噬菌体抗体库技术在水产养殖中的研究进展

噬菌体抗体库技术是将目的基因克隆到噬菌体的外壳蛋白基因组中,转染宿主菌后,使目的基因编码蛋白和外壳蛋白以融合蛋白的形式表达,呈现在噬菌体表面,通过一系列的筛选获得特异性噬菌体抗体分子.介绍了噬菌体抗体库技术在水产养殖过程中的疾病防控、水环境监测、水产品安全控制以及与抗体芯片结合研究等方面的研究进展.     

Mechanisms of antibody binding to a protein

The mechanisms of antibody binding to a protein were studied by an analysis of specific amino acid residues critical to nine antigenic sites on myohemerythrin. Rabbit antisera to the whole protein were assayed for binding to more than 1500 distinct peptide analogs differing from the protein sequence by single amino acid replacements. The results, combined with information from the three-dimensional crystallographic structure, were used to evaluate probable mechanisms of antibody binding at individual sites. The data from all sites examined indicate that initial binding to solvent-exposed amino acid residues may promote local side-chain displacements and thereby allow the participation of other, previously buried, residues.     

Complement fixation on cell surfaces by 19S and 7S antibodies

The mechanism of complement fixation on cell surfaces by whole antiserums, and by 19S and 7S fractions has been studied with a new comple-ment-fixation test. This test is based on the fixation and transfer of the activated first component of complement (C1a). We have concluded that a single molecule of 19S antibody in combination with antigen at the cell surface is sufficient to bind one molecule of C1a. For 7S antibodies at least two molecules in close proximity at the cell surface are required to fix one molecule of C1a.     

利用间接荧光抗体技术对微小隐孢子虫Cp16蛋白进行抗原定位

Cp16基因是从核糖体展示文库中筛选的微小隐孢子黏附相关基因,为了确定Cp16蛋白是否是微小隐孢子虫卵囊或子孢子表面抗原,构建了Pet-28 a-Cp16原核表达载体,将其转化至BL21大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达,经纯化获得重组蛋白Cp16。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫BAILB/c小鼠,ELISA方法测定IgG抗体滴度。利用间接荧光抗体技术进行抗原定位的初步研究。结果表明:隐孢子虫卵囊表面及子孢子表面富含Cp16蛋白。     

Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses

Certain human pathogens avoid elimination by our immune system by rapidly mutating the surface protein sites targeted by antibody responses, and consequently they tend to be problematic for vaccine development. The behavior described is prominent for a subset of viruses--the highly antigenically diverse viruses--which include HIV, influenza, and hepatitis C viruses. However, these viruses do harbor highly conserved exposed sites, usually associated with function, which can be targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Until recently, not many such antibodies were known, but advances in the field have enabled increasing numbers to be identified. Molecular characterizations of the antibodies and, most importantly, of the sites of vulnerability that they recognize give hope for the discovery of new vaccines and drugs.     

集胞蓝细菌PCC 6803中CcmK2蛋白多克隆抗体的制备与检测

CcmK2蛋白是集胞蓝细菌PCC 6803羧酶体外壳蛋白的主要组分,在羧酶体的组装与功能行使方面扮演重要角色。为解析其功能,本研究构建了原核表达载体pET28a-CcmK2,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达带有6个组氨酸标签的CcmK2重组蛋白。通过金属亲和层析技术,将CcmK2重组蛋白纯化后免疫家兔,制备抗CcmK2多克隆抗体。基于Dot blot分析的结果显示:该多克隆抗体能够有效检测蓝细菌CcmK2蛋白;进一步的抗体特异性分析显示,CcmK2多克隆抗体与其他羧酶体外壳蛋白存在微弱的抗原抗体反应;最后,通过Western blot分析证实该多克隆抗体能够特异而灵敏地检测集胞蓝细菌PCC 6803中CcmK2的丰度。     

马链球菌马亚种新疆株ZX表面蛋白的提取及免疫原性分析

为研究马链球菌马亚种新疆分离株 ZX 表面蛋白的免疫原性,用化学法提取该菌的表面蛋白,用 SDSG PAGE检测提取的表面蛋白,并将提取的表面蛋白与该菌免疫实验兔后产生的抗体及康复马血清反应,利用 WestG ernGblotting和 ELISA试验分析其免疫原性.结果表明,SDSGPAGE电泳可检测到分子量为45,34,33,30,27,20,16 kDa 7条主蛋白带.提取的7条蛋白带多数可与全菌免疫兔的抗体及康复马体内的抗体发生特异性的结合.用提取蛋白和全菌包被 ELISA对马血清的检测表明,二者的阳性吻合率在86．0％.表明提取的表面蛋白具有理想的免疫原性.     

Prokaryotic Expression, Ascitic Polyclonal Antibody Preparation and Identification of Cashmere Goat Izumo1

Izumol is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily locating on sperm, and is indispensable for sperm-egg fusion. According to its immunoglobulin-like domain in the extracellular region, Izumol was fractionated into 6 fragments (F0-F5) which were ligated with pGEX-4Tl to construct the prokaryotic expression vectors pGEX-Fn. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the GST-Fn fusion proteins were expressed successfully by induction with IPTG. GST-FO, a recombinant fusion protein of GST with the full length of extracellular region of mature cashmere goat Izumol, was purified by polyacrylamide gel slicing method and was used as an antigen to immunize the Kunming mouse to generate anti-GST-Izumo1 ascetic polyclonal antibody with intraperitoneal injection of SI80 cells. Subsequently, the anti-GST-Izumol polyclonal antibody was purified with miscellaneous antigen by glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. Western blotting analysis showed that the purified ascetic polyclonal antibody had high affinity to all 6 GST-Izumo1 fragment fusion proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis with this antibody displayed that the cashmere goat Izumol proteins were at the equatorial segment of sperm head surface. These results indicate that this polyclonal antibody has high specificity and lays the foundations for further study on the expression pattern of Izumol in cashmere goat testis and binding abilities of each extra-membrane fragment of Izumol to the egg surface.     

Immunization with an isolate-common surface protein protects cattle against anaplasmosis

Hemoparasitic diseases are endemic in half the world's livestock production areas and are the greatest obstacle to improved meat, milk, and fiber production in the Third World. The most prevalent of these diseases, anaplasmosis, occurs throughout tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for 50,000 to 100,000 cattle deaths annually in the United States alone. Despite its prevalence and the severity of the losses, an effective immunoprophylaxis for anaplasmosis has not been developed. A neutralization-sensitive epitope on a surface protein with a molecular weight of 105,000 (Am 105) of the causative rickettsia Anaplasma marginale was identified by monoclonal antibody inhibition of infectivity. This epitope was determined to be common to eight isolates with antigenic, morphologic, and protein structural differences. Cattle immunized with Am 105 purified by immunoaffinity chromatography were protected against challenge with virulent Anaplasma marginale. The identification of Am 105 as bearing isolate-common epitopes capable of inducing protection in immunized cattle provides the basis for the development of an effective subunit vaccine for bovine anaplasmosis.     

Immune Responses to the Attenuated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 168 Strain Vaccine by Intrapulmonic Immunization in Piglets

To investigate the immune responses to the attenuated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 168 strain vaccine, 8-15 d old piglets were immunized with M. hyopneurnoniae 168 strain vaccine by intrapulmonic route. And the specific IgG antibody in serum, lymphoproliferation, IFNT, and specific secretory IgA （SIgA） antibody in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected on 30 and 60 d post-immunization （DPI）, respectively. On 60 DPI, all the pigs except for those in health control group were challenged with a field M. hyopneumoniae strain JS. Necropsy was performed on 30 d post-challenge （DPC）. The results showed that IFN7 and specific SIgA were stimulated on surface of respiratory tract after immunization. And peripheral blood mononuclear cells could also be proliferated about 1.81 and 2.12 fold on 30 and 60 DPI when stimulated by M. hyopneumoniae protein in vitro. However, no serum IgG antibody against M. hyopneumoniae was detected during the whole immune phage. After challenge, vaccinated pigs were observed with only very slight histological lesion in individual lobes. None of vaccinated pigs showed any clinical signs. While the unvaccinated pigs from challenge control group showed varying degrees of clinical sign and severe macroscopical lesion of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine （MPS）. The result suggested that the attenuated M. hyopneumoniae 168 strain vaccine inoculated by intrapulmonic route could activate the systemic cellular immunity, the local mucosal immunity and IFNγ secretion in respiratory tract to against M. hyopneumoniae infection in piglets.     

Limited immunological recognition of critical malaria vaccine candidate antigens

Current vaccine development strategies for malaria depend on widespread immunological responsiveness to candidate antigens such as the zygote surface antigens and the sporozoite coat protein, the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. Since immunological responsiveness is controlled mainly by genes mapping within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the humoral immune response to the zygote surface antigens and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the CS protein were examined in MHC-disparate congenic mouse strains. Only two of six strains responded to the 230-kilodalton zygote surface antigen and another two strains responded to the 48/45-kilodalton surface antigen. From two mouse strains, expressing between them five different class I MHC molecules, there was recognition of only a single CTL epitope from the CS protein, which was from a polymorphic segment of the molecule. The restricted CTL response to this protein parallels the restricted antibody response to this protein observed in humans and mice. These findings suggest that subunit malaria vaccines now being developed may be ineffective.     

O型口蹄疫病毒间接免疫荧光检测方法的建立

为建立猪O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)间接免疫荧光(IFA)检测方法,以猪抗O型口蹄疫病毒阳性血清为一抗、异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记的SPA蛋白(葡萄球菌蛋白A)为二抗,通过反应条件的优化,建立检测方法。结果表明,IFA最佳工作条件为,一抗最适稀释度为1∶50,FITC标记的二抗的最适稀释度为1∶800,最适孵育时间均为1h。特异性试验表明,用建立的IFA检测方法只能检测O型FMDV,而A型、AsiaⅠFMDV型和猪水疱病病毒(SVDV)检测结果均为阴性。建立的检测O型FMDV抗原的IFA检测方法具有特异、敏感、简便、快速等优点,可用于FMDV感染的实验室诊断及其在感染机体中的定位和动态分布研究。     

Prokaryotic Expression, Ascitic Polyclonal Antibody Preparation and Identification of Cashmere Goat Izumol

Izumol is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily locating on sperm, and is indispensable for sperm-egg fusion. According to its immunoglobulin-like domain in the extracellular region, Izumol was fractionated into 6 fragments （F0-F5） which were ligated with pGEX-4T1 to construct the prokaryotic expression vectors pGEX-Fn. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3） and the GST-Fn fusion proteins were expressed successfully by induction with IPTG. GST-F0, a recombinant fusion protein of GST with the full length of extracellular region of mature cashmere goat Izumol, was purified by polyacrylamide gel slicing method and was used as an antigen to immunize the Kunming mouse to generate anti-GST-Izumol ascetic polyclonal antibody with intraperitoneal injection of S 180 cells. Subsequently, the anti-GST-Izumol polyclonal antibody was purified with miscellaneous antigen by glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. Western blotting analysis showed that the purified ascetic polyclonal antibody had high affinity to all 6 GST-Izumol fragment fusion proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis with this antibody displayed that the cashmere goat Izumol proteins were at the equatorial segment of sperm head surface. These results indicate that this polyclonal antibody has high specificity and lays the foundations for further study on the expression pattern of Izumol in cashmere goat testis and binding abilities of each extra-membrane fragment of Izumol to the egg surface.     

Biochemical basis of mating in yeast

One mating type of the yeast Hansenula wingei possesses a specific protein on its cell surface which is complementary to a specific polysaccharide on the cell surface of the opposite mating type. The initial phase of mating in which cells of opposite types combine is therefore analogous to a reaction between an antibody and a polysaccharide antigen.     

