经济发达地区县域尺度土壤重金属污染区划

土壤重金属污染是社会关注的热点问题,而其区划是污染修复的基础。该文以地处经济快速发展地区的昆山市为例,综合运用地统计学、系统聚类分析、主成分分析等方法,以乡镇为基本单元,对研究区土壤重金属污染情况进行区划。结果表明：采用重金属污染状况结合孕污环境2次聚类的方法,研究区土壤重金属污染可划分为5个一级区和10个二级亚区。此分区体现了研究区土壤重金属污染空间分布状况和各乡镇孕污环境的空间差异,可对以后土壤重金属污染的控制及治理等相关工作借鉴。     

Survey for aflatoxins and zearalenone in 1973 crop corn stored on farms and in country elevators.

A total of 315 marketable and 57 obviously damaged corn samples were collected at 116 different farms and country elevators located in the United States in countries selected from among those producing more than 1 million bushels of corn in 1972. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins and zearalenone. The most striking correlations observed were between geographical area and mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin contamination was most frequently encountered in the Southeast-Appalachia areas with a 44% incidence of marketable corn with detectable aflatoxins. Zearalenone was most frequently encountered in the Corn Belt with 10% incidence in marketable corn from that region. When mycotoxin contamination was found in an establishment, most of the samples from that establishment were contaminated. There was no correlation between mycotoxin contamination and storage practices nor could the observed contamination of marketable corn be related to the contamination of the obviously damaged grain. These observations plus correlations with the geographic incidence and aflatoxin level distribution of published field contamination data suggest the possibility of a common contamination mode.     

Prediction of the combined effect of various GM contamination sources of seed: A case study of oilseed rape under Danish conditions

Abstract

The potential GM contamination at each step in seed production can be predicted for conditions that correspond to a worst-case scenario. When the combined effect of the various GM contamination stages is calculated, the worst-case predictions of the different stages are normally added. This additive procedure to estimate the combined effect of GM contamination may be relevant to estimate the combined effect where a single farm is concerned, but may result in estimation errors when harvested seeds from a large number of farms are mixed. In this study, the consequences of treating the different stages of GM contamination as independent stochastic effects on the combined GM contamination have been estimated. A case study of GM contamination in organic and conventional oilseed rape crops under Danish conditions indicated that the greater part of GM contamination occurred at farm level and much less during transport and storage. Generally, it may be concluded that it is important to consider this uncertainty in the estimates of adventitious presence at each seed production step and also whether the different steps are independent.     

亚洲土壤和地下水金属污染风险评价---综述近期研究趋势以及现有环境法律法规

Asia is experiencing a more rapid economic growth compared to any other regions. The contamination of soil and groundwater with metals can mainly be attributed to human activities; therefore, risk assessments to characterize the nature and magnitude of risks to humans and ecological receptors from contaminants are important. Risk assessments are often iterative processes, which involve identification and filling data gap. Experimental samplings, geostatistical and multivariate statistical methods as well as multimedia risk assessment modeling are the three major methodologies used in the assessment of metal contamination in soil and groundwater. This review highlights a number of measurements for improving risk calculation methods and expounds scientific approaches that involve the identification of the major source of contamination, exposure pathways and bioavailability of metals. In general, risk assessments of metals in soil and groundwater worldwide are mainly focused on the levels of contamination, identification of exposure pathways, and prediction of the probability of contamination. To date, very limited studies have reported the development of relevant environmental laws and policies in the regulation of soil and groundwater contamination in Asia. The development, variations and limitations in the regulations of soil and groundwater contamination among developed countries may provide helpful guidance for the developing countries in Asia.     

