磁场对土壤呼吸强度的影响

本文研究了磁场对棕壤和草甸土的土壤呼吸强度的影响。研究发现,磁场对土壤的呼吸强度有明显的影响。但是在磁场强度50mT、100mT、300mT、500mT和700mT范围内,随着磁场强度的增加其影响效果大小变化没有规律性,对于一定的土壤类型存在一个较适宜的磁场强度范围。棕壤在300mT场强下处理,其土壤呼吸强度增加幅度最大;在300mT磁场处理后1～7天内土壤呼吸强度升高。相对含水量70%的草甸土湿土样经过5个场强处理后,土壤呼吸强度均显著增加,其中经500mT场强后土壤呼吸强度增加幅度最大;土壤水分对土壤呼吸强度的磁处理效应有一定的影响。     

不同温度对棕壤细菌数量磁致效应的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了在不同温度下,磁处理对棕壤中细菌数量及动态变化的影响。研究表明,在15℃、25℃和35℃3种温度下,100 mT场强的磁场对棕壤细菌的数量均表现出抑制作用,并且随着温度的升高,100 mT磁场对细菌数量的抑制效果有增加的趋势;在3种温度下3,00 mT场强对细菌生长繁殖均为促进作用,特别是在35℃条件下,300 mT场强处理的细菌数量比对照提高7.07%~53.02%,磁处理的土壤细菌数量与对照相比差异达显著和极显著。500 mT和700 mT两种场强在15℃和35℃下对棕壤细菌数量有较显著的促进效果,但是在35℃下的磁效应更显著且延续时间长。25℃下,只有300 mT处理的细菌数量始终高于对照。磁场对棕壤细菌生长繁殖影响最大的是35℃条件下300 mT场强处理。     

棕壤微生物和几种酶活性的磁致效应研究

试验通过室内模拟方法,研究了不同磁场强度处理棕壤后对土壤微生物数量和几种酶活性的影响。结果表明磁场对微生物数量有影响,但因磁场强度和微生物种类的不同而异。100、500mT场强对细菌表现为抑制作用,但对放线菌、真菌表现为激活作用;300mT场强对各类群土壤微生物均表现为正效应。经磁场处理后的棕壤,过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和三种磷酸酶活性均有不同程度的提高;随着培养时间的延长,磁致效应也发生动态变化。在磁场处理后的1～7d,其细菌、放线菌、真菌的磁致效应均显著,并出现最大值,而后随培养时间的延长逐渐变小,直至培养结束,磁场对其已无显著影响。而土壤中几种酶的磁致效应持续时间较长。     

磁处理对棕壤固氮菌数量的影响

棕壤经磁场处理后,采用稀释平板法测定土壤中的固氮菌数量,结果表明,100、300mT场强对其有一定的激发效应,处理后第3d,磁化处理5min的土壤中固氮菌数量均达最大,其中300mT场强处理的土壤中固氮菌数量较对照增长最大,为276%,100mT、500mT场强处理固氮菌数量分别较对照增长了252%和57.8%。而高场强、长时间处理则表现出一定的抑制作用,500mT场强10min处理在处理后第1d固氮菌数量比对照减少了48%。上述变化随着场强和时间的改变表现出一定的规律性。     

根瘤菌过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性的磁致效应研究

试验主要研究磁场强度为100 mT、200 mT、300 mT、400 mT,磁处理时间为5 min、10 min、15 min,磁处理后静置时间为12 h、120 h、240 h对根瘤菌RH1021过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,磁场处理组酶活性均高于对照组,其中过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别在300 mT、100 mT处理下增幅尤为明显,分别高于对照组约133.3%、243.8%;磁处理时间均以10 min效果最为显著,分别高于对照组2倍、3.2倍;二者酶活性最大值分别出现于磁处理后第240 h和12 h,较对照组增幅120.0%、298.6%。此外,本研究在最佳磁处理参数的选择中发现磁处理后的静置时间是影响酶活性的主要因素,处理时间和磁场强度次之。     

风干土保存时间和湿土培育时间对黄淮海平原潮土酶活性的影响

以经历18年不同施肥管理的土壤为研究对象,阐明它们经过4个不同时间保存或处理后的土壤脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶、及FDA酶活性的动态变化。处理包括:风干保存30天或鲜土状态、风干保存210天、风干土湿润至田间持水量(25℃)条件下分别培育15天和51天;同时评估这些酶活性的变化程度与土壤本身有机碳含量之间的关系。结果表明,风干土保存时间和风干土湿润后短期培育均对脲酶活性影响很小,但风干土湿润培养51天后其活性则显著降低;随风干土保存时间延长,转化酶活性显著降低;与鲜土相比,风干土湿润培养15天后,脱氢酶活性显著提高,但继续湿润培养至51天后,其活性又降至与鲜土相当,因此风干土湿润培育一定时间后测定的脱氢酶活性可用来代表其田间自然湿度时的状态;FDA酶活性的变异程度最大,与其从鲜土状态至风干状态的活性急剧下降有关。土壤本身有机碳含量与脲酶和脱氢酶的活性变化程度成显著负相关关系,说明土壤有机碳含量是决定它们随环境条件改变而变化的主要因素之一。另外,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和可溶性有机碳含量对上述4种处理的响应程度也存在差异。其中风干状态土壤经湿润培育处理后,NH4+-N含量呈先降后升趋势,正好与脲酶活性变化趋势相反;而NO3--N含量整体上呈上升趋势,可溶性有机碳含量则正好相反。     

不同浸提剂以及保存方法对土壤矿质氮测定的影响

为探明影响土壤矿质氮测定的因素,从棕壤、潮土和黄棕壤3种类型土壤中各采集10个经不同施肥处理的土样,用连续流动注射分析仪测定经不同浸提剂以及不同保存方法处理后土样的NO3-N和NH4-N含量。结果表明:不论是棕壤、潮土还是黄棕壤,2 mol.L?1 KCl提取硝态氮的数量与0.01 mol.L?1 CaCl2提取的数量相关性均达到P<0.01水平;3种土壤各个土样硝态氮含量的测定值多表现为新鲜土<冷冻土<风干土;将鲜样浸提后作短时间的冷冻处理,其效果与鲜样24 h内的测定结果较接近;土样不同保存方式以及浸提液的保存时间对3种土壤NH4-N测定结果的影响规律不及NO3-N明显。     

十溴联苯醚对两种土壤酶活性的影响

以十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)作为外加污染源,测定不同浓度的污染物(1、10、50、200、500 mg/kg)在1~115天处理期对水稻土和菜田土脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度BDE-209处理对水稻土和菜田土中3种土壤酶活性的影响不同:在水稻土中,第1天时BDE-209处理即对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性产生了较为显著的促进作用,对酸性磷酸酶活性产生了显著的抑制作用,而在菜田土中,这种现象的出现是在处理后的第14天;在1~50 mg/kg浓度围内,BDE-209处理对水稻土和菜田土酶活性的促进/抑制作用基本随着BDE-209浓度的增大而增强,而在200、500 mg/kg浓度处理下,作用不明显;在水稻土中各处理脲酶与酸性磷酸酶活性动态变化相关性显著,在菜田土中各处理磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性动态变化相关性显著。因此,BDE-209对不同土壤酶的作用因土壤类型不同而有所差异,应根据不同土壤选择恰当的土壤酶作为土壤BDE-209污染程度的指标。     

安徽主要水稻土中重金属形态分布与土壤酶活性研究

通过野外调查和实验分析,对安徽几类不同地貌下的水稻土中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb的化学形态特征及其与4种土壤酶活性间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:3种不同地区水稻土中,残留态和有机态Cu、Zn、Pb含量在总量中所占比例最高.平原和丘陵地区水稻土中有机结合态Cu、Zn、Pb明显高于山区;而山区水稻土中Fe-Mn氧化物结合态Cu、Zn、Pb相对含量高于平原和丘陵地区.在水稻土中,碳酸盐结合态Cu、Zn对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用最大,交换态Pb对脲酶活性的抑制作用最大.反映水稻土Cu、Zn污染用碳酸盐结合态Cu、Zn和过氧化氢酶活性指标,而反映Pb污染用交换态Pb和脲酶活性指标是可行的.     

双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响

本文选用沈阳市东陵区天拄山耕作棕壤,采用室内培养试验研究了双氰胺对土壤酶活性的影响情况。双氰胺对土壤中性磷酸酶活性的影响主要在培养的前20天,表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤脲酶活性的影响主要在培养的第20、30天时表现为显著的抑制作用;对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响在培养的第30天时表现为显著的激活作用;对土壤转化酶活性影响不大。     

