井式节水灌溉下干旱区灰枣树干液流动态及其对气象因子的响应

在干旱区采用热扩散式液流仪(TDP)、HOBO小气候仪连续监测井式节水灌溉方式下盛果期枣树干液流及气象因子,探讨井式灌溉条件下盛果期枣树干液流变化对气象因子的响应。结果表明:枣树整个生育期树干液流总量为3 935 kg,夏季液流累积量为2 387 kg,约占整个生育期液流总量的61%,蒸腾耗水量夏季最为严重。影响各月枣树干液流的主导气象因子不同,而太阳辐射占各月比例较多。太阳辐射、水汽压亏缺值越大并不代表液流速率越大,液流速率的大小取决于时间、气象及枣树生理状态。     

斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体侵染昆虫的生物标志物

昆虫病原线虫是一类专性侵染和寄生昆虫的病原线虫,是非常重要的生防资源。斯氏线虫属Steinernema和致病杆菌属Xenorhabdus通过形成共生体在侵染昆虫过程中共同完成生活史,其中致病杆菌释放效应物质引发昆虫败血症是其重要机制。该文对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体的侵染策略和在侵染过程中产生的免疫调节因子、释放的毒素蛋白和活性代谢物进行概述,其中,苯乙酰胺作为免疫抑制因子促进自身定殖,脂多糖作为内毒素引起寄主血细胞裂解,Tc毒素蛋白作为外毒素导致寄主中肠上皮细胞溶解,活性代谢产物如xenematides、fabclavine和PAX肽等具有抑菌、诱导细胞凋亡等活性。而斯氏线虫本身也能够产生表皮/分泌蛋白来抑制寄主免疫,与共生菌协同致死寄主。因此,通过对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体产生的致病物质进行汇总分析,为研究昆虫病原线虫致病机制提供理论参考,同时也为新型绿色杀虫剂的开发和应用提供证据支持。     

Inheritance of virulence in Bremia lactucae to match several resistance factors in lettuce

A 1∶1 mixture of spores of the physiologic races NL5 and NL6 ofBremia lactucae was sprayed on leaf discs of the lettuce cultivar Olof. The resulting oospores were allowed to germinate on seedlings after a two-month ripening period. Monospore lines of 49 of the 79 recovered isolates were tested on cotyledons and leaf discs of a differential series for virulence to 11 resistance factors. All monospore lines were also tested for the mating type factor. A backcross of a progeny line, line H, with NL5 was made and 41 isolates tested on the differential series. Results indicated complex inheritance based on more than one locus each for virulence to R2 and R11. Vilulence to match the resistance factor R4 seems to be based on a dominant factor or on a combination of a dominant and a recessive factor. Virulence to factors R5, R8 and R10 are recessive and possibly interchangeable. Inheritance of virulence to factors R3, R6 and R9 must be studied further before definite conclusions can be drawn. Virulence to R7 resulted in many incomplete reactions, but all showed significantly less sporulation than the virulent parent. Variations in necrosis in intermediate reactions indicate the presence of minor genes affecting these symptoms. Many of the avirulent loci in the parent lines proved to be heterozygous. Mating type segregation fits a 1∶1 ratio, indicating that this factor is controlled by a single gene. Selfing, mutation and somatic crossing-over can affect the ratios of recovered progeny and so our conclusions concerning the inheritance of virulence.     

玉米全膜双垄沟电动式精量播种机设计与试验

为满足旱地全膜双垄沟农艺技术要求,设计了一种玉米全膜双垄沟电动式精量播种机。以穴播轮容种高度、穴播轮转速、活动鸭嘴长度为因素,以空穴率和单粒率为指标进行了正交试验。再利用试验结果做出了方差分析,得出影响播种机工作性能的因素主次,进一步优化了组合部件参数。试验结果表明:容种高度为130 mm,穴播轮转速为0.85 m·s-1,活动鸭嘴长度为65 mm时,该播种机的平均空穴率为1.9%,平均单粒率为93.1%,播种效果良好,满足玉米精量播种的要求。     

马铃薯挖掘机输送分离部件参数优化与试验分析

针对马铃薯挖掘机输送分离部件伤薯率高和土薯分离率低的问题,采用正交试验对抖动轮振幅、升运链线速度与升运链倾角进行探讨研究。在利用试验结果的基础上做出方差分析,得出影响输送分离部件工作性能的因素主次,进一步优化组合部件参数,设计出适应性强、工作可靠的马铃薯挖掘机。实验结果表明:抖动轮振幅为10 mm、升运链线速度为1.3 m·s^-1、升运链倾角为21°时马铃薯挖掘机土壤分离效果良好,伤薯率≤4%。     

Factors in Pest Control Decision-making: Sugar-beet Yellows Virus Control in England1

The production objectives of farmers determine the decision rules by which they choose pest control and crop protection strategies. This paper discusses how these decision rules are applied to the pest problems and solutions perceived by the farmer, using the problem of beet yellows virus control on sugar beet in England as an illustration. It is shown how the value of pest forecasting is dependent on the sensitivity of the decision rules derived from a farmer's production goals and pest perceptions. This brings out the importance of incorporating these factors into sound pest management programmes. Other decision factors are also mentioned and their importance noted. Les objectifs que s'est assignes I'exploitant determinent les decisions qui seront prises dans le choix de la strategie de lutte antiparasitaire. Le present article montre de quelle fagon ces regles sont appliquees dans le cas de la lutte contre la jaunisse de la betterave. I1 est demontre a quel point la valeur des previsions depend de la reaction de L'exploitant, qui doit tenir compte du but qui est recherche par sa production et de I'idee qu'il se fait du virus. Ces facteurs doivent donc être consideres dans le cadre d'un systeme de management, qui se refere a I'ensemble des elements intervenant dans le processus de decision.     