Contamination of grape seed oil with mineral oil paraffins

The contamination of 11 commercial grape seed oils with paraffins of mineral oil origin was analyzed by online-coupled HPLC-HPLC-GC-FID and ranged from 43 to 247 mg kg(-1). The analysis of the marc and seeds indicated that the contamination is primarily from the peels. Since superficial extraction of the seeds with hexane removed most of the mineral paraffins, the contamination of the seeds is largely on the surface, perhaps transferred from the peels during storage of the marc. Mechanical purification of the seeds combined with washing with hexane reduced the contamination of the oil by a factor of about 10. The refining process removed 30% of the mineral paraffins, primarily the more volatile components. Oil obtained from the seeds of fresh grapes, including grapes not having undergone any phytochemical treatment, contained clearly less mineral paraffins (up to 14 mg kg(-1)), and the peels were less contaminated, suggesting an environmental background contamination. To this an additional contamination might be added by a treatment of the grapes used for wine making.     

Impact of pasture contamination by copper,chromium, arsenic timber preservative on soil biological activity

Contamination of grazed pasture gave 0–5 cm soil contents of 19–835 mg kg^-1 Cu, 47–739 mg kg^-1 Cr, and 12–790 mg kg^-1 As. Soil Cu, Cr, As contents were correlated and declined with depth to 30 cm. In plots with medium and high contamination buried cotton strips retained most of their original tensile strength, indicating repression of decomposition processes.Lumbricus rubellus andAporrectodea rosea were absent in plots with medium and high contamination; there was no evidence of heavy metal accumulation in earthworm tissue; soil bulk density was greater in the absence of lumbricids. Enchytraeids and nematodes were most abundant with low contamination. Nematode diversity was greater with low (0–5 cm) or medium (5–10 cm) contamination than in control plots or those with high contamination; the proportion of predators increased with contamination. Basal soil respiration was less sensitive than substrate-induced respiration to contamination. Although contamination reduced the nitrification rate, all mineral N was found as NO _inf3 ^sup- after 14 days. Sulphatase was the enzyme activity most sensitive to high contamination. Whereas contamination by 100 mg kg^-1 of Cu, Cr, and As caused little depression of soil biological activity, there was some supperssion at 400 mg kg^-1 and at 800 mg kg^-1 normal processes were inhibited and herbage production was negligible. No single measurement adequately indicated the need for site remediation.     

利用叶片光谱的作物铜铅污染判别

重金属污染种类的判别是作物生长环境监测的重要组成部分。该研究旨在提出一种由叶片光谱构建的铜铅污染判别特征(Copper and Lead Contamination Discriminating Features,CLCDF),以实现作物铜、铅污染判别。以典型作物玉米为试验对象,运用包络线去除与导数处理叶片光谱,基于该研究提出的归一化铜铅污染指数(NormalizedDifference Copper and Lead Contamination Index,NDCLCI)构建叶片CLCDF,在CLCDF分布域内建立判别平面(Discriminating Plane,DP)。依据CLCDF与DP的位置关系,得出直观的污染种类判别规则,并利用判别距离(Discriminating Distance,DD)对判别规则进行量化。基于训练集数据进行试验,提取到189种用于判别铜、铅污染的DP,同时获取了对应的污染种类判别规则,判别正确率为100%。使用验证集数据进行验证,189种DP中的88种判别效果较好,判别正确率为78.22%。该研究结果证明,基于CLCDF的铜铅污染判别方法效果良好且稳定。     

Environmental Arsenic and Selenium Contamination and Approaches Towards Its Bioremediation Through the Exploration of Microbial Adaptations: A Review

Bioaccumulation of selenium and arsenic resulting from geogenic activities and aggravated by anthropogenic actions has now become a serious environmental issue. Different parts of the world are experiencing issues of selenium and arsenic contamination, especially in soil and groundwater. The present selenium and arsenic contamination scenario has been well represented in contemporary literature, and there are an array of remediation techniques targeting the decontamination of environmental contamination. The use of microbe-mediated remediation of selenium and arsenic contamination is gaining scientific attention for sustainable environmental bioremediation. The present review elucidates the different aspects of selenium and arsenic contamination, bioaccumulation, and bioremediation with implications for successful decontamination of these heavy metals.     

PCB concentrations in stream sunfish (Lepomis Auritus and L. Macrocmirus) in relation to proximity to chronic point sources

Sunfish (Lepomis auritus and L. macrochirus) were used to monitor polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in a group of small streams flowing into a larger stream/reservoir system. Mean PCB concentrations in sunfish appeared to reflect exposure conditions at the site of capture. Fish from uncontaminated sites 1 to 2 km distant from PCB-contaminated sites did not exhibit PCB contamination, and PCB concentrations in fish downstream from a discrete source decreased at a rate greater than or equal to downstream dilution of the point source. Mean PCB concentrations in fish near the source exhibited relatively large (-40%) fluctuations between semi-annual sampling periods, suggesting that PCB concentrations in sunfish populations may respond rapidly to changes in exposure. Sunfish were not sensitive enough indicators of contamination to use in assessing whether or not problematic levels of contamination may occur in other species. Although the presence of PCB contamination in sunfish can be used to infer that PCBs are elevated in other species, the absence of PCB contamination in sunfish cannot be used to infer that older, fattier fish higher up the food chain are uncontaminated.     

Distinguishing regional and local sources of pollution by trace metals and magnetic particles in fluvial sediments of the Morava River, Czech Republic

Purpose

Regional contamination of southern Moravia (SE part of the Czech Republic) by trace metals and magnetic particles during the twentieth century was quantified in fluvial sediments of the Morava River. The influence of local pollution sources on regional contamination of the river sediments and the effect of sampling site heterogeneity were studied in sediment profiles with different lithologies.

Materials and methods

Hundreds of sediment samples were obtained from regulated channel banks and naturally inundated floodplains and proxy elemental analyses were carried out by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED XRF) and further calibrated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). Magnetic susceptibility was determined as a proxy for industrial contamination. The age model for the floodplain sediments was established from ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb dating. Trace metal contamination was assessed by establishing the lithological background values from floodplain profiles and calculating enrichment factors (EF) of trace metals (i.e. Pb, Zn, Cu) and magnetic susceptibility for the entire study area.

Results and discussion

Channel sediments are unsuitable for the reconstruction of historical regional contamination due to their lithological heterogeneity and the “chaotic” influence of local sources of contamination, as well as the possibility of geochemical mobility of pollutants. On the other hand, sediments from regulated river banks qualitatively reflected the actual, local contamination of the river system.

Conclusions

This approach allowed us to distinguish the influence of local sources of contamination by comparison with more spatially averaged contamination signals from distal floodplain profiles. The studied area is weakly contaminated (EF ～1–2), while individual sediment strata from regulated channel banks reflect local sources of contamination and contain up to several times higher concentrations of trace metals.     

The dynamics of vegetation contamination by radionuclides on a tide washed pasture in the Mersey Estuary

Measurements of ¹³⁷Cs, ^239/240Pu and ²⁴¹Am contamination in substrate and vegetation on a tide washed pasture in the Mersey Estuary have enabled the dynamic response of vegetation contamination resulting from individual inundation events to be observed. Vegetation contamination is almost entirely due to external contamination by sediment, although there is some evidence for a small contribution from root uptake for ¹³⁷Cs, with a transfer factor from substrate to internal plant of about 0.003. Marked temporal variation is consistent with contamination by deposition of suspended sediments during tidal inundations, subsequently decreasing with a halflife of 20–30 days. Overall accumulation factors (total plant:substrate) are lower than those observed for the few pastures and saltmarshes studies further north in Cumbria, and consistent with the lower inundation frequency of the Mersey Estuary site.     

Review of Ecological Engineering Solutions for Rural Non-Point Source Water Pollution Control in Hubei Province,China

Anthropogenic contamination by heavy metals in fluvial systems is mostly bound to fine-grained clay minerals and organic substances, which accumulate by vertical accretion in sediment traps along river courses (oxbow lakes, dams and floodplains). These environmental settings are considered as good archives of historical changes in contamination. Much less attention, however, is paid to deposits of river channels, which act as sourcing transport paths for these archives and/or build archives of their own. In order to provide a better insight into the spatio-temporal distribution of pollutants in channel deposits, we investigated contamination levels of Cu, Pb and Zn in a series of sediment cores along the River Morava, a left-hand tributary of the Danube River, Czech Republic. In particular, the relationships between metal concentrations, sediment lithology (facies), grain size, magnetic susceptibility and mineralogy and chemistry of fly-ash particles were investigated. Element chemistry and lithology of channel deposits were compared with those of the nearby floodplain deposits in the same catchment. Four river-channel facies were defined, ranging from sandy gravels to clayey silts, and confronted with the floodplain sediments. Al/Si ratios were found to be useful proxies of grain size, and Al was utilized as an excellent normalizing element for heavy metals, which filters out much of the grain size effects on contamination. The floodplain deposits are significantly less contaminated than their river-channel counterparts. Heavy-metal contamination of river bed sediments (expressed as enrichment factors, EFs) is not simply bound to fine-grained particles, and much of the contamination was found in coarse-grained, sandy facies. Elevated EFs of Zn, Cu and Pb in several sediment layers, which show high magnetic susceptibility (MS), high values of MS normalized to Fe and a high proportion of magnetic fly-ash spherules and their chemistry suggest that significant part of the heavy-metal contamination can be carried by magnetic fly-ash spherules. A part of this contamination is bound to coarse-grained fluvial facies, indicating that the magnetic spherules can be transported as bed load sediments. Magnetic pollution and heavy-metal pollution can therefore coincide in river bed deposits. It is suggested that most of this contamination can be related to local point sources of pollutants (fly-ash deposit spills).     

食用菌的重金属污染与防治

食用菌栽培产业的扩大及发展,一方面给社会提供了美味和高质量的食品,另一方面也广泛地利用了各种生物废弃物,但后者常常又会由于环境污染而引起食用菌污染(尤其重金属污染)问题,本文就国内外的食用菌重金属污染研究作一综述,并提出了食用菌重金属污染的防治对策。     

三峡库区消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析

三峡库区是我国重要的水源地, 研究库区水陆交错带消落区内土壤重金属污染程度并解析其来源,对水库的水环境和土壤环境具有重要意义。本研究采用地质累积指数, 对三峡库区消落区175 m 水位蓄水前12 个采样区表层68 个土样的土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 和Cr 污染进行评价, 结果表明: 整个研究区不受Cr 污染, 研究区70%以上面积不受Pb、Cu 和Zn 污染; 研究区As 污染最严重, 其次为Cd 和Hg。利用因子分析法对这7 种重金属来源进行解析的结果表明, 库区消落区土壤重金属源可分为2 大类别:“自然因子”类别元素(Cr、Pb、Cu 和Zn)和“工业污染因子”类别元素(Hg、As 和Cd)。消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析可为消落区生态环境的综合治理提供参考。     

Identification of an Assemblage of Indicator Organisms to Assess Timing and Source of Bacterial Contamination in Groundwater

Bacterial contamination of drinking water wells is a commonproblem in many rural areas. Some of this contamination may berelated to manure spreading or housing of livestock; another source is on-site septic systems. Current indicator organisms are able to detect the presence of fecal contamination, but where there may be more than one potential source of fecal material, the current indicators are unable to ascertain the origin. This laboratory investigation was undertaken to determine the longevity and reliability of a selected suite of indicator organisms. Total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens were monitoredin a simulated contaminated groundwater environment for 6 months. All four indicator organisms were present at the end of6 months. The number of fecal streptococi bacteria decreased most noticeably, allowing assessment of relative age of contamination. C. perfringens was found to be a reliableindicator of contamination from animal manure. Fecal material from 28 different animals and three septic systems were assessed for the presence of the indicator organisms. Totalcoliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci were present in the fecal material of all animals tested including reptiles.C. perfringens was detected in feces from all but two of the animals assessed. Using an assemblage of indicator organisms provides more information regarding source and timingof contamination than just testing for total coliform and fecalcoliform bacteria.     

