Effects of ozone on birch (Betula pendula Roth.) clones

Saplings of five birch clones (Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed to ozone doses 1.2–1.7 × higher than the ambient under field conditions during growing seasons 1991–1993. The clones were also fumigated with 40 ppb – 150 ppb ozone in three chamber experiments.The effects of nitrogen supply on ozone responses were studied using field fumigation system and three levels of nitrogen supply (low, medium, high). The ozone-sensitivity was clone-spesific. Even low ozone exposure decreased the biomass production of the most sensitive clone, whereas the most tolerant clone showed unaffected growth rate. In all clones, ozone fumigation accelerated autumn senescence of leaves, increased ultrastructural injuries, especially in chloroplasts, and increased diffusion resistance and stomatal density of leaves. Ozone-induced changes in the tissue and fine structure of leaves were interpreted as enhanced senescence. The plants receiving high nitrogen supply were more resistant to ozone than the plants under lower nitrogen availability. Significant interactions between ozone and nitrogen supply were found in growth and leaf anatomical parameters. The ozone sensitivity and the growth rate of birch clones seem to be related to biochemical and ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts, as reduced growth rate of the most sensitive clone was accompanied by lower contents of Rubisco small subunit and chlorophyll, and lower net photosynthesis. Fast enlarging and young mature leaves without acclimation were more sensitive to ozone fumigation than the leaves emerging under ozone stress.     

全生育期UV-B辐射增强对棉花生长及光合作用的影响

植物光合系统是UV-B辐射最初和最重要的作用靶标。本文在大田条件下进行紫外灯照射处理,研究全生育期UV-B辐射增强(高于环境20%和40%)对棉花形态、干物质积累、光合色素和产量的影响,并通过分析棉花主茎功能叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨UV-B辐射增强影响棉花光合作用的机制。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强抑制了棉花生长和干物质积累,籽棉产量显著降低,且UV-B辐射越强,抑制作用越明显。随UV-B辐射的增强,棉花主茎功能叶的净光合速率(P_n)在各生育期均显著降低,叶绿素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)未发生变化,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)反而升高,说明P_n下降主要由非气孔限制因素造成。对叶绿素荧光参数的分析表明,PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、线性电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)随着UV-B辐射的增强而降低,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著升高,且各叶绿素荧光参数与Pn变化均显著相关;慢速弛豫NPQ(NPQS)及其在NPQ中的比例均随UV-B辐射的增强而显著提高,表明PSⅡ反应中心受损,光化学效率降低。以上结果证明,全生育期UV-B辐射增强降低了棉花的光合叶面积、叶绿素含量和净光合速率,引起棉花生长与物质积累受抑,产量降低。UV-B辐射增强引起的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心遭到破坏密切相关。     

臭氧对水稻生长的影响及外源抗坏血酸的防护作用

利用开顶式气室研究了臭氧浓度升高对水稻（Oraza sativa L.）生长的影响及外源抗坏血酸（Exogenous Ascorbic Acid）的防护作用。臭氧处理共设4个水平：空气NF（No-Filter,臭氧浓度约20-50 nL·L^-1）、过滤CF（Charcoal-Filter,臭氧浓度约为5-15 nL·L^-1）、臭氧Ⅰ（8 h平均100 nL·L^-1）、臭氧Ⅱ（8 h平均200 nL·L^-1）,外源抗坏血酸浓度设置为0.1％（m/V）。结果表明,与NF处理相比,高浓度O3（200 nL·L^-1）处理会造成水稻叶片的叶绿素a、水稻的株高、叶面积、穗粒数及粒重,分别下降了47.9％、17. 8％、31.6％、45.7％和42.9％;喷施外源抗坏血酸后,与各自的对照相比,以上各生长指标分别上升了11.6％、7.7％、17.4％、5.6%、11.1%。可见外源抗坏血酸能有效缓解O3对水稻的胁迫作用,提高了水稻对O3的抗性,促进水稻的生长。     

不同覆膜栽培方式对玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

为探讨地膜覆盖栽培方式的增产机理,完善地膜覆盖玉米栽培技术,采用田间试验法,以露地平播为对照,比较了全膜双垄沟播、半膜双垄沟播、半膜平铺、膜侧沟播等4种栽培方式对玉米叶面积、光合势、干物质积累、穗部性状、产量及其构成因子、水分利用效率的影响,并进行了成本和效益分析。结果表明:全膜或半膜双垄沟播显著增加了各个生育时期玉米的叶面积,半膜平铺和膜侧沟播作用不大;全膜和半膜双垄沟播及膜侧沟播显著提高了玉米的光合势,半膜平铺对生长前期光合势有一定促进作用,但后期出现不利影响;全膜和半膜双垄沟播增加了玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数,但也增加了秃顶长。半膜平铺对穗长、穗粗和穗行数有一定促进作用,降低了秃顶长,但对行粒数作用并不明显。膜侧沟播对穗长、穗行数和行粒数有一定促进作用,但对穗粗和秃顶长作用并不明显;各种覆膜栽培方式均提高了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,但降低了单株成穗数。穗粒数与产量的灰色关联度最大、百粒重次之、单株成穗数最低;全膜双垄沟播、半膜双垄沟播、膜侧沟播、半膜平铺栽培方式分别比对照增产67.23%、60.08%、38.81%和20.02%,水分利用效率分别比对照提高66.43%、59.54%、38.35%和19.63%,经济收益分别比对照增加85.51%、69.58%、36.37%和18.69%。说明全膜双垄沟播玉米具有较高的产量和经济收益优势。     

地表臭氧浓度增加对南京地区冬小麦生长和产量的影响

利用改进后的开顶式气室（OTC）,开展了O3浓度增加对冬小麦生长与产量影响的大田实验研究。实验设置三种处理：CK为未经处理的空气,CF100处理O3浓度为100nL／L,CF150处理O3浓度为150nL／L。结果表明,地表O3浓度增加,冬小麦生育期缩短,籽粒的灌浆期缩短,植株提前老化;同时,冬小麦的株高、生物量、叶面积等生长指标均显著下降（P〈0．05）,最大降幅分别达到了10．01％、36．56％和29．17％;冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数、单位面积产量等产量指标也都出现了显著下降（P〈0．05）,其中CF100、CF150处理的单位面积产量分别比CK下降了16．11％和39．17％。试验结果对于评估地表O3浓度增加对粮食安全的影响具有重要的指导意义。     

拔节期水分冗余胁迫对淮北平原夏玉米产量形成机制的影响

为探明拔节期涝渍灾害对淮北平原夏玉米产量形成机制的影响,以登海605为试验材料,以正常水分处理为对照(CK),在夏玉米拔节期设置淹水和渍水2个水分胁迫处理,于2018年和2020年在安徽农业大学皖北试验站进行了大田试验,分析了水分冗余胁迫对夏玉米生育进程、光合性能、干物质积累、抗倒特性、雌雄间隔期、叶粒比和产量的影响....     

不同施肥处理对夏玉米产量及活性氧代谢的影响

以2009年建立的肥料定位试验为研究平台,于2013年进行了不同施肥处理对夏玉米产量及活性氧代谢影响的研究。结果表明,氮磷钾均衡施肥对夏玉米籽粒产量有显著的增产作用,产量达到9 299.85 kg/hm2,NPK处理的穗粒数和千粒重最高,NP处理的穗长、穗重与NPK处理没有显著差异;氮能有效地提高玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量和籽粒的灌浆速率;氮对玉米穗位叶过氧化物酶活性的影响最大,氮钾配施能够有效地提高玉米穗位叶超氧化物歧化酶活性,增加穗位叶可溶性蛋白质含量,降低穗位叶丙二醛含量。合理配施氮钾能够有效地提高玉米穗位叶光合效率,延缓叶片衰老,提高玉米籽粒产量。     

间作条件下秸秆覆盖对玉米叶片光合特性和产量的影响

为明确间作和秸秆覆盖结合在作物增产方面的效应,采用双因素大田试验,通过设置2种种植模式[玉米单作(M)、玉米大豆间作(I)]和4种秸秆覆盖水平[0(S0)、4 000 kg·hm-2(S1)、8 000 kg·hm-2(S2)和12 000 kg·hm-2(S3)],研究秸秆覆盖和间作对玉米叶片生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖和间作有利于增加玉米叶片长、宽和单株绿叶面积,其中覆盖处理S2和S3与不覆盖处理S0的差异显著,且覆盖的效果大于间作。玉米叶片含水量基本不受间作影响,但受覆盖的显著影响。间作和覆盖可增加叶片含氮量,在单作下,S3比S0的叶片含氮量在灌浆期和成熟期分别增加25.6%和56.6%,在间作下分别增加30.0%和42.9%,且S3和S0间差异显著。覆盖和间作皆可增加叶片叶绿素含量,且覆盖的效果大于间作,但随覆盖水平提高覆盖的效果降低。覆盖和间作皆有利于改善玉米穗位叶的光合特性,在S0下,间作的光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率在灌浆期和成熟期分别比单作增加13.1%、42.3%、39.3%和46.8%、31.2%、24.5%,而胞间CO2浓度分别下降20.8%和18.4%,且S0下单作、间作差异显著。玉米产量亦明显受到覆盖和间作的影响,且受覆盖的影响更为明显。研究得出,秸秆覆盖和间作在改善玉米叶片性状及生理特性和产量方面发挥着重要作用,但覆盖的效果会随覆盖水平的提高而降低,且间作的效果小于秸秆覆盖。     

氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响

以玉米自交系齐319(Q319)为材料,采用单株盆栽种植方式,借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线,研究了氮素对玉米灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响。2年研究结果表明,在本试验条件下,氮素对Q319灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量无明显提高作用,但其净光合速率(Pn)和单株干物质积累量、子粒产量显著增加。JIP-test分析表明,氮素显著提高了叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心电子供体侧和受体侧性能;显著提高了Q319 PSⅡ反应中心电子受体侧之后的电子传递链性能,增强了电子由PSⅡ向PSⅠ的分配,从而显著地提高了PSⅡ与PSⅠ之间的协调性。可以认为,施氮后灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量的变化不是Pn提高的主要原因,而两个光系统性能的改善及二者间协调性的提高增强了光合电子传递链的性能是灌浆期Pn升高与成熟期产量增加的主要原因。     

被动荧光探测水分胁迫对玉米叶片影响的初步研究

利用叶绿素荧光被动探测方法初步探讨了水分胁迫对玉米叶片生理机能的影响。水分胁迫梯度通过将离体叶片放在干燥器时间不同而获得。室内采用积分球耦合ASD光谱仪，结合加/不加滤光片照明的方法得到反射率差值光谱，即代表叶绿素荧光光谱。结果表明随着叶片含水率的降低，叶绿素荧光发射峰的位置几乎没有变化，峰高在686 nm处有先上升后逐渐降低的趋势，在740 nm处则缓慢下降。双峰比值Dif₆₈₆/Dif₇₄₀与叶片含水率呈负相关关系(R²=0.3850，n=21)，不同水分胁迫程度下利用调制式荧光仪测定的荧光参数Fv/Fm与740 nm荧光光谱峰值线性正相关，与双峰比值有负相关趋势。表明该被动方法可以探测水分胁迫引起的叶片光系统受胁状况，为田间被动遥感探测植物叶绿素荧光和生理状态提供参考。     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

干湿交替灌溉与施氮量对水稻叶片光合性状的耦合效应

【目的】探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮量耦合对水稻光合性状及其效应的影响,从光合源及光合质方面阐明不同水氮组合处理在光合性状上的差异。【方法】以新稻20为材料进行土培试验,设置浅水层灌溉 (0 kPa)、轻度干湿交替灌溉 (–20 kPa) 和重度干湿交替灌溉 (–40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式及不施氮 (N0)、中氮 (MN, 240 kg/hm2) 和高氮 (HN, 360 kg/hm2) 3种氮水平,研究不同水氮耦合处理对水稻产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、叶片氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的影响。【结果】灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉增加了主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,提高抽穗后群体叶面积指数,且与MN耦合后产量最高,为本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式;重度干湿交替灌溉则显著降低主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、叶片氮含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率;在同一灌溉方式下,中氮处理提高叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数提高,重施氮肥反而降低叶片光合及荧光效率。水稻叶片叶面积指数、光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ潜在活力及最大光化学效率与产量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。水稻主要生育期光合性状指标的供氮效应均为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉下主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的供水效应及耦合效应均为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉的控水及耦合效应则为负效应。【结论】轻度干湿交替灌溉耦合中氮处理水稻叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率提高,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数形成,表明通过适宜的肥水调控发挥水氮耦合效应,可以创造良好的光合性状,提高水稻光合生产能力,从而促进水稻高产。     

Morphological and physiological characteristics of rice leaves in response to PASP-urea and optimized nitrogen management

Polyaspartic acid (PASP)-urea is known to increase crop yield. Field experiments were conducted to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of the leaves between plots treated with urea (conventional urea or PASP-urea) and subject to different nitrogen (N) management methods [farmers’ standard fertilization practice (FFP, two splits) or optimized N management (ONM, four splits)] in Sichuan, China, in 2014 and 2015. A no-added-N plot served as the control. Grain yield was significantly associated with increased number of green leaves, total leaf area, chlorophyll concentration of rice leaves after the heading stage, photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina and accumulated temperature of senescence rate acceleration and deceleration. PASP-urea significantly enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to improve dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle after the heading stage over conventional urea, mainly by increasing the number of green lamina, leaf lamina area, chlorophyll concentration and photosynthetic rate per leaf lamina, as well as delaying senescence of the flag leaf. Compared with FFP, the ONM substantially improved the photosynthetic capacity of leaves to enhance dry matter accumulation rate of the panicle. Therefore, the ONM is a rational approach to applying PASP-urea that can improve grain yield by improving photosynthetic capacity.     

Source and sink development during kernel filling of two spring wheats as affected by root size and cytokinin applications

The effects of partial root removal and cytokinin applications at different times during kernel filling were examined at two contrasting wheat genotypes grown in controlled environmental conditions. Treatments affected the development of leaves, and grain setting, but hardly grain growth; the influence strongly depended on time, but not on genotype. Cutting off roots ?early”? after heading caused immediate damage, especially in the lower leaves. Later on, chlorophyll decomposition and loss of green area was accelerated. ?Early”? cytokinin applications were not able to prevent these effects. If root size was reduced at a ?medium late”? or ?late”? stage no spontaneous effects were observed, but leaf senescence was more drastic, the later the treatments were carried out. Enhancement of senescence due to root removal, could generally be inhibited by (medium) ?late”? cytokinin applications. As to grain setting, ?early”? cytokinin applications could not counteract the reduction induced by ?early”? root removal. In most of the trials there was no evidence that root removal or cytokinin applications affected grain growth. Some secondary effects of the treatments on root growth are discussed with regard to the importance of root system as a site of cytokinin synthesis during grain filling.     

施氮量对穗期高温胁迫下玉米叶片光合生理及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同施氮量对玉米穗期高温胁迫下光合生理及产量的影响,为合理施氮实现玉米抗逆稳产提供理论依据。【方法】2020—2021年开展人工模拟高温田间试验。以耐热型品种郑单958 (Zhengdan 958)和热敏感型品种先玉335 (Xianyu 335)为材料;设置3个施氮量,分别为低氮(N 90 kg/hm2,N90)、中氮(N180 kg/hm2,N180)和高氮(N 270 kg/hm2,N270)。在玉米第11片叶展开期至抽雄期进行高温处理(HT),分别持续12天(2020年)和9天(2021年),以田间自然生长的植株为对照(CK),处理期间高温和对照的日最高温度均值分别为41.9℃、35.9℃(2020年)和40.8℃、37.7℃(2021年),昼夜温差均值分别为19.3℃、13.0℃(2020年)和18.1℃、14.8℃(2021年),调查两个品种穗位叶的光合色素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性、籽粒产量及产量构成因素,分析温度、品种和施氮量三者之间的互作效应。【结果】1)高温胁迫提高了两个玉米品种穗位叶的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和核酮糖-1...     

空气温度和CO2浓度升高对晚稻生长及产量的影响

人类活动所导致的气候变化将使大气CO2浓度和温度上升,研究空气温度和CO2浓度升高对晚稻生长和产量的影响,可为评估未来气候条件下粮食安全提供依据。采用改进后的开顶式气室（OTC）大田原位模拟CO2浓度增加60μL·L-1和温度升高2℃的未来气候情景,研究气候变化对晚稻生长及产量的影响,试验设对照(气室内温度和CO2浓度与大田一致,CK)、增温2℃(IT）和增温2℃+CO2浓度增加60μL·L-1（IT+IC）3个处理,对晚稻的株高、分蘖数、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数以及产量构成进行监测。结果表明：（1）IT处理能显著增加晚稻的株高,全生育期株高平均增加约3cm,而IT+IC处理对株高无影响;（2）移栽20d后IT处理对水稻分蘖产生促进作用,每穴约增加1个分蘖茎,IT+IC处理对分蘖数无显著影响;（3）IT处理增加叶绿素含量约0.8个SPAD单位,并显著增加晚稻叶面积指数,而全生育期IT+IC处理对叶绿素含量无影响;（4）IT+IC处理使水稻显著增产,增产率达14.0%,而单纯增温使晚稻空秕率增加,降低千粒重从而导致产量增加不显著。     

O3与CO2浓度倍增对大豆叶片及其总生物量的影响研究

利用OTC-1型开顶式气室研究CO2和O3浓度倍增对大豆叶片及其总生物量的影响结果表明,CO2和O3浓度倍增均可致使大豆黄叶率增加,绿叶率下降;CO2浓度倍增使大豆总叶片干物质量和总叶面积、绿叶和黄叶干物质量及总生物量均明显增加;O3浓度倍增使大豆总叶干物质量和总叶面积、绿叶和黄叶干物质量及总生物量均下降;CO2与O3交互作用处理对大豆生物量的影响均表现为CO2>O3;CO2与O3持续倍增处理对大豆叶片老化的影响为O3>CO2,CO2与O3逐渐达倍增的处理在大豆鼓粒前CO2的缓解作用明显,鼓粒后CO2与O3的影响逐渐接近;大豆总生物量增长遵循自然增长曲线。     

不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响

【目的】氮和钾是作物生长所必需的大量元素,在水稻生长发育、产量形成等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。南方稻田缺钾以及氮钾肥不合理施用已成为限制水稻高产的重要影响因子。本研究在田间条件下,探讨了不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻生长发育与叶片生理特性的影响,进而阐明缺钾导致营养生长期水稻叶色暗绿的营养及生理机制。【方法】采用两因素完全随机设计田间试验,因素A为不同施氮水平,包括不施氮、低氮（N 90 kg/hm2）和正常施氮（N 180 kg/hm2）;因素B为不同施钾水平,包括不施钾和正常施钾（K₂O 120 kg/hm2）。测定水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期地上部干物质,叶面积指数,叶片氮、钾、镁和叶绿素含量（叶色值）,叶片含水率、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值。【结果】1）在不施氮条件下缺钾对水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下显著降低水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数;随施氮量的增加,缺钾对干物质及叶面积指数的影响加剧,其中N₁₈₀K₀处理的降幅最为明显;氮钾交互作用对水稻各生育期的干物质和叶面积指数均有显著或极显著影响。2）在不施氮条件下缺钾对分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下以上各指标显著增加,其中N₉₀K₀处理的叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量均可以达到N₁₈₀K₁₂₀处理水平;无论施氮与否,缺钾均显著降低分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片钾含量,而显著增加叶片镁含量。3）回归分析结果表明,比叶重与叶片可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。【结论】水稻干物质、叶面积指数、叶片营养及生理状况、叶色表现等对缺钾的响应明显受到施氮量的影响。在施氮条件下缺钾造成叶片中可溶性糖大量积累,进而导致比叶重增加;结合田间试验观察及叶片营养及生理性状可知,水稻叶色（叶绿素含量）在不施氮条件下不受缺钾的影响;而在施氮条件下,缺钾造成水稻叶片单位质量及单位叶面积氮含量和叶绿素含量显著增加,这是田间条件下水稻叶色呈现暗绿的主要原因,从而也影响生育期植株氮素营养诊断。     

Wirkungen von zeitlich begrenzten Stickstoff- und Cytokiningaben auf die Fahnenblatt- und Kornentwicklung von Weizen

Effects of temporary applications of nitrogen and cytokinins on the development of flag leaf and grain growth in wheat Influence of nitrogen and cytokinin treatments (N, Cy) restricted to the ‘early’ and ‘late’ grain filling period on different developmental processes was examined in two spring wheats grown in hydroculture under nutritional conditions that were nearly optimal for the overall-development. (1) As to the flag leaf, additional early N-supply raised maximum chlorophyll content only slightly, but as late applications strongly delayed pigment destruction and loss of green area. Corresponding treatments with Cy were effective in the same way, but to a lesser degree. The higher efficiency of late applications of N or Cy indicated their limiting function during senescence. (2) Early treatments which increased number of kernels in parts of the ear showed that endogenous N- or Cy-levels were not sufficient for grain setting. Grain growth was stimulated only by early Cy-applications in exp. II in which Cy had no effect on kernel number, whereas late treatments were generally ineffective. Different N-levels in plants obviously did not limit grain growth, but high ones favoured tillering which presumably prevented increase of yield. (3) The genotypes, Solo and Kolibri, although opposite in their character, showed comparable responses to treatments with slight differents only in the extent of the reaction.     

高能碳离子束辐射对玉米当代的生物学效应

为了研究高能碳离子诱变对玉米的影响,本研究利用高能碳离子处理昌7-2和PH6WC两个玉米自交系,分析当代植株的出苗率、株高、穗位高等表型,测定收获后的籽粒性状。结果表明,经高能碳离子辐射后,两个玉米自交系的出苗率显著降低,且在高剂量辐射下两个玉米自交系在2019年均有降低。植株表型分析结果发现,在2019年,昌7-2和PH6WC在40~100 Gy辐射下株高显著下降;在2020年,PH6WC在150 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在60~100 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80~100 Gy辐射下叶夹角增大;在2019年,昌7-2在40、100 Gy辐射下叶长显著降低,PH6WC在100 Gy辐射下叶长和叶宽显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80 Gy辐射下叶宽显著增加,在20 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著增加,而100 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著降低。在籽粒性状中,高剂量(60~100 Gy)辐射下的粒厚显著增加,粒长降低但百粒重有所增加,昌7-2比PH6WC更为明显。由上述结果可知,不同玉米种质的不同性状对高能碳离子的诱变处理效应存在差异,40~60 Gy是昌7-2较为适宜的诱变剂量,而PH6WC较为适宜的剂量为60~80 Gy。本研究结果可为玉米种子的高能碳离子诱变剂量筛选提供一定的理论依据。