浅析棉花内生细菌及其作为生防因子的研究

通过对国内外有关内生细菌及其作为生防因子在棉花上的研究与应用文献的阅读与理解,概括了棉花内生细菌的种类、种群动态以及研究方法,综述了国内外棉花内生细菌作为生防因子的研究进展及其生防抑菌机理,探讨了在棉花内生细菌研究中存在的问题及发展趋势,为国内同仁开展棉花内生细菌及其作为生防菌的研究与应用提供参考。     

放线菌在植病生防中的研究进展

综述了植物病害生物防治研究的意义,详细介绍了放线菌在植物病害生物防治中的拮抗机制及其生防作用,并对一些有关放线菌应用中的问题及解决途径进行了探讨.     

6株生防细菌对大豆根腐病防治效果初步评价

从大豆根际分离出的1500多株细菌中筛选出6株生防细菌,其在离体的条件下对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)有很好的抑制作用,其中菌株18BRR2-2、18BRR9-1和3BRR16-2在离体的条件下也对茄腐镰刀菌(F.solani)、半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)有抑制作用,并且这6株生防细菌的发酵液可以抑制尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)的生长.通过温室盆栽和大田试验表明,这些生防菌对大豆根腐病有很好的防治效果,其中菌株18BRR2-2盆栽和大田的防效均最高,分别达到了45.9%和65.00%.而且这些生防菌也表现出对大豆明显的促生作用.认为18BRR2-2号菌株有开发为防治大豆根腐病生防制剂的潜力.     

杀虫防病种衣剂的研制及防效初报

筛选了具有较强生防能力的亲和内生细菌2株,并分离了白僵菌3株、绿僵菌2株,在此基础上对其与克百威和烯唑醇复配的可能性进行了研究,并进行了大田防治玉米土传病虫害的试验。结果表明:生防菌可以与化学农药复配;复配而成的含克.唑5%种衣剂MB对玉米土传病虫害有一定的防效作用。     

生防细菌的抑菌谱和对大豆根腐病的防治

用8株生防细菌对15种病原真菌进行室内平板对峙试验,试验结果表明8株生防细菌都具用较广的抑菌谱,其中B021a、B072b对14种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带,B09、B131对13种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带。抑菌率为15.6％～67.5％。对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium axyspo-rum）和茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）分别进行盆栽试验。防效最高为m4b（F．axysporum）达62.7％和mg（F.solani）达60％。各生防菌株对大豆种子发芽均有一定促进作用,同时在种子发芽过程中还能抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。田间试验大豆根腐病防效34.6％～47.6％,各菌株对大豆植株有一定的促生作用。     

复配生防菌株防治大豆根腐病的研究

大豆根腐病（Soybean root rot）是由多种病原真菌复合侵染所致的土传病害,其分布广、危害重,利用单一生防菌株防治困难。针对该问题将实验室筛选出的多个木霉菌生防菌株FMM35、FMM9、FMM5,毛壳菌CHZ1和生防细菌B7进行复配研究,通过测定生防菌的生长速度、产孢量、孢子萌发率及体外拮抗能力,探索复配可能性,并将适宜复配的生防菌组合进行盆栽防效试验。结果表明：不同生防菌之间生长速度、产孢量、孢子萌发率存在差异,综合分析其中组合C1（FMM9和FMM35）复配效果好,避免生防菌间拮抗作用,对大豆根腐病防治效果明显,并对大豆有促生作用,具有复配潜力可进一步研究。     

施用根腐病生防颗粒剂对大豆田土壤微生物区系的影响

采用田间小区试验,以木霉菌等多种生防菌结合的生防颗粒剂为材料,探讨施于大豆田后对土壤微生物的影响.调查结果显示,土壤中施入生防颗粒剂后未明显引起微生物区系变化,也没有使某些微生物明显地上升或下降.在大豆生育期间多数生防颗粒剂组合的真菌数量低于种衣剂拌种处理区;在大豆生育期间生防颗粒剂组合的放线菌数量都高于种衣剂拌种,在分枝期1号和4号生防颗粒剂处理的细菌数量高于种衣剂处理区和空白对照,开花期(R1)到成熟期(R8)多数生防颗粒剂处理的细菌数量也高于种衣剂处理和对照.生防颗粒剂在分枝期和开花期使土壤中木霉菌数量增加,生防颗粒剂组合、种衣剂处理区和空白对照在分枝期镰孢菌数量较低,除生防颗粒剂组合1号外葡萄孢菌数量在出苗期、结荚盛期都低于空白对照.除结荚期外,其它时期生防颗粒剂处理较空白对照区青霉菌多.     

Btm等防治玉米全蚀病室内筛选及大田防效

Btm是我们从大气中发现的对玉米全蚀病菌有较强颉抗作用的细菌。本文报道了Btm与荧光93室内筛选、田间防治玉米全蚀病的试验结果。田间试验结果表明,这两个细菌对玉米全蚀病菌都有较好的拮抗效果,分别使病情指数下降84.41%和89.32%,玉米增产16.23%和17.16%,Btm是一个具有开发潜力的生防细菌。     

大豆胞囊线虫抑制性土壤及其生防因子研究进展

文章综述了大豆胞囊线虫病自然衰退现象、抑制性土壤发现、抑制性土壤中生防真菌和生防细菌等最新研究进展,并对今后的发展和研究方向做了展望,以期对抑制性土壤的研究和大豆胞囊线虫生物防治提供理论依据。     

“油菜等重要经济作物促生／生防细菌、制剂和应用”通过成果鉴定

2005年元月20日，由中国农业科学院油料作物研究所主持承担的国家科技攻关重点课题和武汉市科技攻关项目“油菜等重要经济作物促生／生防细菌、制剂和应用”项目通过了武汉市科技局组织的成果鉴定。     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病镰刀菌木霉菌株的分离筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法,木霉菌是重要的植物病害防治菌,广泛分布于自然界。木霉菌具有广泛的适应性,能杀伤多种重要的植物病原菌且作用机制多种多样。笔者从广东湛江、海南儋州等地152份土样中分离出330株木霉,通过对峙法对木霉菌进行体外拮抗作用测定及评价,选出10株对尖孢镰刀菌有较好拮抗效果的木霉菌;并测定无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群动态变化,结果表明木霉在土壤中对病原菌有一定的抑制作用。     

芽胞杆菌次生代谢产物及其在土传病害防控中的应用研究进展

介绍了芽胞杆菌次生代谢产物及防控土传病害的国内外研究现状,包括芽胞杆菌拮抗和促生物质种类、作用机理等,以及生防菌的防控应用、根际定殖等内容,并根据目前存在的问题进行了未来研究方向和前景展望。     

Efficacy of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin application methods in combination with pebulate and napropamide in tomato

Small-plot research and large-field validations were conducted to determine the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)+chloropicrin (Pic) application methods in combination with the herbicides pebulate and napropamide on pest control in fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In both the small-plot trials and the large-validation fields, various treatments compared the efficacy of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, in-bed and broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic, pebulate, and napropamide. The results consistently indicated that either in-bed or broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic in combination with pebulate and napropamide are equally effective against the weed Cyperus spp., the nematodes Tylenchorhynchus spp., Belonolaimus longicaudatus, and Meloidogyne spp., and the soilborne disease Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in fresh market tomato. Therefore, broadcast 1,3-D+Pic application can reduce personnel exposure and poisoning risks, without losing pest control efficacy.     

两种镰刀菌引起的橡胶树病害

报道云南西双版纳新发生由镰刀菌引起的橡胶树基腐病、橡胶树茎干褐腐病的初步研究结果。     

An Evaluation of the Microflora Associated with Fermented African Oil Bean (Pentaclethra Macrophylla Bentham) Seeds During Ugba Production

The microorganisms associated with fermented African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham) seed during ugba production was studied. Only bacteria were isolated from the ugba samples used. Although the bacteria included Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, only the Bacillus spp. were found to ferment African oil bean seeds to ugba. Bacillus spp. were the predominant microorganisms present, constituting over 95% of the total microbial population density. An increase in the number of Bacillus cells of about 2 log units daily, which attained a maximum density of log₁₀ 9.00 - log₁₀ 11.90 cfu/g after 3 days was observed. Contrarily, the Lactobacillus spp. increased minimally and attained a maximum value of log₁₀ 4.20 - log₁₀ 6.35 cfu/g within the same period. The Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae remained fairly steady in number for 24h, increased slightly till the 3rd day followed by exponential increases which attained maximum values of between log₁₀ 9.20 - log₁₀ 11.00, about the 7th day. Bacillus spp. cells also had the highest protease activities which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the values for the other bacterial isolates. The Bacillus spp. responsible for the fermentation of African oil bean seeds to ugba were identified as Bacillus coagulans, B. macerans, B. megaterium, B. pumilis and B. subtilis.     

Global status of nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet, and suggestions for future work

Analysis of responses received from 40 cooperators in 20 countries to a questionnaire on nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet suggested that Meloidogyne spp. are internationally important nematode pests of groundnut, chickpea and pigeonpea. Pratylenchus spp. are important on all the five crops. In India, Heterodera cajani and Rotylenchulus reniformis are important pathogens of pigeonpea. Over the last 10–15 years, extensive nematode disease surveys have been undertaken for these crops in Australia, Egypt, India, Jamaica, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand and Zimbabwe; however, < 10% of the total crop areas were covered by these surveys. Except for Brazil, Egypt, USA and Zimbabwe, growers do not use nematicides to control the nematodes. Cultural practices, especially crop rotations, are the most commonly used control measures. Species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus on the legumes, and species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Quinisulcius and Xiphinema on the cereals, are strongly suspected of increasing the severity of fungal diseases. Work aimed at finding host resistance is being done in Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA, and some sources of resistance have been identified against Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and R. reniformis. Facilities for resistance screening work now exist in many countries. Information on damage thresholds of important pest species are available only from Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA.     

Broomrape management in faba bean

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.) are weedy root parasites that represent a major constraint for faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivation in the Mediterranean area. Control methods are being developed that comprise techniques ranging from agronomical practices to precision farming, including chemical and biological control, genetic and induced resistance, modelling, and probably nanotechnology in a nearby future. However, the main concern is that to date, no single method of control provides complete protection against these parasites. For that reason, an integrated approach is needed in which a variety of such techniques are combined, in order to maintain parasite populations below threshold levels of damage.     

青稞全蚀病和根腐病生防毛壳菌的筛选及鉴定

青稞根腐病与青稞全蚀病是西藏青稞的常见根部病害,为筛选适合于防治青稞全蚀病与根腐病的毛壳菌,通过皿内拮抗试验、发酵粗提物抑菌试验和温室盆栽防效试验对4株毛壳菌的抑菌活性进行了鉴定,通过形态学和分子生物学方法对高活性菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,在皿内拮抗试验中,毛壳菌41-4在培养第7天至第9天时,对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的抑制率分别达到60.00%和44.44%,抑菌带宽度均达到1.4cm。培养7d时毛壳菌41-4发酵粗提物对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的抑制率分别达到64.44%和60.00%,抑菌带宽度均达到1.5cm。在温室盆栽防效试验中,毛壳菌41-4对青稞根腐病和全蚀病的发病严重度和病情指数均有降低作用,防效分别达到62.67%和39.45%。结合形态学特征和核糖体基因内转录间隔区(rDNAITS)序列构建系统发育树,将菌株41-4鉴定为球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum。该生防菌株可用于开发微生物菌肥,对西藏的无公害农业生产和保护西藏的原生态具有重要意义。     

诱发油菜结瘤固氮的研究

用果胶细菌处理油菜幼根,使花生根瘤菌侵入油菜根部并结瘤。试验结果表明:根瘤菌侵入油菜根细胞,形成含根瘤菌的根瘤,结瘤率为31.25％。从这些根瘤中分离出的菌株能回接到原寄主。血清学方法测定,油菜根瘤分离物与原接种的根瘤菌起凝集反应。根瘤石蜡包埋切片观察,根瘤细胞内充满了细菌。根瘤固氮酶活性为0.17—3.43nMC_2H_4/株小时,酰脲丰度为0.10％—3.58％。     

Bacillus spp. Inhibit Edwardsiella tarda Quorum-Sensing and Fish Infection

The disruption of pathogen communication or quorum-sensing (QS) via quorum-quenching (QQ) molecules has been proposed as a promising strategy to fight bacterial infections. Bacillus spp. have recognizable biotechnology applications, namely as probiotic health-promoting agents or as a source of natural antimicrobial molecules, including QQ molecules. This study characterized the QQ potential of 200 Bacillus spp., isolated from the gut of different aquaculture fish species, to suppress fish pathogens QS. Approximately 12% of the tested Bacillus spp. fish isolates (FI). were able to interfere with synthetic QS molecules. Ten isolates were further selected as producers of extracellular QQ-molecules and their QQ capacity was evaluated against the QS of important aquaculture bacterial pathogens, namely Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., Photobacterium damselae, Edwardsiela tarda, and Shigella sonnei. The results revealed that A. veronii and E. tarda produce QS molecules that are detectable by the Chr. violaceum biosensor, and which were degraded when exposed to the extracellular extracts of three FI isolates. Moreover, the same isolates, identified as B. subtilis, B. vezelensis, and B. pumilus, significantly reduced the pathogenicity of E. tarda in zebrafish larvae, increasing its survival by 50%. Taken together, these results identified three Bacillus spp. capable of extracellularly quenching aquaculture pathogen communication, and thus become a promising source of bioactive molecules for use in the biocontrol of aquaculture bacterial diseases.