林蛙油、林蛙卵油的成分及开发利用

林蛙油已广为人知，畅销国内外，而林蛙卵油尚未被人所认识，其某些营养成分的保健价值显著高于林蛙油。分析其成分，为林蛙油、林蛙卵油的开发和深加工提供了依据。     

基于网络药理学探究林蛙油治疗慢性咳嗽的作用机制

目的利用网络药理学研究方法,探讨中药林蛙油中治疗慢性咳嗽的活性成分、作用靶点及相关通路,探究其作用机制。方法利用中国知网分别以林蛙油、哈蟆油、蛤蟆油为检索词进行检索,在已发表的相关研究文献中查找中药林蛙油的主要成分并进行筛选。利用GeneCards数据库、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)疾病数据库以及Drugbank数据库查找慢性咳嗽的疾病靶点并汇总。利用String网站软件构建蛋白质相互作用网络图。利用Metascape网站对林蛙油的药物靶点进行GO分析以及KEGG通路富集分析,并构建药物-有效化合物-通路-作用靶点网络图,确定中药林蛙油治疗慢性咳嗽的关键靶点。结果林蛙油治疗慢性咳嗽的关键靶点有AKT1、IL6、EGFR等12个,关键通路PI3K-Akt、AGE-RAGE等10条信号通路。结论综合林蛙油对慢性咳嗽的治疗机制研究,利用网络药理学方法推测,林蛙油通过多成分、多靶点治疗慢性咳嗽,并且有多条通路与慢性咳嗽疾病通路相匹配,所以中药林蛙油具有一定慢性咳嗽的治疗作用。     

两种干燥方法制备的林蛙油片剂品质评价

以林蛙油为原料,分别用经冷冻干燥处理和常温方法干燥的林蛙油制备林蛙油片剂,进行稳定性实验,蛋白质含量、酸值、过氧化值崩解时限等测试。结果经冷冻干燥处理的片剂稳定性强、崩解时限、蛋白质含量变化不显著。     

罗布麻纤维混纺纱产品的开发

介绍了罗布麻纤维的特点，通过工艺试验和专题测试，分析了纤维性能、纺纱工艺等因素对罗布麻纤维、细旦粘胶纤维和棉混纺纱生产的影响，提出了合理工艺参数，为进一步提高成纱质量打下了基础。     

微波在茶叶加工中对绿茶品质影响的初探

通过绿茶传统加工工艺和微波技术加工工艺的比较，对不同工艺绿茶品质及生化成分的影响进行了分析。结果表明，微波工艺在滋味、香气和有效成分上都有一定提高。     

苎麻纤维／棉变弹竹节纱的生产实践及工艺研究

结合对FA502型细纱机进行改造，采用瞬时改变中后罗拉速度的装置，通过生产实践和工艺试验，分析了纤维性能、纺纱工艺等因素对苎麻纤维／棉变弹竹节纱质量的影响，探讨了生产变弹竹节纱的工艺措施。     

用石灰--碳酸法新工艺生产无含硫白砂糖的研究

本文介绍了石灰－碳酸法澄清工艺的模拟实验的结果，以及在生产中应用设想进行分析，认为工艺可行，能够获得比亚硫酸法好的澄清效果，如果工艺再经过磷酸－上浮工艺后，就可以获得与碳酸法一样的清净效果，而投资成本及生产成本都比碳酸法低，因此新工艺能解决过渡时期食用糖生产问题。     

桑皮纤维脱胶工艺初探

为从桑树韧皮中提取出桑皮工艺纤维，对桑树韧皮采用化学脱胶法和生物-化学联合脱胶法分别进行了脱胶试验。结果表明：采用生物化学联合脱胶法能降低桑皮工艺纤维的残胶率，且对纤维损伤小。制得的工艺纤维长度为52．7mm，细度为1．33tex。经与大麻工艺纤维对比，认为桑皮纤维物理指标接近大麻纤维，其脱胶、制纤工艺可参考大麻纤维的加工工艺。     

