野生动物弓形虫病研究进展

弓形虫是一种重要的胞内寄生原虫,可以感染几乎所有的温血动物。食肉性动物中猫科动物对弓形虫病的传播起着重要的作用,它是惟一的可以排泄含有弓形虫的卵囊到环境中的动物,进而使全世界的人和动物都有机会感染弓形虫病,而草食性动物和杂食性动物则是重要的中间宿主。然而野生动物感染弓形虫病之后往往缺少明显的临床症状,很难在第一时间判断出是否感染弓形虫。野生动物关系到整个生态系统的稳定,对整个生物界起着至关重要的作用,应该引起我们极大的关注和重视。论文就弓形虫在野生动物中的感染情况及临床症状加以概括,为其在野生动物中的流行趋势、诊断和防控的深入研究提供资料。     

形虫病的防控

弓形虫病是一种由刚第弓形虫引起的人畜共患性寄生虫病,人和动物的感染率都很高。对弓形虫病的病原、流行病学、临诊症状、诊治及预防措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考。     

弓形虫病的防控

弓形虫病是一种由刚第弓形虫引起的人畜共患性寄生虫病,人和动物的感染率都很高.对弓形虫病的病原、流行病学、临诊症状、诊治及预防措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考.     

形虫病的防控

弓形虫病是一种由刚第弓形虫引起的人畜共患性寄生虫病,人和动物的感染率都很高。对弓形虫病的病原、流行病学、临诊症状、诊治及预防措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考。     

猪弓形虫病的流行与防控

弓形虫是由龚地弓形虫寄生于猪、猫、犬、牛等多种动物体内引起的人畜共患原虫病。其特征是动物在发病时高热、咳嗽,呼吸困难,出现神经症状。妊娠动物患病后可引起流产、死胎和胎儿的畸形,因此该病是动物寄生虫病中危害较严重的疾病。弓形虫病严重威胁养猪生产安全,找到弓形虫病的发病原因,做好弓形虫病的防控工作对养猪生产十分重要。     

猪弓形虫病的流行与防控

<正>弓形虫是由龚地弓形虫寄生于猪、猫、犬、牛等多种动物体内引起的人畜共患原虫病。其特征是动物在发病时高热、咳嗽,呼吸困难,出现神经症状。妊娠动物患病后可引起流产、死胎和胎儿的畸形,因此该病是动物寄生虫病中危害较严重的疾病。弓形虫病严重威胁养猪生产安全,找到弓形虫病的发病原因,做好弓形虫病的防控工作对养猪生产十分重要。1流行特点弓形虫是多宿主原虫,有200多种动物可做其中间宿主,但是终末宿主至今被认为主要是猫、野猫     

弓形虫基因工程疫苗研究进展

弓形虫病是严重危害人和动物健康的重要人畜共患病。疫苗接种是目前防控弓形虫病的主要手段。根据国内外弓形虫病研究的现状,简要介绍了弓形虫基因结构、主要编码蛋白和相关基因工程疫苗的最新研究进展,主要包括核酸疫苗、重组卡介苗、多肽疫苗、基因缺失苗等,最后对基因工程疫苗研究工作的继续开展提出了建议。     

猪群弓形虫病防控

猪弓形虫病,是以病猪高热和呼吸道及神经症状、死亡和怀孕母猪流产、死胎、胎儿畸形为主要特征的血液原虫病,是由弓形虫感染多种动物和人而引起的一种世界性分布的人兽共患寄生虫病,在家畜和野生动物中广泛存在。猪群暴发弓形虫病,病死率可高达60％以上,是当前猪场必须严加防控的重大传染病。     

一起猪场暴发猪弓形虫病的诊治

猪弓形虫病（猪弓形体病或猪弓浆虫病）是由龚地弓形虫引起的一种人和动物共患的原虫性传染病。感染弓形虫的猫、狗、鼠是引起猪弓形虫感染的主要来源。对猪弓形虫病必须进行实验室快速确诊并及时采取有效预防控制措施,这对于养猪生产与公共卫生均具有重要意义。2009年7月初,博白县博白镇某猪场暴发一种以病猪发热、呼吸困难、流产并出现死亡为特征的疫病。     

青海省绵羊弓形虫病的ELISA诊断方法的建立及血清学调查

龚地弓形虫(Toxoplasma gondii)是一种专性细胞内寄生的重要机会致病性原虫,可寄生于人和动物的除红细胞外的有核细胞内,引起弓形虫病(Toxoplasmosis)[1].猫及猫科动物是惟一可从粪便排出弓形虫卵囊的动物,猫在弓形虫传播给绵羊和其他动物中起着重要作用.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -