转Bt-Cry1Ac基因棉花对烟粉虱体内几种酶活力的影响

为研究转Bt基因棉花上烟粉虱种群较常规棉上升的原因是否受到Bt毒蛋白的影响,以及是否与体内保护酶和解毒酶活力变化有关,应用转Bt基因棉花‘新棉33B’及其常规棉受体‘33’为试验对象,采用ELISA法和酶活力测定法,分别研究了取食转Bt基因棉花后烟粉虱体内Bt毒蛋白含量以及体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)3种保护酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)3种解毒酶活力的变化情况。结果表明,在取食转Bt基因棉花‘新棉33B’4 h后,烟粉虱体内能检测到Cry1Ac蛋白,并且在12 h后维持在一个相对稳定的状态。取食‘新棉33B’后烟粉虱体内的SOD和GSTs活力受到显著抑制(P0.05),并且随着取食时间的延长,SOD活力逐渐下降,其中取食8 h、12 h、24 h和36 h后较取食‘33’的对照分别下降了37.8%、32.1%、32.0%和31.9%。CAT、POD和CarE活力显著提高(P0.05),并且随着取食时间的延长,酶活力逐渐上升,与对照相比,取食12 h、24 h和36 h后,CAT活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.54倍、1.55倍和1.42倍;POD活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.59倍、1.39倍和1.53倍;CarE活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.32倍、1.34倍和1.39倍;取食‘新棉33B’对AChE活力没有明显影响。结果提示,转Bt-Cry1Ac基因棉花对烟粉虱保护酶活力总体起到促进作用,对解毒酶活力总体影响不大。故烟粉虱体内保护酶活力的增加可能会有益于烟粉虱种群的增长,但是否起到决定性作用还有待进一步研究确定。     

茄二十八星瓢虫对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性

为研究寄主植物对茄二十八星瓢虫药剂敏感性及体内酶活力的影响,采用浸渍法分别测定了取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的茄二十八星瓢虫幼虫(以下简称幼虫)对雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物的敏感性,用生化方法测定了雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,雷公藤提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为1.407 9 mg.L-1、1.595 8 mg.L-1、1.464 7 mg.L-1和1.109 7 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为78.82、69.54、75.76和100;曼陀罗提取物对取食茄子、马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫LC50值分别为0.641 7 mg.L-1、0.610 3 mg.L-1、0.758 0 mg.L-1和0.488 3 mg.L-1,相对毒力指数为76.09、80.01、64.42和100;取食龙葵的幼虫对2种植物提取物的敏感性显著高于取食茄子、马铃薯和番茄的幼虫。取食4种寄主植物的幼虫体内靶标酶AChE和主要解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力顺序均为茄子>马铃薯>番茄>龙葵。其中,取食番茄和龙葵的幼虫体内AChE和GST活力显著低于取食茄子和马铃薯的幼虫,取食马铃薯、番茄和龙葵的幼虫CarE活力显著低于取食茄子的幼虫,取食4种寄主植物的幼虫MFO活力差异达极显著水平。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对幼虫体内AChE和GST、CarE和MFO活性均有抑制作用。其中,对取食马铃薯幼虫的AChE活力抑制作用最强,其次为取食茄子和番茄的幼虫,对取食龙葵的幼虫抑制作用最低。雷公藤和曼陀罗提取物对取食龙葵幼虫CarE活力的抑制作用最强,而对取食马铃薯的幼虫MFO活力的抑制作用最强。寄主植物中的次生物质对解毒酶的诱导或抑制可能是引起药剂敏感性差异的主要原因。     

转Lj-POLLUX和Lj-NFR1-NFR5基因的水稻对AM真菌侵染的影响

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌是一种古老的植物共生真菌,与植物约有4亿多年的共生史[1-2],能与80％以上的陆生植物形成共生体一丛枝菌根.它能促进宿主植物吸收土壤中矿质元素,增加植物的抗逆性,提高作物产量,调节宿主的代谢活动,促进植物生长,改善作物品质等[3-4].     

Impacts of Bioinoculants Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107 on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Yield and Soil Nitrogen Status

Cold-adapted bioinoculants are considered as harbingers of sustainable hill agriculture. Therefore, two previously characterized psychrotolerant diazotrophs, Pseudomonas jesenii MP1 and Rhodococcus qingshengii S10107, were evaluated for their plant growthpromoting potential for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown under natural field conditions. Comparative analysis of agronomical and biochemical crop parameters revealed the irrelevance of chemical fertilizers for chickpea production; the diazotrophs alone were sufficient to fulfil the crop''s nutritional requirement. However, the integrated use of bacterial strains in combination with urea at 20 kg N ha^-1 as urea was being recommended for higher crop yield and better soil nitrogen status. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based soil bacterial dynamics unveiled the persistence of both diazotrophs until the end of the crop maturation period without affecting the native micro-flora. Therefore, these bioinoculants can be explored as natural nitrogen resource, and an additional incentive in their bio-formulation will be a step towards agricultural sustainability.     

毛叶苕子磷饥饿响应基因VvPHR1的克隆及功能研究

【目的】磷饥饿响应因子PHR (phosphate starvation response)在植物根系发育和磷养分吸收中起重要作用,本研究主要阐明毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因生物学功能,为培育磷高效型绿肥作物提供理论依据。【方法】通过转录组测序获得毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因序列。采用酵母单杂交方法验证VvPHR1基因的转录激活功能,构建其过表达载体,利用花粉管通道法分别遗传转化野生型和突变体(Atphr1)拟南芥,获得超量表达VvPHR1基因和突变体功能回补转基因材料。对正常磷(1 mmol/L Pi)和低磷(1μmol/L Pi)的培养基中生长30天的拟南芥取样,采用实时荧光定量PCR对野生型和转基因拟南芥中VvPHR1及下游磷转运基因的表达进行分析,并对转基因材料进行表型分析,测定其主根长、鲜重、总磷及无机磷(phosphate,Pi)含量。【结果】毛叶苕子转录组中有13个PHR基因,转录本129590、96227、120424与拟南芥的PHR1相似度最高,其中转录本120424在低磷诱导下表达量最高,将该转录本命名为VvPHR1基因。该基因cDNA全长1008 bp,编码335个氨基酸...     

藻(Ziziphus spina-christi)体内外无性繁殖的方法

Christ‘s thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi L. Desf.) is ecologically and economically important in Iran. Since it is a crosspollinated plant with a wide range of genetic variability, an investigation was carried out to determine the best method for mass and clonal propagation. Three vegetative methods were examined, including 1) cutting, where shoots with a 22-25 cm length and three shoot diameters were treated with two culture media; 2) layering, where air layering and trench layering treatments consisted of three growth regulators at three levels of concentration; and 3) tissue culture with nodal segments bearing axillary buds that were removed from shoots of mature trees at different seasons. Several experiments were carried out to determine the best disinfectant chemical, the best culture method, the best season, the appropriate explant characteristics and media type. Rooting was successful only on the sandy beds for cuttings with more than 8.0 mm diameter. For the trench layering method, only one specimen in one replicate rooted a very small root, while for the air layering method, only seedlings with growth regulator treatments rooted successfully. The best season for explant harvesting was determined as mid summer, and among the disinfecting treatments, Ca(OCI)2 at a concentration of 0.5g kg^-1 for 20 minutes was the best. There were no significant differences for shoot weight and length with a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with and without a hormone.     

大豆磷铁养分胁迫响应的FER基因鉴定及FER1缓解铁毒作用

  【目的】  FERRITIN (FER)是一类保守铁蛋白,对于维持铁的稳态及铁代谢中起重要作用。通过鉴定大豆FERRITIN (GmFER)基因家族的组成及其对低磷、铁毒等养分胁迫的响应,为今后研究FER功能奠定基础。  【方法】  对GmFER基因进行生物信息学分析,根据其编码的GmFER氨基酸序列,用ProtParam tool网站计算了GmFER家族的相对分子质量、氨基酸组成和等电点(PI);用PSORT网站预测GmFERs蛋白定位;从Phytozome网站下载GmFER家族的氨基酸序列与基因启动子序列,用 MEME 预测GmFER家族序列中的保守基序;用MEGA X对GmFERs进行进化分析,用最大似然法重建进化树;通过定量PCR分析GmFER对低磷、铁毒等养分胁迫的响应,构建GmFER1基因启动子融合GUS 报告基因的载体与GmFER1超表达载体,进一步分析GmFER1基因启动子活性和对铁毒的响应,以及异源超表达GmFER1对拟南芥耐受铁毒的影响。  【结果】  大豆基因组有12个GmFER基因,对GmFERs进行进化分析,发现GmFERs可以分为4个亚组(亚组Ⅰ～Ⅳ),其中GmFER3、GmFER7、GmFER8、GmFER10和GmFER11属于亚组Ⅰ,GmFER2和GmFER9同属亚组Ⅱ;GmFER5和禾本科植物水稻和玉米的FER同属亚组Ⅲ,GmFER1、GmFER4、GmFER6、GmFER12属于亚组Ⅳ;通过MEME预测,GmFER家族序列中的保守基序有3个;蛋白亚细胞定位预测显示,大豆FER蛋白可定位于细胞质、线粒体和叶绿体。运用定量PCR技术检测GmFER基因在大豆根和叶的表达水平,发现12个GmFER基因在响应磷铁养分胁迫时存在差异,其中GmFER1、GmFER4、GmFER5、GmFER6、GmFER12受低磷诱导,GmFER1、GmFER4、GmFER12表达受铁毒诱导;对GmFER1启动子的活性进行分析,发现铁毒促进GmFER1启动子在根系的活性;在铁毒胁迫下,与野生型Col-0比,超表达GmFER1显著提高了拟南芥的主根长、侧根数目、侧根密度、叶绿素含量和鲜重,增强了耐铁毒的能力。  【结论】  大豆基因组共有12个FER基因,GmFER基因响应低磷或铁毒等养分胁迫。超表达GmFER1可促进主根生长,增加侧根密度,提高叶绿素含量,增加植株鲜重,表明GmFER1在缓解铁毒胁迫方面起重要作用。     

一株芽孢杆菌属的苄嘧磺隆降解菌的分离鉴定和降解研究

The objectives of this study were to isolate a bensulfuron-methyl (BSM)-degrading strain of Bacillus spp. and to evaluate its effectiveness in remediation of a BSM-contaminated soil. A BSM-degrading bacterium, strain L1, was successfully isolated in this study. Strain L1 was identified as Bacillus megaterium based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, G+C content, phylogenetic similarity of 16S rDNA, and fatty acid compositions. Two experiments were used to examine BSM degradation by strain L1. When BSM was used as a sole carbon source in a mineral salt medium, the average degradation rate of BSM by strain L1 was 12.8%, which suggested that the strain was able to utilize BSM as a sole carbon and energy source. In addition, supplement of yeast extract (200 mg L-1) significantly (P ≤ 0.01) accelerated the degradation of BSM by strain L1. Almost complete degradation (97.7%) of BSM could be achieved in 84 h with addition of yeast extract. In addition, when a sterile soil was supplemented with BSM (50 mg L-l), BSM degradation rate was 94.3% in 42 d, indicating the potential of using microbes for the remediation of BSM-contaminated soils in fields.     

泥鳅生长及抗氧化 解毒酶系统对水体中转Cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻残遗物的响应

在泥鳅养殖水体中添加稻秆粉模拟水稻残遗物生境,研究了泥鳅生长和肝胰脏抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)与解毒酶(GST)活性对转Cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻‘华恢1号’(HH1)的响应。设计以HH1稻秆粉10 mg·L?1、50 mg·L?1、100 mg·L?1和200 mg·L?1 4个梯度浓度处理泥鳅为试验组,以非转Bt基因水稻‘明恢63’(MH63)稻秆粉处理组为阴性对照,不加稻秆粉的基础饲养组为空白对照。结果显示:在4种稻秆粉浓度下,HH1组与MH63对照组泥鳅的特定生长率、肥满度、内脏系数及SOD、CAT和GST酶活性均无显著差异(P0.05);与空白对照比较,稻秆粉浓度升高对泥鳅生长的抑制逐渐增强,当浓度达到200 mg·L?1时,HH1组和MH63对照组泥鳅的特定生长率、内脏系数与CAT活性降低。研究结果表明,水体中低含量的转融合基因Cry1Ab/Ac水稻HH1稻秆粉对泥鳅的生长与生理酶活性没有明显影响,高浓度HH1和MH63稻秆粉均使泥鳅的生长和生理酶活性显著降低,这可能与养殖水体中浓度较高的悬浮稻秆粉妨碍了泥鳅的呼吸和滤食,及稻秆粉的分解降低了水体p H和溶氧量有关。     

酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造

[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液.     

Testing of rye-specific markers located on 1RS chromosome and distribution of 1AL.RS and 1BL.RS translocations in Turkish wheat (Triticumaestivum L., T.durum Desf.) varieties and landraces

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a valuable source for alien chromosome translocations in wheat breeding, due to its capability to grow and sustain under harsh environmental conditions. Wheat germplasm with 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocations have been used worldwide by breeders. Determining 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS translocations in wheat is therefore of important practical value for wheat improvement. In this study, nine rye-specific markers detecting the rye chromosome 1RS in wheat background were evaluated. The markers PAWS5/S6, SCM9 and O-SEC5′-A/O-SEC3′-R amplified specific bands associated with 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS translocations. These three markers therefore provide a quick and reliable tool to identify and to discriminate these two wheat-rye translocations in wheat background. Six out of nine rye specific markers were subsequently used to determine the frequency of these translocations in commonly grown bread and durum wheat cultivars from Turkey. One hundred seven wheat cultivars and landraces were molecularly screened. Among them, only 4% (‘Seri-82’, ‘Yıldız-98’, ‘Tahirova’, and ‘Osmaniyem’) harbor the 1BL.1RS translocation whereas the 1AL.1RS translocation was not found. The information provided here will contribute to the creation of new Turkish wheat populations with a larger genetic diversity necessary for future requirements.     

菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、中杆属和拟丽突属线虫毒性效应研究

采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。     

紫花苜蓿和通奶草根土复合体的力学特性

[目的]研究土壤含水率、根系面积比对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和通奶草(Euphorbia hypericifolia)根系固土效果影响及根土间作用机理,为矿山生态修复中植物种类的选取,土壤含水率的控制提供科学依据。[方法]以辽宁省阜新市海州露天矿边坡野生紫花苜蓿、通奶草为研究对象。开展植物根系拉伸试验,确定根系抗拉特性。开展根土复合体剪切试验,确定2种植物根系最适宜含水率。在最优含水率基础上开展根土复合体剪切优化试验,确定最佳固土效率根系面积比。[结果](1)2种植物根系抗拉力随根径呈幂函数增加,抗拉强度随根径呈幂函数减小。(2)素土和2种根土复合体黏聚力随含水率增加呈先增加后减小趋势,内摩擦角随含水率增加呈减小趋势;(3)紫花苜蓿根系、通奶草根系在含水率分别为25%和21%时,固土效果最佳。(4)在最优含水率下,紫花苜蓿、通奶草根系面积比分别为0.04%和0.08%时,固土效果最佳。[结论]通奶草根系的形态学效应和力学效应使其成为较紫花苜蓿根系具有更佳固土效果的优势物种。     