Role of maize hybrids and their chemical composition in Fusarium infection and fumonisin production

This study was designed to investigate the role of hybrids in maize Fusarium section Liseola interaction and fumonisin production, with particular emphasis on the occurrence and accumulation of hidden fumonisins in maize (masking phenomenon). In this 2 year study, naturally infected field crops were chosen with 10 maize hybrids, six of them grown in both years. Maize samples collected in 2010 showed a higher incidence of fungal infection as well as higher fumonisin contamination than those obtained in 2009 but a very similar incidence of F. section Liseola. Fumonisin masking was confirmed in raw maize, with a lower amount of hidden forms as compared to free fumonisins detected in the year with higher contamination. The chemical composition of the different hybrids was determined and correlated with the contamination data: the results obtained highlight the main role of fatty acids, with a higher fumonisin contamination in hybrids showing a higher linoleic acid content and a higher masking action in hybrids with higher oleic to linoleic ratio. These results represent a good basis to explain maize hybrid susceptibility to F. section Liseola infection, fumonisin contamination, and masking not related to a specific commercial hybrid but extendable to all hybrids.     

水稻重金属污染胁迫光谱分析模型的区域应用与验证

根据样地试验建立的农作物重金属污染胁迫光谱分析模型通过卫星遥感数据进行大尺度区域应用是农作物重金属污染遥感评价必须解决的关键问题。该文以吉林长春市3块重金属污染程度不同的水稻农田样地为试验区,采集水稻冠层ASD(Analytical Spectral Devices)数据、叶片叶绿素含量和土壤重金属含量,并获取准同步的Hyperion数据,通过多元逐步回归分析筛选与重金属污染胁迫响应敏感的光谱指数,并运用BP人工神经网络模型构建其与表征重金属污染胁迫程度的叶绿素含量的数学关系模型。结果表明,样地水稻重金属污染胁迫光谱分析模型中的BP网络结构为4-11-7-1、传递函数为logsig,其对各类污染胁迫水平的判别精度均为100%;将所建立的样地水稻重金属污染胁迫光谱分析模型通过Hyperion影像,进行大面积推广并验证,得到其对各类污染胁迫水平的判别精度均超过80%。该研究为样地水稻重金属污染胁迫光谱分析模型的大面积推广应用提供了借鉴意义。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染的防治与调控

简要介绍了长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染现状与特点及其成因,在此基础上提出了长江三角洲土壤重金属污染防范措施和2种不同类型的治理与调控措施。针对典型污染源引起的局部重度重金属污染土壤,宜使用工程修复与植物修复及其联用技术进行调控。针对农业和交通运输业引起的大面积轻度重金属污染土壤,宜从提高土壤自净能力的角度,运用环境矿物修复和农业生态措施进行调控。继而,进一步提出了今后长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染防治与调控的主要研究方向。     

Vulnerability Assessments of Colorado Ground Water to Nitrate Contamination

Nitrate (NO₃-N) contamination of ground water aquifers is an important problem in the United States and throughout the world, particularly as ground water resources become increasingly relied upon to support human needs. Cost effective methodologies are needed to facilitate decision-making for ground water protection. To aid ground water protection organizations, we designed two tools to assess aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination in Colorado. The first tool is a statewide aquifer vulnerability map (VM) that identifies regions vulnerable to ground water contamination. The VM uses five factors that influence aquifer vulnerability on a regional scale: aquifer locations, depth to water, soil drainage class, land use, and recharge availability. We validated the VM using 576 discrete ground water sample points from throughout the state and found that the VM was able to delineate areas of increased aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination (r ²= 0.78). The second aquifer assessment tool is a vulnerability matrix (VMX) developed to help practitioners determine relative aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination on a field scale. The VMX consists of a series of factors that are rated and combined for a particular field. This rating is used to give landowners an index of general aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination for a specific field, and inform them of changes in management practices to reduce the vulnerability. The VMX can be used in conjunction with the VM to determine NO₃-N contamination potential from intensive agriculture.     

Phospholipid fatty acid composition of a 2,4,6-trinitrotolune contaminated soil and an uncontaminated soil as affected by a humification remediation process

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) was performed to investigate effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contamination and soil remediation on microbial biomass and community structure. A TNT-contaminated and an uncontaminated soil from a former ammunition plant were analysed before and after a humification/remediation process. TNT contamination reduced microbial biomass but indicated only minor differences in PLFA composition between the contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The humification process increased microbial biomass and altered soil PLFA patterns to a larger degree than did TNT contamination.