鸡传染性鼻炎三价灭活疫苗安全性试验和效力检验初报

利用PageA、B、C型副鸡禽杆菌,研制鸡传染性鼻炎(IC)三价灭活疫苗。用6批IC疫苗进行了大剂量单次接种和单剂量多次接种的安全性试验,结果表明,IC三价灭活疫苗安全无副作用;用3批疫苗进行SPF鸡和普通鸡的免疫效力试验,结果对A、B、C型副鸡禽杆菌攻毒的保护率≥80%;商品鸡42日龄首免,110日龄二免,二免后约9个月对A、B、C型副鸡禽杆菌攻毒的保护率≥80%;用4℃～8℃保存一年的3批疫苗进行了SPF鸡的近期免疫效力试验,结果对A、B、C型副鸡禽杆菌攻毒的保护率≥80%。     

鸡新城疫基因Ⅶ型灭活标记疫苗（MG7株）最小有效免疫剂量的研究

为科学指导鸡新城疫基因Ⅶ型灭活标记疫苗（MG7株）的临床免疫剂量,通过测定免疫鸡HI抗体滴度和攻毒保护试验,进行了10日龄和30日龄SPF鸡最小有效免疫剂量的研究。动物实验使用10 μL、20 μL和40 μL三种不同免疫剂量,免疫疫苗后21 d检测HI抗体效价,10日龄SPF鸡001批次疫苗HI抗体平均效价依次为：4.8、6.2和6.5,攻毒保护率依次为80%、100%和100%,30日龄SPF鸡HI抗体平均效价依次为：5.0、6.3和6.5,攻毒保护率依次为70%、100%和100%,结果表明,新城疫灭活标记疫苗（MG7株）HI 抗体效价和保护效力呈正相关, 免疫剂量与HI 抗体效价和保护效力也呈正相关。用NDV基因Ⅶ型强毒G7株进行攻毒保护试验,两种日龄鸡在20 μL的免疫剂量下,疫苗仍能达到良好的免疫保护效果。     

五种市售鸡传染性鼻炎灭活疫苗免疫效力比较

本研究对国内市场上几个主要鸡传染性鼻炎灭活疫苗生产厂家生产的灭活疫苗免疫鸡只进行血清HI抗体水平测定和攻毒,比较不同公司所产疫苗效力的效力差异,并评估A、C型二价灭活疫苗两次免疫鸡群对国内B型分离株:DL-1株和最近从免疫失败鸡场分离到的SD-1株的交叉保护作用,分析免疫失败的原因.结果表明:A、D、E公司的疫苗免疫两次后,A型HI抗体阳性率分别为92.5%、100%和95%,滴度分别为33.9、55.1和59.9,攻毒保护率都是100%.C型HI抗体阳性率分别为72.5%、38.5%和77.5%,滴度分别为11.4、2.7和27,攻毒保护率分别为80%、70%和80%.而B和C公司的疫苗免疫两次后A型HI抗体阳性率分别为59.4%、77.1%,抗体滴度分别为5.4和21.8,攻毒保护率分别为50%和66.7%;C型HI抗体阳性率分别为54.1%和51.4%,抗体滴度分别为6.1和6.8,攻毒保护率分别为38.3%和50%.在五个疫苗产品中,以A、D、E的保护效力较好,B、C产品效力较差.另外,A、C型二价灭活疫苗免疫后不能对B型菌的攻击提供保护,其A、C型HI抗体阳性率、抗体滴度与对B型菌攻毒保护率无相关性.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫效果评估

本试验选用A、B、C、D 4种商品化鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,进行攻毒试验以评估不同疫苗的免疫效果。10日龄SPF鸡分组后分别用A、B、C、D 4种商品化法氏囊病活疫苗按1羽份/只剂量接种免疫,21日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、85%、100%、100%;35日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、75%、95%、100%。免疫后抗体检测显示,抗体滴度水平D＞A＞C＞B,抗体转阳速度A＞D＞C＞B,免疫应激作用A、D＞B、C。综合考虑疫苗免疫攻毒后各项指标的变化,A、D疫苗免疫效果优于其他两种活疫苗,可以有效地为SPF鸡提供保护作用。     

禽霍乱禽霍乱、新城疫二联灭活疫苗免疫攻毒试验与HI试验的平行关系研究

对8批禽霍乱、新城疫二联灭活疫苗进行新城疫组分的效力检验,在检测新城疫血凝抑制效价(HI)的同时,进行新城疫病毒强毒攻击试验,旨在寻找抗攻毒保护与HI抗体效价之间的平行关系。结果表明:免疫剂量与HI抗体效价和攻毒保护率呈正相关,免疫40、20、10、5μL剂量组攻毒保护率和HI抗体效价分别为94.9%(75/79)、5.2 log_2,87.5%(70/80)、4.4 log_2,29.1%(23/79)、2.7 log_2,11.4%(9/79)、2.1 log_2;对照组攻毒保护率为0(0/10),HI抗体效价≤2.0 log_2;新城疫HI抗体效价与攻毒保护率也呈正相关,当HI3.0 log_2,攻毒保护率为4.1%;HI=3.0 log_2,攻毒保护率为22.9%;HI=4.0 log_2,攻毒保护率为87.7%;HI=5.0 log_2,攻毒保护率为94.4%;HI=6.0 log_2,攻毒保护率为100%。本研究为制定疫苗质量标准中新城疫病毒株的效力检验方法和标准提供实验室理论依据。     