施用不同有机物料对棕壤酶活性的影响

为研究施用不同有机物料对棕壤酶活性的影响,在昌图棕壤试验地上设6个处理,测定不同培肥方式下土壤酶活性,并研究了土壤酶与土壤肥力因子的相关关系。结果表明:(1)秸秆还田和施用厩肥均能显著提高土壤酶活性和纤维素分解强度。在提高脲酶、转化酶活性方面施用厩肥效果好于秸秆还田,全量施用优于半量施用;在提高酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶方面秸秆还田效果好于施用厩肥。各处理中,秸秆还田配施厩肥对提高脲酶活性效果最好,对提高其他各类酶活性效果一般。除过氧化氢酶外,其他各类酶活性均随着土层深度的增加而降低。(2)各种土壤酶之间存在一定的相关关系。脲酶与转化酶呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.913**);转化酶与磷酸酶呈极显著负相关(r=-0.643**);磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.639**)。土壤酶与其他肥力因子之间也具有一定的相关关系。土壤脲酶与纤维素分解强度、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、含水量均达到极显著正相关关系(r分别为0.906**、0.821**、0.911**、0.917**、0.888**、0.867**);土壤转化酶与纤维素分解强度、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、含水量均达到极显著正相关关系(r分别为0.958**、0.857**、0.855**、0.842**、0.820**、0.831**);土壤酸性磷酸酶与含水量呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.666**),与土壤容重呈显著负相关(r=-0.560*);土壤过氧化氢酶与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(r=-0.765**)。     

Stability of urease in soils

Studies with surface samples of Iowa soils selected to obtain a wide range in properties showed that the following treatments of field-moist soils had no effect on urease activity: leaching with water ; drying for 24 h at temperatures ranging from 30 to 60°C ; storage for 6 months at temperatures ranging from ?20 to 40°C; incubation under aerobic or waterlogged conditions at 30 or 40°C for 6 months. No loss of urease activity could be detected when field-moist soils were air-dried and stored at 21–23°C for 2yr, but complete loss of urease activity was observed when they were dried at 105°C for 24 h or autoclaved (120°C) for 2h. Inactivation of urease in moist soils was detected at temperatures above 60°C.Treatment of field-moist soils with proteolytic enzymes which cause rapid destruction of jackbean urease did not decrease urease activity, but jackbean urease was destroyed or inactivated when added to sterilized or unsterilized soils.Although no decrease in urease activity could be detected when field-moist soils were air-dried, an appreciable (9–33%) decrease in urease activity was observed when air-dried soils were incubated under aerobic or waterlogged conditions. This decrease occurred within a few days, and prolonged incubation or repetition of the drying-incubation treatment did not lead to a further decrease in urease activity. Treatment of incubated air-dried soil with urease or glucose initially increased urease activity to a level exceeding that of the undried soil, but this activity decreased with time and eventually stabilized at the level observed for the undried soil.The work reported supports the conclusions from previous work that the native urease in Iowa soils is remarkably stable and that different soils have different levels of urease activity determined by the ability of their constituents to protect urease against microbial degradation and other processes leading to inactivation of enzymes.     

Urease activity in two cultivated and non-cultivated arid soils

Summary Since urease activity in soil is believed to be relatively constant, the present study was designed to examine the effects of incubation, soil depth and the effect of cultivation on the persistence of urease activity in arid soils. Two soils were used, a Harkey (coarse, silty, mixed, calcareous, thermic, Typic Torrifluvent) and a Saneli (Clayey over sandy skeletal, montmorillonitic, calcareous, Vertic Torrifluvent), each consisting of a cultivated field and a non-cultivated roadbed site. Urease activity was much lower and more varable in the roadbed soils (40 years without cultivation) than in the cultivated field soils. Pre-incubation for 24 h with urea (with toluene) and without urea (without toluene) greatly reduced the total urease activity in all cases in relation to cell free urease activity (with toluene). Urease activity in the two field soils decreased slightly with profile depth but the decrease was greatest below the plow depth (33 cm). Protease activity or some inactivation processes must have lowered the urease content since there was substantially reduced urease activity after most pre-incubations. The extent of the urease activity decrease was so great that the addition of urea would have been required to increase the production of urease enzyme.     

Effects of water magnetic treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat

In this research, effects of magnetic field strength (400, 500 and 600?mT) and type of water (distilled and saline water) was studied on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. Results showed that the magnetic field intensity and type of treated water had significant effects on germination and growth characteristic of wheat seeds. The morphological properties of treated plants were improved compared with controlled ones. Experimental results showed that germination rate of the seeds treated by 400?mT using distilled water had the highest amount (53.3%) and it was the lowest (20%) for control seeds using groundwater. Distilled water affected in 400?mT field and control groundwater resulted in the highest and lowest amounts of root length (155.3 and 20.0?mm, respectively). Seedling fresh weight had the highest amount for treated distilled water with 600?mT magnetic field.     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

Slurry-application implement tine modification of soil hydraulic properties under different soil water content conditions for silt–clay loam soils

Tillage action associated with liquid slurry application systems/management practices can modify soil infiltration properties. The degree or nature of such modification will depend largely on the type of tillage implement used, and the soil conditions at time of tillage activity. The specific objective of this study is to evaluate differences in soil infiltration properties, as measured using pressure infiltrometers and Guelph permeameters, resulting from the immediate tine action of two commonly used slurry application tillage implements (Kongskilde Vibro-Flex (S-tine) and the AerWay SSD (rolling aerator-type tine)) over a variety of silt–clay loam soil water content conditions. The results indicated that there were consistent negative correlations between field saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water content for all tine-disturbed and undisturbed soil treatments. For Kongskilde, field-saturated hydraulic conductivity was, on average, lower in tine-influenced furrow bottoms, relative to those measured in undisturbed conditions at similar depths for most water content conditions. Generally, the Kongskilde tine-action reduced macropore-based infiltration in the bottom of the furrow for most soil conditions, albeit, this effect was most pronounced at the higher soil water contents. For AerWay, the tine-disturbed soils had generally higher field saturated hydraulic conductivities than undisturbed soil treatments over the observed water content range. This effect was manifested to a greater degree at higher, relative to lower observed water contents.     

干湿循环条件下重庆地区三种土壤抗剪强度的动态变化

选择广泛分布于重庆丘陵山区的黄壤、钙质紫色土和中性紫色土3种土壤,通过对室内三轴剪切试验,测定含水率和干密度交互作用对土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,在含水率和干密度对土壤抗剪强度影响分析的基础上,3土壤按各自最优含水率和干密度制作干湿循环试验土样,进行干湿循环条件下土壤抗剪强度的动态变化分析。试验结果显示：(1)在相同干密度情况下,3种土壤粘聚力c值随着含水率的增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在相同土壤含水率水平下,土壤粘聚力c值随干密度增大而增大,3种土壤内摩擦角φ值在各干密度条件下均随着含水率增加呈明显减小的趋势。(2)含水率和干密度的交互作用对土壤粘聚力c值有显著影响,粘聚力c值在1.3-1.7g/cm₃干密度范围内随着干密度的增大而增大,且每一个干密度都有一个含水率与之对应,在这样一个交互作用下粘聚力c值达到最大,含水率和干密度的交互作用对内摩擦角φ值影响相对较小,同一干密度下,其φ值差异不大,随干密度的增大缓慢增大。(3)3种土壤的粘聚力c值均随干湿循环次数的增加均呈减小趋势,且前两次循环c值衰减幅度都很大,从第三次干湿循环到第五次干湿循环粘聚力c值衰减幅度很小,趋于稳定。(4)3种土壤在干湿循环后内摩擦角φ值总体呈减小趋势,但不同土壤类型间存在差异,第五次循环结束后,黄壤为24.6?,中性紫色土为22.6?,钙质紫色土为19.3?。     

不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物转化特征

为了从土壤生物学角度评价太湖地区不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤肥力与质量,该研究调查了江苏省宜兴市不同蔬菜品种、不同栽培年限、不同栽培方式及不同土壤深度的蔬菜塑料大棚土壤氮磷生物学特性.结果显示,土壤脲酶活性受不同蔬菜品种影响,栽种黄瓜的土壤脲酶活性显著小于栽种茄子的土壤.随着栽培年限的增加,土壤脲酶活性与氨氧化细菌数量明显增加.在种植同一种蔬菜(黄瓜)条件下,基质槽培下理化性状与部分生物学指标优于土壤栽培.蔬菜塑料大棚土壤脲酶活性与氨氧化细菌数量随着土壤深度的增加总体呈缓慢降低的趋势,中性磷酸酶活性随土壤深度增加先升高而后降低;与相同土层的露地土壤相比,蔬菜塑料大棚土壤理化性状逐渐恶化,土壤脲酶活性和氨氧化细菌数量相对较高.这些结果可以为该地区蔬菜塑料大棚土壤的可持续利用提供初步的土壤生物学依据.     

尕海湿地不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空分布特征

为探讨高寒湿地退化对土壤酶活性的影响，本文以青藏高原东缘尕海湿地未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4种不同退化梯度的0～10、10～20和20～40 cm层土壤为研究对象，研究不同退化梯度土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性时空变化特征。结果表明：随退化梯度加剧，土壤含水量降低，温度升高；土壤脲酶活性在0～40 cm土层中表现为随退化加剧而逐渐降低，而蛋白酶活性趋势恰好相反；除重度退化外，其他退化梯度土壤两种酶活性均随土层加深而降低；0～40 cm土层中脲酶与蛋白酶活性分别在7、8月和6、7月最高；相关性分析表明土壤脲酶活性与蛋白酶活性和温度极显著正相关(P<0.01)；土壤蛋白酶活性与微生物生物量氮极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与含水量和温度显著正相关(P<0.05)，与硝态氮显著负相关(P<0.05)。沼泽化草甸退化显著增加土壤表层脲酶活性而降低蛋白酶活性；温度对土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性起促进作用，含水量、微生物生物量氮对土壤蛋白酶活性具有促进作用。