啤酒麦糟纤维素酶水解的研究

以经过适当预处理后的啤酒麦糟作原料，采用里氏木霉产生的纤维素酶进行水解．其纤维素的水解反应可描述为：①前６小时内迅速水解；②６～２４小时内较慢水解；③２４小时后缓慢水解．在水解过程中，存在纤维二糖的积累．且以前６小时积累较多，纤维二糖的最高浓度可达７．５２ｇ／Ｌ．水解前期采取分批添料方法，可提高水解得率和底物浓度．并大大提高水解液中还原糖的浓度．     

The Study about Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bagasse Sulfite Pulp and the Assistant Effect of Additives

以亚硫酸盐蔗渣浆为研究对象,研究了底物浓度、外源添加物种类和浓度对纤维素酶解工艺的影响以及PEG6000强化酶解效率的作用机理.研究结果表明,纤维素酶用量15 FPIU/g(以绝干纤维素计,下同)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量30 CBU/g,纤维素质量浓度80 g/L条件下水解48 h,葡萄糖质量浓度达72.51 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达81.58％、86.79％和84.23％.PEG6000可有效强化酶解,添加量为2g/L时,水解48 h葡萄糖质量浓度可升至78.54 g/L,葡萄糖得率、纤维素酶解得率和总糖得率达88.36％、95.02％和92.54％.添加2g/L的PEG6000使纤维素酶Celluclast 1.5 L滤纸酶活力提高到原酶活力的117.33％;同时50℃,pH值4.8,保温48 h,残余酶活力同比增加38.99％.     

阔叶材亚硫酸盐制浆废液的酒精发酵

利用１株休哈塔假丝酵母Ｒ（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｓｈｅｈａｔａｅ Ｒ）在“限制性供氧“条件下对含固形物１５．０％－１６．０％、高浓度发酵抑制物和富含戊糖的亚硫酸盐制浆废液进行了洒精发酵研究。废液经石灰中的预处理以后，在３８±１℃、５００ｍＬ发酵罐、空气流量２．５Ｌ／Ｌ．ｈ、原糖３３．４４ｇ／Ｌ的条件下发酵糖利用率为９２．５％，洒精浓度过去．７０ｇ／Ｌ，得率为０．４１ｇ酒精／ｇ消耗的糖，是理论得率的８５．     

化学－物理法提高果壳活性炭得率的研究

以果壳炭（椰壳炭、杏壳炭）为原料，用某种弱酸Ａ作活化剂，研究了活化温度、活化时间及活化剂用量对活性炭的碘值和活化得率的影响。活化最佳工艺条件：椰壳炭，活化温度９００℃，活化时间９０ｍｉｎ，活化剂用量１．３０％；杏壳炭，活化温度９００℃，活化时间８０ｍｉｎ，活出剂用量１．９０％。在此条件下制得的活性炭分别为碘值１１０５．２８ｍｇ／ｇ、１１５１．８９ｍｇ／ｇ，活化得率分别为４５．３１％和４８．２７％。     

分批添料纤维素酶水解研究

提出了在反应过程中分批添加底物的纤维素酶解方法，并对分批添料的作用机理进行了讨论。研究表明，分批添料可以同时提高酶解得率、底物浓度和酶解糖液浓度，当底物浓度为１５％（ｗ／ｖ）时，分批添料酶解得率为７０％，糖液中还原糖浓度为４８．１ｇ／Ｌ。     

桉木热磨与高温热水协同预处理对酶解效果的影响及工艺优化

为提高桉木原料的酶解糖化效果,降低原料处理成本,采用热磨与高温热水法联合对桉木原料进行预处理,并对高温热水预处理后样品进行纤维素酶酶解糖化。通过对预处理液和酶解液中木糖和葡萄糖得率的测定,来研究预处理条件对糖得率的影响。以预处理液和酶解液中的总糖得率作为预处理工艺条件的评价指标,得到最优的预处理条件为:预处理温度180℃、保温时间40 min、固液比1∶20(g∶mL)。在此条件下,桉木热磨后原料经预处理、酶解后总木糖得率为11.78%,木糖的转化率为82.67%;总葡萄糖得率为36.33%,葡萄糖的转化率为78.90%。采用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等分析预处理样的理化特性,结果表明:桉木原料热磨后颗粒变小,呈丝状,纤维形态和表面结构基本不变;而高温热水预处理后物料的纤维结构松散、碎化,断裂明显,改善了纤维素酶的可及度,提高了酶解效率。     

山杨和速生杨硫酸盐浆多相水解动力学的研究

研究了木质素含量为０．２３％的山杨漂白浆和１．０５％的速生杨未漂浆稀酸低温多相水解降解反应动力学特性。结果表明，该过程与棉浆、桦木和针叶材浆具有相类似的特点，即纤维素多相水解降解过程分为两个明显阶段（快速降解和缓慢降解），而最终降至极限聚合度（山杨漂白浆为１８０；速生杨未漂浆为２０６）。两个阶段的纤维素水解降解动力学以其不同反应速度为特征，根据试验数据计算出反应速度常数：山杨漂白浆为Ｋ＝２．５×１０￣（－４）／ｍｉｎ；速生杨未漂浆为Ｋ＝１．６×１０￣（－４）／ｍｉｎ，前者明显地高于后者。随着水解时间的增加，水解残渣得率下降，最终结果达到８３％～８４％。测定了各水解试样的木质素含量，结果表明，水解前期（１０～４０ｍｉｎ）木质素变化较大，山杨漂白浆下降４８％，速生杨未漂浆下降３８％；水解后期，木质素含量变化不大。木质素的存在对于多相（固－液）水解降解反应起着阻碍作用并降低其反应速度常数。木质素含量越高水解液渗透至纤维素大分子链之β－Ｄ－葡糖键的速度越慢。     

大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵及酶解条件的研究

对经氨预处理的大豆秸秆纤维素固态发酵产酶及酶解产糖工艺过程进行了研究，影响康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)固态发酵的主要因素是温度、pH值、培养基液固质量比及培养时间，影响纤维素酶水解的条件主要是温度、pH值及时间，结果表明：较适宜的产酶条件为温度30℃，pH值5．0，培养基液固质量比2．5：1，时间96h，产纤维素酶活力为798．84FPU／mL，以所产纤维素酶进行酶水解，较适宜条件为温度55℃、pH值5．6、时间36h，酶解率为18．98％。由液相色谱分析可知酶解液的主要成分为葡萄糖、纤维二糖和木糖．为大豆秸秆的进一步综合利用提供了参考数据。     

玉米秸秆稀酸预处理的研究

研究了玉米秸秆稀酸预处理条件对木糖得率和纤维素酶水解性能的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,用正交试验法对稀酸预处理条件进行优化.在固液比1∶10、硫酸质量分数0.75%、温度150℃条件下处理30min,木糖得率最大为85.64%.100g玉米秸秆经稀酸预处理和纤维素酶水解后,可得到最大总糖量49.74g.分析结果表明,木糖得率最大影响因素为酸浓,酶解得率最大影响因素是温度.温度对综合指标的影响极显著,酸浓影响显著,时间影响不显著.预处理破坏了玉米秸秆的纤维素结构.     

酸催化的蒸汽爆破预处理强度对麦草酶水解影响的研究

以蒸汽爆破法对0.5 %的稀硫酸浸渍的麦草进行预处理,研究了不同处理强度对麦草浆得率、半纤维素回收率、纤维素回收率、纤维素酶水解得率产生的影响.实验结果表明,在蒸汽爆破预处理过程中,麦草纤维组分发生分离.随着处理强度的提高,粗浆得率降低,细浆得率上升,纤维素的降解程度和半纤维素的去除程度提高,酶水解得率相应提高.在处理强度为4.14的预处理条件下,半纤维素的水解程度最大,而细浆得率和纤维素的酶解得率最高,分别为62.0 %和73.4 %;最佳的处理强度为3.55,此条件下,汽爆麦草原料细浆中的葡萄糖得率和滤出液中总糖的得率最高,分别为20.0 %和13.0%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.