Factors driving public tolerance levels and information‐seeking behaviour concerning insects in the household environment

BACKGROUND

The public's negative attitudes towards household insects drive tolerance for these insects and their control. Tolerance levels are important in integrated pest management (IPM), as are pest knowledge and information. The risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model describes the relationships between personal factors and information‐seeking behaviour. We combined IPM and RISP to determine important relationships between factors driving insect tolerance levels and information‐seeking behaviour through an online survey and tested whether this model is valid and generally applicable.

RESULTS

Relationships between variables from both IPM and RISP models were tested for seven insect species. Tolerance levels were measured with two factors: willingness to pay for pest control and whether insects are tolerated. Willingness to pay for control was positively affected by age, experience, risk perception, insect characteristics, and negative emotions and affected behavioural intention, by influencing information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. Tolerability was influenced by perception of insect characteristics and determines whether control measures are taken.

CONCLUSION

It was possible to combine the RISP and IPM models. Relevant driving factors were a person's age, experience, risk perception, negative affective responses, tolerance levels, relevant channel beliefs about online forums, information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. There was, however, variation in important factors between different insects. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Computer Mapping and Analysis of Nematode Distribution1

A computer program was used to map the distribution of Longidorus and Xiphinema nematodes in the British Isles and to analyse relationships between distribution and vegetation or soil factors. Most of the records were obtained by taking soil samples from five vegetation types in each 10 km square of the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) maps of the British National Grid and the Irish National Grid. Nematodes were extracted from aliquots of each soil sample by a sieving and decanting technique, then killed by heat and fixed in triethanolamine formalin. A mapping program was written in FORTRAN to produce crude line-printer maps for checking and for sets of standard 80-column cards as input for the Biological Records Centre where the final maps were produced. Analysis of relationships between nematode occurrence and various biotic and abiotic factors was carried out using a standard computer program designed for social survey work and available at the Edinburgh Regional Computing Centre. The maps produced from survey data clearly defined the limits of distribution of Longidorus and Xiphinema species within the British Isles and analysis indicated factors such as soil type or vegetation which may be important in limiting their occurrence. It is suggested that similar survey and computer mapping procedures can be used to establish a European Survey of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Un programme sur ordinateur a permis d'établir des cartes de distribution des especès de Longidorus et Xiphinema dans les Iles britanniques et danalyser les relations qui existent entre la distribution des nematodes et les facteurs biotiques et édaphiques. Les données proviennent pour la plupart d'échantillons de sol preleves par reference a cinq types de vegetation dans chacun des carres de 10 km formant le réseau cartographique de la Grande-Bretagne et de L'Irlande. Les nematodes sont extraits des echantillons de sol par une methode de tamisage, suivie d'une decantation; ils sont ensuite tues par la chaleur et fixes dans une solution de formaline-triethanolamine. Un programme cartographique a ete etabli en FORTRAN afin d'obtenir des cartes brutes imprimées qui permettent des verifications et le transfert des donnees sur cartes à 80 colonnes qui alimentent le systeme du « Biological Records Centre » dont la tiche consistera a produire les cartes definitives. Lanalyse des relations entre la distribution des nematodes et divers facteurs biotiques et abiotiques a été réalisée par un programme normalisé, en usage pour les enquctes toxicologiques du Centre régional dinformatique d'Edimbourg. Les mêmes methodes pourraient être utilisees pour L'etablissement dune etude de la distribution des nematodes au niveau europeen.     

Synergism in fungicide mixtures againstPseudoperonospora Cubensis

Mixtures of cymoxanil with mancozeb (Mancur) or with mancozeb plus oxadixyl (Pulsan, Sandocur-M) were effective in controlling either metalaxyl-sensitive (MS) or -resistant (MR) isolates ofPseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumbers (cv. ‘Elem’) in growth chambers. Metalaxyl+mancozeb (Ridomil-MZ) and oxadixyl+mancozeb (SAN-518) mixtures were effective against the metalaxyl-sensitive but less so against the metalaxyl-resistant isolate. Fungicide mixtures were far more effective in controlling either the sensitive or the resistant isolates than were the individual components applied alone, thereby representing significant levels of synergistic interactions. Increased efficacy of mixtures relative to their combined components (synergy factor) was calculated by the Wadley method. Mixtures containing cymoxanil showed high synergy factors against the resistant isolate, whereas Ridomil-MZ and SAN-518 did not evince this phenomenon. We concluded that cymoxanil mixtures might be suitable for the control of downy mildew incited by a metalaxyl-resistant isolate ofP. cubensis.     

我国真菌传大小麦病毒病的地理分布

作者于1990～1995年调查我国大、小麦各生态区,共计20个省、市、区,116个县、市的大麦黄花叶病、小麦黄花叶病(小麦梭条斑花叶病)和小麦土传花叶病的分布区域。结果表明,3种真菌传病毒病其分布仅限于冬麦区。大麦黄花叶病主要集中分布在长江三角洲、钱塘江流域和东部沿海。小麦黄花叶病主要分布于长江中、下游及其支流大渡河、青衣江,黄河中、下游及其支流渭河流域、淮河流域。小麦土传花叶病仅局部冬麦区发生,与小麦黄花叶病混合并发。3种病害的分布范围为北纬28～37°50′东经102～122°40′之间。