低氮胁迫下拟南芥低氮耐性突变体lnt1的氮代谢特征

A growth experiment on agar medium and a hydroponics experiment were carried out to study the nitrogen (N) metabolism of a low-N tolerant mutant (lnt1) of Arabidopsis thaliana under different N levels as compared with the wildtype (WT) Arabidopsis. On the agar medium, no apparent growth differences were observed between the lnt1 and WT plants under a normal N level of 9 mmol L^-1 NO₃^-. However, under a low N level of 0. 18 mmol L^-1 NO₃^-, the growth of the WT plants was greatly retarded, while the lnt1 plants were not affected by low-N stress and showed similar growth with those grown under a normal N level. In the hydroponics experiment, the lnt1 mutant had higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) in both leaves and roots under N-deficient conditions. Moreover, they accumulated less ammonium (NH₄⁺) but more free amino acids in leaves compared with the WT plants. These observations suggest that better N assimilation might contribute to the low-N tolerant phenotype of the lnt1 mutant.     

Sphingobium sp. JZ-1对菊酯类农药的降解特性研究

研究了菊酯降解菌株Sphingobium sp.JZ-1及其粗酶液对菊酯类农药的降解特性。结果表明,该菌能降解目前使用的各种菊酯类农药,降解速率顺序为:氯菊酯>甲氰菊酯≈氯氰菊酯>功夫菊酯>氰戊菊酯>溴氰菊酯>联苯菊酯;Sphingobium sp.JZ-1对菊酯的降解没有手性选择性;高效液相色谱检测结果表明Sphingobium sp.JZ-1对氯氰菊酯降解的初始反应是在菊酯水解酶的催化下羧酸酯键断裂生成二氯菊酸和3-苯氧基苯甲醛,3-苯氧基苯甲醛进一步氧化成苯氧基苯甲酸。Sphingobium sp.JZ-1细胞中菊酯水解酶酶活不需要菊酯的诱导。     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

Oleaster (var. sylvestris) and subsp. cuspidata are suitable genetic resources for improvement of the olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea)

The olive belongs to Olea, a complex genus and to a species with six subspecies. Subsp. europaea includes both the cultivated olive and the oleaster, the wild ancestor of the olive. Little is known on the phenotype of fruits from subsp. cuspidata. We aimed to compare europaea and cuspidata trees for oil content and composition and to verify whether natural hybrids may exist between the two subspecies. Specimens were from Kenya and putative natural hybrids between cuspidata and europaea were from Stellenbosch (South Africa). Cultivar and oleaster trees were sampled in France (continental and Corsica), Italy (Continental and Sardinia) and Tunisia. We have examined the fruit (drupe) structure between subsp. cuspidata and europaea and extracted oil from the pulp, seed and total drupe. Comparison for oil content was made between the cultivated olive and the oleaster and some cuspidata trees from Kenya. A few of cuspidata individuals from Botanical gardens do not enable phenotyping for oil content and composition. Oil composition analyses were performed for the main fatty acids to compare the three taxa. We used microsatellite markers at 11 loci to compute genetic distances between cuspidata, oleaster and cultivar trees and to reveal eventual hybrids. The SSR polymorphisms were huge between the two subspecies and they revealed that putative hybrids were true hybrids sampled around olive orchards. The whole comparison of oil content shows that olive cultivars display higher oil content than the subsp. cuspidata and that the oleaster trees are intermediate, whereas for oil composition of the drupe, cuspidata from Kenya shows less oleic acid than europaea. However, the cuspidata trees show seed oil composition similarities with the other two taxa. The discussion deals with possible reasons to explain the differences and of the possible uses of these taxa for breeding both the olive and brown olive. H. Hannachi and H. Sommerlatte have equal contribution in the article.