广范、最严重的动物,以仔猪的易感性最强,20日龄内的仔猪可发生致死性感染,成年猪多呈隐性感染。最近发现,本病毒也可引起母猪繁殖障碍。1临床症状临床上猪脑心肌炎主要是感染仔猪发病,大多数表现出两种症状类型,即最急性型和急性型。1.1最急性型表现为同胎或…     

影响母猪繁育的因素及预防

影响母猪繁育的主要因素就是繁殖障碍,是一种较为严重的疾病。母猪在性成熟后不发情、断奶后不发情等都是这种疾病的典型表现,一些母猪经过屡次配种仍然没有妊娠现象,或母猪在妊娠时有流产以及死胎等现象的发生也是母猪繁殖障碍的表现。母猪繁殖障碍对母猪繁殖能力有严重影响,不仅不能对生猪养殖场实际效益给予保障,同时也会对养殖行业的协调稳定发展造成严重阻碍。现就影响母猪繁育的病因和预防进行分析,进而帮助相关研究人员更好的了解母猪繁育的影响因素和预防措施,为养殖行业的稳定发展提供支撑。     

猪细小病毒检测技术研究进展

猪细小病毒病是由猪细小病毒(Porcine Parvovirus,PPV)感染引起以母猪繁殖障碍为主要特征的病毒性传染病,母猪妊娠前期感染该病毒后,经胎盘使胚胎或胎儿受到侵袭,引起母猪流产、胚胎死亡、胎儿畸形、胎儿木乃伊化及不孕等[1].     

脑心肌炎病毒研究进展

脑心肌炎病毒(Encephalomyocarditis virus,EMCV)是一种传播广泛、侵犯多系统的病毒性传染因子。可自然感染啮齿动物、非人灵长类动物和猪。猪自然感染EMCV可造成突然死亡和实质器官的广泛病理损伤,母猪感染还可造成繁殖障碍。     

Highly cited article published in the Veterinary Quarterly in 1991

In early 1991, the Dutch pig industry was struck by the so-called mystery swine disease. Large-scale laboratory investigations were undertaken to search for the aetiological agent. We focused on isolating viruses and mycoplasmas, and we tested paired sera of affected sows for antibodies against ten known pig viruses. The mycoplasmas M. hysonoviae, M. hyopneumoniae, and Acheloplasma laidlawii, and the viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and porcine enterovirus types 2 and 7 were isolated from individual pigs. An unknown agent however, was isolated from 16 of 20 piglets and from 41 of 63 sows. This agent was characterized as a virus and designated Lelystad virus. No relationship between this virus and other viruses has yet been established. Of 165 sows reportedly affected by the disease, 123 (75 per cent) seroconverted to Lelystad virus, whereas less than 10 per cent seroconverted to any of the other virus isolates or to known viral pathogens. Antibodies directed against Lelystad virus were also found in pigs with mystery swine disease in England, Germany, and the United States. We conclude that infection with Lelystad virus is the likely cause of mystery swine disease.     

Porcine circovirus-2 and concurrent infections in the field

Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is the necessary cause of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine; however, a variety of co-factors, including other infectious agents, are thought to be necessary in the full expression of disease. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was found in the inoculum used in the first experiments to reproduce PMWS in gnotobiotic swine. Retrospective and prospective studies in the field and laboratory have demonstrated PCV-2 can act synergistically with PPV to enhance the severity of PMWS. PCV-2 has been shown to play a role in the porcine infectious disease complex (PRDC). Other co-infecting agents with PCV-2 in the lung include, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Exposure of pregnant sows to PPV, PRRSV, or encephalomyocarditis virus may interact with PCV-2 infected foetuses. The severity of hepatic lesions in PCV-2 infected pigs may be enhanced by co-infection with agents such as swine hepatitis E virus and Aujezsky's disease virus. Additional studies are required to determine the mechanistic basis for the interaction of PCV-2 with other agents in the pathogenesis of the various clinical syndromes that have been associated with PCV-2 infection.     

Mystery swine disease in The Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus.

In early 1991, the Dutch pig-industry was struck by the so-called mystery swine disease. Large-scale laboratory investigations were undertaken to search for the etiological agent. We focused on isolating viruses and mycoplasmas, and we tested paired sera of affected sows for antibodies against ten known pig viruses. The mycoplasmas M. hyosynoviae, M. hyopneumoniae, and Acholeplasma laidlawii, and the viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and porcine enterovirus types 2 and 7 were isolated from individual pigs. An unknown agent, however, was isolated from 16 of 20 piglets and from 41 of 63 sows. This agent was characterised as a virus and designated Lelystad virus. No relationship between this virus and other viruses has yet been established. Of 165 sows reportedly afflicted by the disease, 123 (75 per cent) seroconverted to Lelystad virus, whereas less than 10 per cent seroconverted to any of the other virus isolates or to the known viral pathogens. Antibodies directed against Lelystad virus were also found in pigs with mystery swine disease in England, Germany, and in the United States. We conclude that infection with Lelystad virus is the likely cause of mystery swine disease.     

Highly cited article published in the veterinary quarterly in 1991

Summary

In early 1991, the Dutch pig industry was struck by the so‐called mystery swine disease. Large‐scale laboratory investigations were undertaken to search for the aetiological agent. We focused on isolating viruses and mycoplasmas, and we tested paired sera of affected sows for antibodies against ten known pig viruses. The mycoplasmas M. hysonoviae, M. hyopneumoniae, and Acheloplasma laidlawii, and the viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and porcine enterovirus types 2 and 7 were isolated from individual pigs. An unknown agent however, was isolated from 16 of 20 piglets and from 41 of 63 sows. This agent was characterized as a virus and designated Lelystad virus. No relationship between this virus and other viruses has yet been established. Of 165 sows reportedly affected by the disease, 123 (75 per cent) seroconverted to Lelystad virus, whereas less than 10 per cent seroconverted to any of the other virus isolates or to known viral pathogens. Antibodies directed against Lelystad virus were also found in pigs with mystery swine disease in England, Germany, and the United States. We conclude that infection with Lelystad virus is the likely cause of mystery swine disease.     

养殖环境对生猪的影响与对策

养殖环境对生猪的健康生长有至关重要的影响,会严重威胁不同年龄和不同猪的健康生长和繁殖。生猪养殖中如果不能严格控制养殖环境,易造成种公猪的精液质量下降,精子活性降低,母猪不能正常发情,隐性发情。不规律发情,影响母猪正常排卵,使繁殖率显著下降。对于养殖场的育肥猪养殖环境还会影响整体的育肥效果,使饲料的成本显著增加,不利于提高养殖效益。因此在发展生猪养殖中,注重做好养殖环境的控制,减少各种污染物的产生,确保生猪健康生长。该文主要论述养殖环境对不同年龄阶段猪的影响,并提出养殖环境的改善措施。     

Prevalence of pseudorabies virus infection and associated infections in six large swine herds in Illinois.

Sera were collected from 6 large farrow-to-finish swine herds infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) in Illinois. All herds were participating in the Large Herd Cleanup Study, a USDA-initiated project to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies from large farms (greater than 400 sows) by use of a combination of vaccination and management changes. Herd size ranged between 425 and 1,500 breeding females. Between April and July 1990, sera for measurement of PRV antibodies were obtained from 113 to 156 sows and 112 to 162 finishing pigs (body weight greater than 70 kg)/herd. Duplicate sera from 30 sows and 30 market-weight pigs/herd were obtained for measurement of serum antibodies to the following associated organisms: swine influenza virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Eperythrozoon suis, and 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans. Prevalence of PRV antibodies attributable to field virus infection ranged between 53.8 and 100% for sows and between 0.7 and 97.3% for finishing pigs, as determined by the appropriate differential test for the vaccine being used on each farm. In only 1 herd, PRV seroprevalence was increased with higher sow parity. For associated infections, the risk of seropositivity attributable to PRV was not significant (for most infections) on all farms and varied among farms. Thus, pseudorabies did not appear, in general, to increase susceptibility to infection with other disease agents.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的研究进展及防控措施

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS）是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）感染引起的一种以妊娠母猪发热流产、仔猪高死亡率和各年龄段猪呼吸功能障碍为主要特征的高度接触性传染病。目前,该病在全球范围内均有分布,对养猪业造成的经济损失不计其数。自1996年我国首次分离PRRSV到如今,该病已在我国横行了25年之久,却依旧无法有效防治。文章对目前国内外猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病原、流行病学、临床症状以及疫苗免疫和综合防控措施等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为该病的防控提供科学依据。     

A novel concept for the control of Aujeszky's disease: experiences in two vaccinated pig herds

A study was conducted to examine the usefulness of a glycoprotein I (gI)-ELISA to monitor Aujeszky's disease virus infection in two vaccinated pig herds; the gI-ELISA can differentiate between pigs infected with Aujeszky's disease virus and pigs vaccinated against Aujeszky's disease with gI-negative vaccines. The two herds had been vaccinated with gI-negative vaccines for several years. The first survey, in September 1986, revealed that approximately 10 per cent of the breeding pigs in a large multiplier herd were seropositive for antibodies to gI of Aujeszky's disease virus, and it was decided to try to eliminate the virus from the herd by gI-ELISA testing and culling of gI-seropositive pigs. A one month quarantine period for incoming stock was established, and only gI-seronegative pigs were admitted to the herd. After two rounds of testing and culling the herd appeared to be free of wild-type Aujeszky's disease virus, and neither Aujeszky's disease virus nor antibodies could be detected either in 21 sentinel pigs placed on the farm or in 347 stillborn piglets or piglets that died shortly after birth. The herd probably remained free of Aujeszky's disease virus until the end of the 27-month period of monitoring except for two of 639 breeding pigs that were unexpectedly found to be positive in the gI-ELISA in November 1987. These sows were culled. A second breeding herd was monitored for antibodies to gI of Aujeszky's disease virus for two years. The gI-seropositive sows constituted approximately 30 per cent of the herd's breeding pigs, but they were not culled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero

The ability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to establish a persistent infection is the principal contributing factor to the world-wide spread of the disease. Several studies have documented the course of viral infection in postnatally infected pigs; however, very little is known regarding sites of virus replication during persistent infection of pigs exposed to PRRSV in utero. In this study, virus replication and PRRSV-specific antibody were followed for several hundred days in a group of pigs derived from three sows infected at 90 days of gestation with PRRSV isolate VR-2332. Eighty-four percent of pigs were born viremic with a mortality of 54% within 21 days after birth. At approximately 60 days sera from pigs were negative for virus by virus isolation. Analysis of virus replication in the tissues of pigs randomly sacrificed between 63 and 132 days showed no evidence of virus in lung and other non-lymphoid organs. However, virus was easily recovered from tonsil and lymph nodes and in situ hybridization identified these tissues as sites of virus replication. Even though replication was at a low level, virus was easily transmitted to sentinel pigs. By 260 days pigs became seronegative and did not transmit virus to sentinel pigs. Sacrifice of remaining pigs after 300 days showed no evidence of virus in blood and tissues. This study shows that congenital PRRSV-infected pigs can support virus replication for an extended period during which virus replication is primarily restricted to tonsil and lymph nodes.     

Comparison of the pathogenic, antigenic and molecular characteristics of two encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolates from Belgium and Greece

The pathogenicity of two porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolates for sows in gestation and young piglets was studied. One virus originated from a case of reproductive failure in pigs in Belgium and the other from a case of acute myocarditis in pigs in Greece. Sows in the mid-gestation period and one- to two-month old piglets were inoculated with each isolate. The molecular relationship between both isolates was studied by determining the nucleotide sequence located across the junction of the 1C and 1D capsid-coding genes. Antigenic analysis was performed using a panel of 35 monoclonal antibodies raised against an Italian field isolate of EMCV. All three approaches revealed differences between both isolates and also confirmed that there was no link between the two outbreaks of disease.