我国小反刍兽疫流行情况及防控措施

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒感染小反刍兽的一种严重的急性、烈性、接触性传染病。该病是一种主要的跨国传播的动物疫病,在世界范围内呈现扩散和东移的流行趋势。2007年西藏自治区暴发了我国首例小反刍兽疫疫情,至今我国目前已有23个省市发生该疫情,严重威胁我国的动物卫生安全。文章对我国小反刍兽疫的传播趋势和流行特点进行了分析,并对我国的紧急防控措施作出评估和建议。     

小反刍兽疫综合防控技术

<正>近年来,我国周边国家小反刍兽疫疫情多发,国内部分省市也发现零星疫情,呈地方性流行,对当地的畜牧业造成了严重的损失。为有效保障养羊生产,进一步做好小反刍兽疫防控工作,笔者结合基层防控经验,就小反刍兽疫综合防控技术总结四个方面:(一)主要症状小反刍兽疫又称羊瘟、小反刍兽瘟,是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的山羊、绵羊、野生小反刍兽的高度接触传染性疾病。发病初期的病羊,体温迅速升高至40℃~41℃,食欲     

小反刍兽疫的诊断和防控

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种严重的急性、烈性和接触性传染病,俗称"羊瘟",易感动物包括山羊、绵羊及野生小反刍动物。该病呈全球性自西向东的流行趋势,主要特征是发热、口腔炎、结膜炎、肠胃炎和肺炎。对我国畜牧业发展造成了极其严重的影响。我国将其列为一类动物疫病,《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012-2020年)》规定的重点防范的外来疫病病种。我国2007年在西藏首次发现该病,2014年多省均有小反刍兽疫疫情发生,小反刍兽疫疫情有扩大趋势,防控形势异常严峻。     

小反刍兽疫的流行趋势与防控

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的-种山羊和绵羊的急性、亚急性接触性传染病.该病作为一种国际间传播的动物疫病,呈现扩散和东移的趋势,我国周边许多国家出现大规模暴发、流行,使我国处于本病被引入的危险之中,对我国动物卫生安全构成了严重威胁.文章对小反刍兽疫的传播趋势和流行特点进行分析,并对我国的紧急防控措施作出评估和建议.     

小反刍兽疫防控知识问答

正近年来,我国周边国家小反刍兽疫疫情多发,呈地方性流行。2007年,我国西藏阿里地区首次发生小反刍兽疫疫情。2013年12月份以来,我国新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、宁夏等省区先后发生小反刍兽疫疫情,为有效保障养羊生产和羊肉市场供给,进一步做好小反刍兽疫防控工作,我们就大家关注的相关问题采访了小反刍兽疫防控专家、中国动物卫生与流行病学中心总兽医师王志亮。1.什么是小反刍兽疫,全球流行情况如何,有什么危害小反刍兽疫又称羊瘟、小反刍兽瘟,是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的山羊、绵羊、野生小反刍兽的高度接触传染性疾病。小反刍兽疫病毒不感染人,不属于人畜共患病。     

小反刍兽疫的流行趋势与防控

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的一种山羊和绵羊的急性、亚急性接触性传染病。该病作为一种国际间传播的动物疫病，呈现扩散和东移的趋势，我国周边许多国家出现大规模暴发、流行，使我国处于本病被引入的危险之中，对我国动物卫生安全构成了严重威胁。文章对小反刍兽疫的传播趋势和流行特点进行分析，并对我国的紧急防控措施作出评估和建议。     

2007—2014年国内外小反刍兽疫流行现状及分析

小反刍兽疫是由小反刍兽疫病毒引起山羊、绵羊、野生反刍动物及骆驼的一种急性、亚急性高度接触性传染病。自2007年小反刍兽疫作为外来动物疫病传入我国以来,在国务院、农业部和国家有关部委的密切关注和大力支持下,使疫情的流行蔓延趋势得到有效控制。但是到了2013年年底,小反刍兽疫风波再次掀起,而且波及面积也逐步扩大,截至2014年6月,疫情已蔓延近20多个省份,严重影响我国国际贸易和经济发展。本文就近几年以及目前国内外小反刍兽疫流行现状进行整理并加以分析,以期为我国小反刍兽疫防控提供参考。     

小反刍兽疫的诊治

小反刍兽疫是一种传播迅速、危害严重的病毒性传染病,做好小反刍兽疫的防控工作十分重要。本文主要论述了小反刍兽疫的流行特点、临床症状、鉴别诊断与预防措施,小反刍兽疫可以采取中西医结合的方式进行治疗,效果较好。     

小反刍兽疫防控知识问答

近年来，我国周边国家小反刍兽疫疫情多发，呈地方性流行。2007年．我国西藏阿里地区首次发生小反刍兽疫疫情。2013年12月份以来，我国新疆、甘肃，内蒙古、宁夏等省区先后发生小反刍兽疫疫情，为有效保障养羊生产和羊肉市场供给，进一步做好小反刍兽疫防控工作，我们就大家关注的相关问题采访了小反刍兽疫防控专家、中国动物卫生与流行病学中心总兽医师王志亮。     

小反刍兽疫的流行病学与防控

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是严重危害畜牧业生产安全的重大跨国动物疫病之一,目前该病已经给我国养羊业造成了巨大的经济损失。文章分析了全球小反刍兽疫的流行趋势,总结了流行病学特点,针对性提出防控对策,以期为该病的防控提供有效参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein