桂西南米老排人工林单株生物量回归模型

通过对桂西南大青山林区28a生米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)人工林林分进行每木检尺和生物量的测定,建立了米老排各器官生物量与胸径、树高和胸径平方乘树高(D2 H)的相关关系;分别选用幂函数等5种模型,用回归分析方法对米老排人工林单株生物量模型进行了拟合。结果表明:树叶和树根生物量分别与胸径和树高的相关关系最显著,而树干、树枝、树皮和全株的生物量都与D2 H的相关关系最为显著。胸径、树高和D2 H与各器官生物量拟合的模型中,全株、树干和树皮的拟合效果最好,树叶和树根的拟合效果中等,树枝的拟合效果较差。除树皮外,各器官均以幂指数模型的拟合效果最好。     

西南桦人工林单株生物量的回归模型

通过对林分进行每木调查,以D-H曲线进行平均木选择,分径阶伐倒平均木获得生物量数据。以幂指数模型为基础对西南桦人工林的单株生物量模型进行了模拟,以胸径(D)、树高(H)、1/2树高处直径(D1/2)、胸径平方乘树高(D2H)等作自变量,所选择的树干、树枝、树叶、树根的回归模型分别为:Wt=0.563D2.631、Wb=0.0003D3.6499、Wl=0.0022D2.6063、Wr=1.4×10-7H5.9972。以胸径(D)、树高(H)、1/2树高处直径(D1/2)、胸径平方乘树高(D2H)等作自变量的回归模型均可作为全树生物量预测模型。     

华北落叶松单株生物量最优模型探究

为了探究华北落叶松的生物量最优生长模型,以承德围场县北沟营林区华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,通过设置标准地,对其17~43a生林分进行详细调查,利用Spass曲线估计方法,最终确定其生物量估算模型。结果表明:二次函数为生物量最优模型,地上总生物量W总=-53.846-0.486 D+0.558 D2,树干生物量W干=-65.067+2.648 D+0.312 D2,树枝生物量W枝=-0.701+0.024 DH-4.868×10-6(DH)2,树叶生物量W叶=-2.205-0.479 D+0.066 73 D2,树皮生物量W皮=-3.536+0.004 D2 H-7.998×10-8(D2 H)2。     

长白落叶松生物量模型的初步研究

采用模型分析法研究了长白山地区长白落叶松的地径(D0)、胸径(D)、树高(H)、枝下高(h)、冠幅(cr)等因子与各器官生物量、总生物量的相关关系。结果表明:各器官及总生物量模型以非线性回归为主,最优模型为:树干生物量Wt=3.05e-005D2H+0.008,树冠生物量Wcr=7.35e-005(D2H)0.805,树枝生物量Wb=-1.3e-010(D02H)2+4.13e-005D02H+0.042,树叶生物量Wl=5.09e-005(D2H)0.679;总生物量Wab=9.23e-005(D02H)0.839。     

雁北地区樟子松单木生物量模型研究

采用模型分析法研究了雁北地区樟子松的地径(D0)、胸径(D)、树高(H)、枝下高(h)、冠幅(cr)因子与各器官生物量、总生物量的相关关系。结果表明,樟子松各器官及总生物量最优模型为:总生物量ln Wat=-1.65+0.78 ln(D2H);树干生物量ln Wt=-1.15+0.91ln(D2H);树冠生物量ln Wcr=1.24+0.16D;树枝生物量ln Wb=-1.93+1.83 ln D;树叶生物量ln Wl=-1.36+1.28 ln D.     

塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松生物量研究

为了给塞罕坝人工华北落叶松生物量建模提供依据,采用样木调查法,对不同径阶和树高华北落叶松的树根、树枝、树皮、树叶、树干木质部的含水率进行测定,计算各器官的生物量、总生物量及各器官在单株总生物量中所占的比例,结果表明:华北落叶松单株器官生物量的分配,在胸径达到20cm以前,树干木质部分的生物量所占比例呈逐渐增大的趋势;当胸径在20cm以上,树干木质部分的生物量所占比例相对有所降低,树冠(包括树枝与树叶)生物量与树干(包括树干木质与树皮)的生物量在单株生物量中所占的比例呈现此消彼长的趋势,而树根所占的生物量比例基本趋于稳定,大约占20%左右;此外,应用2种生物量模型W=a(D2 H)b和W=aDb进行拟合,经比较分析发现,W=aDb模型不仅方便而且精度更高,应为首选模型。     

新疆西伯利亚云杉生物量模型研究

基于50株样木的实测数据,运用相关分析和回归分析方法,采用四种模型构建了西伯利亚云杉的地上、地下和各组分器官的生物量估测模型,对比分析了各拟合结果得出以下结论:各生物量模型对比得知,地上和树干生物量模型估计精度均高于树枝、树叶和地下生物量模型;最优的二元模型拟合度和预估精度都优于一元模型,其中地上和树干生物量二元模型精度提高显著;树枝、树叶和地下生物量模型二元模型精度提高有限,建议实际应用时采用一元模型W=a Db。各生物量二元模型拟合优度和预估精度对比分析显示,不同的变量组合拟合效果不同,常用变量D2H在估计树枝、树叶生物量时效果不如一元模型精度,而变量D3/H对树枝树叶生物量的估计最有效。     

嫩江沙地樟子松人工林各测树因子数量关系的研究

在对嫩江沙地樟子松人工林生物量调查的基础上,采用回归分析的方法模拟了林龄与胸径、树高和生物量之间以及胸径、生物量与树高之间的数量关系,建立了樟子松林分各器官生物量回归方程,结果表明:林龄与胸径、树高和生物量相关紧密;采用W=aebD模型,地上生物量、树干、树枝、树根的回归方程的相关系数都达到了极显著水平,平均拟合率都大于70%。     

贺兰山灰榆疏林单株生物量回归模型的研究

对贺兰山东麓天然灰榆疏林林分进行了调查研究。实测灰榆单株的地上和地下生物量,应用相关分析方法,探讨灰榆单株各器官生物量与树高(H)、胸径(D)、1/2树高处直径(D1/2)和胸径平方乘树高(D2H)的相关关系,结果表明:1)贺兰山东麓天然灰榆疏林单株各器官生物量分配比率为树干>树根>树枝>树皮>树叶。2)各器官生物量拟合的预测模型中,树干、树枝和树叶的生物量预测模型拟合效果较好,而且具有一定的实用价值;树枝和树皮的生物量预测模型拟合效果一般;任一自变量与单株生物量拟合的预测方程适用性均较好。     

甘肃亚高山云杉人工林地上部分生物量研究

通过对甘肃省白龙江林区沙滩林场的22块云杉人工林标准地进行调查研究,以胸径、树高、D2H分别为自变量拟合建立云杉人工林树干、树冠及地上部分生物量模型。通过假设检验,所拟合的生物量具有统计学意义,方程为W树干=0.146 D2.065,W树冠=0.029 D2.431,W地上=0.155 D2.214。     

Modeling compatible single-tree aboveground biomass equations for masson pine (Pinus massoniana) in southern China

Because of global climate change,it is necessary to add forest biomass estimation to national forest resource monitoring.The biomass equations developed for forest biomass estimation should be compatible with volume equations.Based on the tree volume and aboveground biomass data of Masson pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb.) in southern China,we constructed one-,two-and three-variable aboveground biomass equations and biomass conversion functions compatible with tree volume equations by using error-in-variable simultaneous equations.The prediction precision of aboveground biomass estimates from one variable equation exceeded 95%.The regressions of aboveground biomass equations were improved slightly when tree height and crown width were used together with diameter on breast height,although the contributions to regressions were statistically insignificant.For the biomass conversion function on one variable,the conversion factor decreased with increasing diameter,but for the conversion function on two variables,the conversion factor increased with increasing diameter but decreased with increasing tree height.     

基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容模型研究

【目的】无人机机载激光雷达能够准确地测定单木、林分乃至大尺度森林结构参数(树高和树冠因子)。为应用无人机激光雷达技术准确估测森林蓄积量、生物量和碳储量提供计量依据和技术支撑。【方法】以150株实测马尾松生物量样本数据为研究对象,采用非线性回归估计方法和度量误差联立方程组方法,分析立木材积和地上生物量与树高、树冠因子的相关性,并在此基础上研究建立基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容模型。【结果】单株材积和地上生物量与树高因子的相关性最为紧密,其次才是树冠因子;基于树高和冠幅因子的二元材积和地上生物量模型预估精度较高,达到92%以上,再考虑冠长因子的三元模型预估精度改进不大;基于树高和冠幅因子的二元立木材积与地上生物量相容模型估计效果更好,相对于一元相容模型系统而言,二元相容模型拟合效果有较大幅度提高,预估精度达到92%以上。【结论】采用度量误差联立方程组方法可以有效解决基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容问题,并且预估精度达到92%以上,所建二元立木材积与地上生物量相容模型可为应用激光雷达技术反演森林蓄积量和生物量提供计量依据。     

Comparison on Estimation of Wood Biomass Using Forest Inventory Data

Based on sixth and seventh national forestry inventory data of the six provinces,including Guangdong,Jiangxi,Guizhou,Shaanxi,Jilin and Beijing,the three methods(IPCC,continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model) were selected to estimate wood biomass in this paper.The estimation of the three methods were compared and analyzed from calculating process,method characters,repeatability and verifiability to stability of growth rate of biomass between two periods.The results showed the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with variable BEF2 was large,the total biomass estimated by IPCC method with constant BEF2 was small and the total biomasses estimated by continuous function for biomass expansion factor and weighted biomass regression model were middle.The biomass expansion factor derived from weighted regression model was most stable in the different provinces. Based on the seventh national forestry inventory data, the biomass expansion factors of various kinds of tree species derived from IPCC and the weighted regression model were more stable than the biomass expansion factors derived from continuous function method.The growth rate of biomass between two periods was the same regular pattern as the biomass expansion factors.     

Additive prediction of aboveground biomass for Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations

A general and two country-specific systems of additive equations were developed to predict aboveground biomass of Pinus radiata plantations from stand variables that are routinely measured in inventory plots and predicted by conventional growth and yield models. The data for this work consisted of 319 plot-based biomass estimates that were derived from individual tree biomass equations developed in situ. These plot-based biomass estimates were compiled from studies reported in the forestry and ecological literature since 1960 and also from personal communications. They represent more than 60 sites worldwide with a majority in Australia and New Zealand. The systems of additive biomass equations developed from these data provide an alternative and addition to the current methods of estimating the aboveground biomass of P. radiata plantations. They also provide a direct linkage between forest inventory measures, outputs from conventional growth and yield models and biomass and carbon stock estimates at the same spatial scale. This direct linkage provides a new basis for scaling to a remote sensing image from which biomass and carbon stocks across the landscape can be mapped. Comparisons of prediction accuracies between this approach and other methods such as scaling up from individual tree biomass estimates and biomass expansion factors highlighted considerable methodological differences in the estimates of aboveground biomass and associated uncertainties over a range of stand age and conditions. These differences should be carefully evaluated before adopting a particular method to estimate aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of P. radiata plantations at a local, regional or national scale.     

山西太岳山典型灌木林生物量及生产力研究

本文采用收获法研究了山西太岳林区榛子，虎榛子，黄刺玫3种有代表性的灌木林类型的生物量和生产力。3种灌木群落的总生物量分别为：54.3.43.3,35.7t.hm^-2，其中木本层，草本层，枯落物层的生物量占落总生物量比例为：榛子群落75.67%,9.9%,14.4%；虎榛子群落80.3%,8.7%,11.0%，黄刺玫群落76.7%,11.0%,12.3%，在活生物量的构成中，3种妙落的地上部分生物量分别占32.7%,30.6%,34.7%；地下部分生物量分别占67.3%,69.5%,65.3%；这种生物量结构与同一地区的乔木林生物量的结构正好相反，对灌木树种生物量的相对生长研究结果表明，灌木树种的总生物量，枝干生物量及叶生物量与基径平方乘高（D2H）之间存在极为显著的相关关系，表现出与乔木树种类似的相对生长规律，关系式W＝a(D^2H)^b可较好地描述这种规律。     

橡胶树生物量估测的数学模型*

依据生物体各部分器官与测树因子之间存在着相对生长规律，以树围（Ｇ）和Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量建立橡胶树树叶、树干、小枝、树根、树头、地上、地下部分及全株生物量估测模型，经综合检验，确认以树围为自变量的模型优于以Ｄ２Ｈ为自变量的模型。并利用此模型对更新橡胶林的生物量进行了估测，同时建立了橡胶树生物量表。     

Above- and belowground biomass in a Brazilian Cerrado

Cerrado is a biome that occupies about 25% of the Brazilian territory and is characterized by a gradient of grassland to savanna and forest formations and by high species richness. It has been severely affected by degradation and deforestation and has been heavily fragmented over the past 4-5 decades. Despite the recognized overall ecological importance of the Cerrado, there are only few studies focusing on the quantification of biomass in this biome. We conducted such a case study in the South-East of Brazil in a cerrado sensu stricto (cerrado s.s.) with the goal to produce estimates of above- and belowground biomass and to develop allometric equations. A number of 120 trees from 18 species were destructively sampled and partitioned into the components: leaves, branches and bole. Five models with DBH (D), height (H), D²H and wood density (WD) as independent variables were tested for the development of allometric models for individual tree aboveground biomass (leaves + branches + bole). One model based on basal area (BA) as a stand parameter was also tested as an alternative approach for predicting aboveground biomass in the stand level. Belowground biomass was estimated by subsampling on 10 sample plots. Mean aboveground tree biomass (bole, branches and leaves) was estimated to be 62,965.5 kg ha⁻¹(SE = 14.6%) and belowground biomass accounted for 37,501.8 kg ha⁻¹ (SE = 23%). The best-fit equation for the estimation of individual tree aboveground biomass include DBH and wood density as explanatory variables (R² = 0.898; SEE = 0.371) and is applicable for the diameter range of this study (5.0-27.6 cm) and in environments with similar conditions of the cerrado s.s. sampled. In the stand level, the model tested presented a higher goodness of fit than the single tree models (R² = 0.934; SEE = 0.224). Our estimates of aboveground biomass are higher than reported by other studies developed in the same physiognomy, but the estimates of belowground biomass are within the range of values reported in other studies from sites in cerrado s.s. Both biomass estimates, however, exhibit relatively large standard errors. The root-to-shoot ratio of the sample trees is in the magnitude of reported values for savanna ecosystems, but smaller than estimated from other studies in the cerrado s.s.     

Integrated individual tree biomass simultaneous equations for two larch species in northeastern and northern China

Forest biomass estimation at large scale has become an important topic in the background of facing global climate change, and it is fundamental to develop individual tree biomass equations suitable for large-scale estimation. Based on the measured data of biomass components and stem volume from 100 sample trees of two larch species (Larix gmelinii and L. principis-rupprechtii) in northeastern and northern China, an integrated equation system including individual tree biomass equations, stem volume equation and height–diameter regression model were constructed using the dummy variable model and error-in-variable simultaneous equations. In the system, all the parameters of equations were estimated simultaneously, so that the aboveground biomass equation was compatible to stem volume equation and biomass conversion factor (B_CF) function; the belowground biomass equation was compatible to root-to-shoot ratio (R_SR) function; and stem wood, stem bark, branch and foliage biomass equations were additive to aboveground biomass equation. In addition, the system also ensured the compatibility between one- and two-variable models. The results showed that: (1) whether aboveground biomass equations or belowground biomass equations and stem volume equations, the estimates for larch in northeastern China were greater than those in northern China; (2) B_CF of a larch tree decreased with the growing diameter while R_SR increased with the growing diameter; (3) the proportion of stem wood biomass to aboveground biomass increased with the growing diameter while those of stem bark, branch, and foliage biomass decreased.     

林木竞争对臭冷杉生物量分配的影响

用不同高度树干直径建立并比较臭冷杉各器官生物量方程,分析林木竞争对臭冷杉地上、地下生物量分配的影响。结果表明:臭冷杉不同高度树干直径中,胸径是预测各器官生物量的最可靠变量;利用不同高度树干直径建立各器官生物量方程均会高估小个体样木(直径≤10cm)的生物量,并且随着直径增大,预测误差也随之增大;臭冷杉地上生物量与地下生物量的比值(T/R)与树木年龄、单株生物量、整株生物量年均生长率及树高年均生长率间均没有显著相关性(P>0.05);随着竞争增强,臭冷杉树干生物量占单株生物量的比例逐渐减小,枝叶生物量比例逐渐增大,而粗根生物量比例则基本保持不变;胸径年均生长率、树高年均生长率及单株生物量年均生长率均随着竞争强度增大逐渐减小,而T/R值并不受林木竞争的影响。     

Applicability of Fitted and Published Biomass Equations for Larix Species in Northeastern China

ABSTRACT

This study reviewed published biomass equations for Larix species in the literature and developed additive biomass equations (by nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression known as NSUR) and independent equations, respectively, based on DBH-only and DBH-H variables with the biomass data of 150 trees sampled in northeastern China. The applicability of fitted and published equations was comprehensively assessed with respect to Larix species, their provinces and origins when applied in northeastern China. The results showed that equations derived from the local study area did not always perform better than the published biomass equations in the literature. Tree-level equations performed slightly broader than stand-level equations. Nonlinear regression could provide higher applicability due to correction factors in the linear regression. Adding tree height as the second variable improved the applicability of stem and aboveground published equations. The applicability of original published equations was better for northeastern China for sites of similar latitude. When using published biomass equations, care should be taken to assess the uncertainty and applicability of biomass equations, which is important for the sustainable management of forested resources. Published information on biomass equations is especially necessary for forestry organizations that do not have the opportunity to develop their own equations.