链球菌表面烯醇化酶重组蛋白多克隆抗体的制备

制备M6型GAS表面烯醇化酶抗体。皮下多点注射GAS表面烯醇化酶重组蛋白(rSEN)免疫家兔,采用亲和层析纯化免疫血清,通过SDS-PAGE、ELISA、Western-Blot等方法检测抗体的特异性,并初步用制备的抗体检测了M6血清型GAS表面烯醇化酶的表达。制备的抗体蛋白纯度较高,检测的特异性较强,用制备的抗体可以检测到活体菌表面的烯醇化酶。成功制备并纯化得到了GAS表面烯醇化酶多克隆抗体。     

The spiral structure of the outer Milky Way in hydrogen

We produce a detailed map of the perturbed surface density of neutral hydrogen in the outer Milky Way disk, demonstrating that the Galaxy is a non-axisymmetric multiarmed spiral. Spiral structure in the southern half of the Galaxy can be traced out to at least 25 kiloparsecs, implying a minimum radius for the gas disk. Overdensities in the surface density are coincident with regions of reduced gas thickness. The ratio of the surface density to the local median surface density is relatively constant along an arm. Logarithmic spirals can be fit to the arms with pitch angles of 20 degrees to 25 degrees .     

Dimethyl sulfide in the surface ocean and the marine atmosphere: a global view

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) has been identified as the major volatile sulfur compound in 628 samples of surface seawater representing most of the major oceanic ecozones. In at least three respects, its vertical distribution, its local patchiness, and its distribution in oceanic ecozones, the concentration of DMS in the sea exhibits a pattern similar to that of primary production. The global weightedaverage concentration of DMS in surface seawater is 102 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per liter, corresponding to a global sea-to-air flux of 39 x 10(12) grams of sulfur per year. When the biogenic sulfur contributions from the land surface are added, the biogenic sulfur gas flux is approximately equal to the anthropogenic flux of sulfur dioxide. The DMS concentration in air over the equatorial Pacific varies diurnally between 120 and 200 nanograms of sulfur (DMS) per cubic meter, in agreement with the predictions of photochemical models. The estimated source flux of DMS from the oceans to the marine atmosphere is in agreement with independently obtained estimates of the removal fluxes of DMS and its oxidation products from the atmosphere.     

口蹄疫病毒VPg2基因克隆表达及VPg2-ELISA检测抗体评价

 成功亚克隆了口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）太保毒株3ABC中VPg2基因，并将其插入pGEX-4T-1表达载体构建重组表达质粒，Western blotting分析表明，表达的VPg2蛋白与FMDV阳性血清发生反应。以VPg2表达蛋白为抗原建立间接ELISA方法，对背景清楚的试验牛血清进行检测，结果VPg2表达蛋白与空白对照组（C组）和灭活疫苗反复免疫组（CI组）牛血清均不发生反应，与未免疫直接攻毒组（D组）和免疫后攻毒组（I组）血清均发生反应；对D组和I组，VPg2表达蛋白抗体持续时间最长，可达90d，最早呈阳性反应时间为攻毒后第10天。VPg2表达蛋白抗体持续时间与先前测定的3ABC表达蛋白抗体几乎相同。用VPg2-ELISA方法检测2 170份进口阴性牛血清，12份出现假阳性，假阳性率为0.55%，而用3ABC-ELISA方法检测，48份出现假阳性，假阳性率为2.21%。     

Structure of Mars' Atmosphere up to 100 Kilometers from the Entry Measurements of Viking 2

The Viking 2 entry science data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10 percent greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site, which implies a landing site elevation lower by 2.7 kilometers than the reference ellipsoid; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to approximately 25 degrees K at 90 kilometers. These waves are believed to be a consequence of layered vertical oscillations and associated heating and cooling by compression and expansion, excited by the daily thermal cycling of the planet surface. As is necessary for gravity wave propagation, the atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 degrees N. Thus, ground level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.