提高速溶茶生产制率之我见

本文简述了我厂多年来速溶茶制率低的现象，其主要原因是工艺欠完善，经过合理调整工艺参数，提高了速溶茶生产制率。     

2007年山东鲁花战略新部署

山东鲁花经过6年的科技攻关，成功地独创了5S纯物理压榨工艺。国家有关部门多次组织专家组对5S压榨工艺进行了科学论证，结论为该工艺具有明显的五大创新：一是生产中避免了化学溶剂对油品的污染，使食用油品质的安全性得到可靠保障；二是采用独特焙炒工艺，解决了花生制油的“生香和留香”问题；三是采用集成技术，解决了成品油中酸价超标问题；四是废除了溶剂浸出、碱炼、超高温精炼等影响成品油质量的不利工艺，从而保存了成品食用油中的天然营养成分；五是独创去除黄曲霉毒素的分离技术，能够有效去除油品中的黄曲霉毒素。鲁花独创的5S纯物理压榨工艺科技含量高，是世界上领先的食用油制造工艺，开创了5S纯物理压榨工艺的先河，代表了我国食用油工艺历史发展的方向。2007年鲁花战略发展布局大致分三步走：首先实施品牌战略。继续深入质量铸造品牌，在提高产品质量上下功夫，从而降低生产成本，让鲁花真正成为老百姓的健康油，成为中国食用油的第一品牌。其次是技术创新。鲁花近几年的诸多创新，会坚定不移地走下去。创新第一，立足自我，同时充分依靠科研院所，依靠社会力量进行产品创新，在技术创新上实现大突破。     

黑斑蛙养殖模式对稻田土壤肥力、土壤酶活性的影响及其经济效益

对两种黑斑蛙养殖模式即黑斑蛙精养和稻蛙共生进行田间对比试验,旨在比较分析两种模式下的稻田土壤肥力、生物酶活性变化特征,并与水稻单作进行经济效益比较.试验结果表明,与黑斑蛙精养田相比,进行稻—蛙共生的稻田土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾均有所增加,增幅分别为87.5%、28.4%、10.0%、120.7%,而全氮、有效磷、有机质却低于精养田(p<0.05),分别减少了41.6%、66.7%、41.3%;但两种模式的C/N无明显差异.在土壤生物酶活方面,精养田土壤中的中性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和脲酶均明显高于稻蛙田(p<0.05),分别提高43.4%、65.9%、62.6%.水稻单作模式一般利润为1650元/公顷左右,而两种黑斑蛙养殖模式的经济效益显著高于水稻单作,其利润分别为297750、119250元/公顷,三者的产投比分别为1.99、1.60、1.18.从经济效益看,精养模式明显高于稻蛙共生模式,但从养殖管理和风险管控而言,稻蛙共生模式操作更为稳当,且经济效益较水稻单作仍较为可观,可在确保粮食安全前提下,有效提高农民生产积极性,实现保产增收、提质增效.     

Population model of Rana japonica crossing agricultural concrete canals: evaluating population conservation by improving the migration routes of frogs

Agricultural canals with deep concrete walls are commonly installed in paddy field areas following land consolidation projects in Japan. Such canals create a critical migration barrier for frogs, as escape is not possible after falling in. Hence, countermeasures that allow migrating frogs to cross agricultural canals, such as lid structures to prevent frogs from falling in or the creation of partial slopes to allow escape, have been developed to conserve endangered frog populations. The objective of this study was to design a method for evaluating the population viability of the endangered Japanese Brown Frog, Rana japonica, following the implementation of countermeasures. Two types of model simulations were examined: (1) a ??basic model,?? based on an age-structured model and (2) a ??crossing model,?? to evaluate migrating frogs crossing canals. Parameters, such as survival rate and fecundity, were estimated from field observation data of age-dependent population fluctuations. Comparison of a basic model simulation with the field observation data suggests model validation. The crossing model simulation, which had an initial population of 1,000 individuals, showed that a crossing proportion of greater than 30?C40% would achieve 95% population viability after 5?years. The simulation also showed that a crossing proportion of over 80% would also achieve 95% population viability after 40?years. These results indicate that frog survival during the migration period is insured, as long as no additional countermeasures are necessary after installation.     

Prevalence of the pathogenic chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in an endangered population of northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens

Background

Emerging infectious diseases threaten naïve host populations with extinction. Chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease of amphibians, is caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and has been linked to global declines in amphibians.

Results

We monitored the prevalence of Bd for four years in the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, which is critically imperiled in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The prevalence of Bd initially increased and then remained constant over the last three years of the study. Young of the year emerging from breeding ponds in summer were rarely infected with Bd. Some individuals cleared their Bd infections and the return rate between infected and uninfected individuals was not significantly different.

Conclusions

The BC population of R. pipiens appears to have evolved a level of resistance that allows it to co-exist with Bd. However, this small population of R. pipiens remains vulnerable to extinction.

     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

粤西地区橡胶树炭疽病流行因素分析

对橡胶树炭疽病发生和流行的调查、观察结果表明，病菌越冬场所广泛，其寄主带菌率高（40％－100％）。一年中只要抽嫩叶病菌都可以侵染为害，在橡胶树抽第一蓬叶时遇上雨天高湿环境病害就可注行。分析粤西地区20a资料发现，嫩叶期间的雨日和＞90％RH的天数、嫩叶期长短、嫩叶期寒潮（11－15℃）的天数及最低温度在11℃以下的天数与寅害流行密切相关。嫩叶期间的雨日和＞90％RH的天是病害流行的主导因素，低温阴雨天气是加速病害发展的重要条件。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。