副鸡禽杆菌荚膜多糖-血凝素蛋白免疫原性的研究

为了研究副鸡禽杆菌荚膜多糖(CPS)-血凝素(HA)蛋白的免疫原性,试验采用B型副鸡禽杆菌CPS与HA蛋白分别对SPF鸡进行单独免疫和联合免疫的方法,比较攻毒后的保护效果。结果表明:CPS单独肌肉注射或眶下窦注射免疫对鸡的保护率不超过30%;HA单独肌肉注射或眶下窦注射免疫对鸡的保护率不超过40%;CPS+HA联合肌肉注射免疫的保护率为60%,眶下窦免疫的保护率达80%。CPS+HA联合免疫组血清抗体水平高于相应免疫方式HA、CPS单独免疫组;与肌肉注射相比,攻毒试验结果显示眶下窦免疫的保护效果好。说明副鸡禽杆菌CPS-HA蛋白具有较好的免疫原性。     

新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)-禽腺病毒病(Ⅰ群,4型)三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄雏鸡的免疫效力研究

为评估新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)-禽腺病毒病(Ⅰ群,4型)三联灭活疫苗的免疫效力,采用该疫苗分别免疫7、14、21日龄的SPF雏鸡和商品雏鸡,免疫后21 d采血测定新城疫病毒(NDV)HI、H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9 AIV)HI及禽腺病毒(FAdV)中和抗体,并用禽腺病毒(Ⅰ群,4型)强毒攻击。结果显示:免疫后各不同日龄免疫组SPF雏鸡的NDV HI、H9 AIV HI及FAdV中和抗体效价分别为8.2 log_2～8.5 log_2、8.8 log_2～9.6 log_2和9.7 log_2～10.3 log_2,FAdV攻毒保护率均达到100%(10/10);21日龄SPF鸡免疫后3个月,试验鸡NDV HI、H9 AIV HI及FAdV中和抗体分别达7.2 log_2、7.8 log_2和11.3 log_2,FAdV攻毒保护率均为100%(10/10);不同日龄免疫组普通雏鸡NDV HI、H9 AIV HI及FAdV中和抗体效价分别为6.7 log_2～7.6 log_2、7.9 log_2～8.7 log_2和9.8 log_2～10.3 log_2,FAdV攻毒保护率均达到100%(10/10)。表明该疫苗可对不同日龄SPF雏鸡和商品雏鸡产生良好的免疫力,对雏鸡免疫持续期达3个月。     

4型禽腺病毒HLJ1701株灭活疫苗的研制

利用4型禽腺病毒HLJ1701株进行灭活疫苗的研制,并对疫苗的免疫效果进行评价,为家禽4型禽腺病毒的防控提供数据及参考。将HLJ1701株用灭菌生理盐水作10~4倍稀释后,接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,37℃孵育72 h后收获感染鸡胚尿囊液,经甲醛灭活后,加白油佐剂乳化制成油乳剂灭活疫苗,对制备疫苗的性状、安全性、免疫效力等进行检验。结果显示,制备的3批4型禽腺病毒灭活疫苗(HLJ1701株)均为油包水型,黏度均在50 cP以内,对3批疫苗取样,样品经3000 r/min离心15 min,管底无水相析出。安全性试验结果显示,将疫苗按1 mL/只超剂量接种3周龄SPF鸡,试验鸡在观察期内全部健活,未出现局部或全身不良反应,表明疫苗对SPF鸡具有良好的安全性;免疫效力及攻毒保护试验结果显示,用疫苗按0.2 mL/只的剂量免疫接种3周龄SPF鸡1次,免疫接种后21d试验鸡血清中HLJ1701株的抗体平均效价可达2~8以上,使用4型禽腺病毒(HLJ1701株)接种0.2 mL/只(100 LD_(50))对免疫鸡进行攻毒,疫苗对免疫鸡的保护率均为100%。研究表明,实验室条件下研制的4型禽腺病毒(HLJ1701株)灭活疫苗的各项指标均符合标准。     

副鸡禽杆菌外膜囊泡的生物学活性分析

为研究副鸡禽杆菌(Apg)外膜囊泡(OMVs)的生物活性,提取了A型副鸡禽杆菌的外膜囊泡。纯化后的OMVs用透射电镜观察其形态结构;将OMVs加入到鸡巨噬细胞(HD-11)培养液中,检测一氧化氮(NO)产生量的变化;用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测HD-11各炎症相关因子的表达量变化情况;将OMVs经肌肉注射接种SPF鸡,检测鸡血清IgG抗体产生情况,并用3种血清型的副鸡禽杆菌强毒菌株攻击免疫鸡,测定其免疫保护率。结果显示,电镜下的副鸡禽杆菌OMVs呈球形,直径在20～300 nm;OMVs可极显著提高HD-11中NO产量;qPCR结果显示,OMVs作用可显著上调鸡巨噬细胞IL-2、IL-6、 IL-1β、IL-10、iNOs等炎症相关因子的表达。免疫鸡可以产生特异性的IgG抗体。用A型副鸡禽杆菌攻毒,免疫保护率为70%,对异种血清型交叉保护性较弱,仅有10%～30%。本研究为深入研究副鸡禽杆菌外膜囊泡的功能奠定了基础。     

鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9亚型)二联油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫效力试验

为评价鸡新城疫和禽流感(H9亚型,SY株)二联灭活疫苗(以下简称"二联苗")对SPF鸡的免疫保护效力,进行了血清学效力检验与靶动物免疫攻毒保护相关性的研究及免疫持续期试验。不同抗体水平的SPF鸡攻毒试验结果表明,当NDV HI≥5.0log2,AIV HI≥6.0log2时,分别攻击NDV、AIV,试验鸡的保护率均达到100%;免疫期试验结果表明,二联苗以0.3mL和0.5mL的剂量分别免疫SPF鸡,免疫接种后各试验组鸡均产生较高的HI抗体,其免疫期分别能持续18周和36周。表明二联苗对试验鸡有较好的保护效果。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -