陇中旱农区不同品种马铃薯水氮利用效率研究

以12个马铃薯品种为研究对象,连续2 a（2022—2023年）设置不施氮(0 kg·hm^-2)和施氮(180 kg·hm^-2) 2个施氮水平,分析不同品种马铃薯产量和水氮效率特征,并采用隶属函数法对各马铃薯品种进行综合评价。结果表明：品种、氮水平和品种×氮水平都对晚熟马铃薯产量均具有极显著影响,而氮水平×品种对中熟品种无显著影响。连续2 a供氮条件下中熟品种产量变幅为8 289.39~22 011.61 kg·hm^-2,晚熟品种产量变幅为8 192.57~20 308.58 kg·hm^-2。基于2 a施氮和不施氮条件下各品种块茎产量,将不同马铃薯品种按照不同氮效率划分为4种类型,即双高型（‘京张薯1号’、‘陇薯20号’、‘青薯9号’、‘陇薯15号’、‘陇薯16号’）、低氮高效型（‘V7’、‘陇薯14号’）、高氮高效型（‘陇薯10号’）和双低型（‘冀张薯12号’、‘希森6号’、‘定薯3号’、‘陇薯22号’）。相关性分析结果表明：氮素吸收效率、氮肥表观利用率与产量呈极显著正相关关系（R²=0.4438^**,R²=0.4211^**）,马铃薯产量与块茎含氮量间呈极显著正相关关系（R²=0.5302^**,R²=0.4357^**）,说明在施氮和不施氮条件下,马铃薯块茎含氮量越高则其产量越高。隶属函数分析结果表明：中熟品种‘京张薯1号’（D_i=0.90）、晚熟品种‘青薯9号’（D_i=0.90）和‘陇薯10号’（D_i=0.87）具有较高的综合水氮效率和产量表现,可作为水氮高效品种在陇中旱作区进行推广。     

不同青稞品种（系）芽期耐盐性鉴定

以34份青稞品种（系）种子为材料,通过测定发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数等指标进行芽期的耐盐性鉴定,并应用主成分分析、隶属函数法等方法对青稞材料进行了多指标耐盐性综合评价。结果表明：耐盐性较强的材料是XQ0478、白玉青稞、XQ0792、XQ0198和N4-1等;耐盐性相对较弱的材料有矮黑六、矮六密、9718和9803-2。用综合指标值（D）进行聚类分析,可将34份青稞品种（系）聚为三类： A类的青稞材料有8份,其D＞0.5,代表耐盐性较强的品种（系）;B类的青稞材料有4份,其D＜0.3,代表耐盐性较敏感的品种（系）;C类的青稞材料有22份,其0.3≤D≤0.5,为中度耐盐性品种（系）。     

不同水肥配合对马铃薯产量的影响

通过马铃薯膜下滴灌水肥耦合盆栽试验,以补水时期（X₁）、补灌定额(X₂）、施氮量（X₃）、施磷量（X₄）、施钾量（X₅）为试验因素,采用5因素5水平（1/2实施）的二次旋转回归正交组合试验设计。研究了不同氮、磷、钾配施对马铃薯产量的影响,创建了马铃薯产量与补水时期、氮、磷、钾施用量和灌水量关系方程。结果表明：各因素的作用顺序为：X₅＞X₄＞X₃＞X₂＞X ₁,各因子的交互项对马铃薯产量的影响顺序为X₄X₅＞X₃X₅＞X₂X₄＞X₂X₅＞X₂X₃;在以产量为目标函数时,最高产量为33.785 t·hm^-2时,补水时期为苗期灌水总量为灌溉定额的25%、现蕾期灌水总量为灌溉定额25%、初花期灌水总量为灌溉定额的50%;水肥耦合关系为灌溉定额为822 m³·hm^-2,施氮量、施磷量、施钾量分别为73.5 kg·hm^-2、224.4 kg·hm^-2、223.8 kg·hm^-2。     

盐碱地甜高粱光合特性及农艺性状变化研究

选用甜高粱中早熟品种“新高粱3号”、中晚熟品种“新高粱9号”,研究了盐碱地种植条件下其其光合参数、农艺性状变化特征。结果表明：(1) 与对照田相比,盐碱地条件下参试品种生育期间叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶绿素SPAD值(SPAD)的平均值均较低,差异达极显著水平（P＜0.01）,生育后期更为显著;新高粱3号在盐碱地的Pn、Gs、WUE、SPAD均值皆高于新高粱9号,Tr与Ci则低于新高粱9号。(2) 盐碱地新高粱3号生育期提前9 d,新高粱9号一直未抽穗。两品种盐碱地的生物产量分别低于对照田的57.8%和76.5%,含糖锤度分别低于对照田38.5%和100.0%。(3) 对照田新高粱3号、新高粱9号的Pn与Gs、PAR、Ta达到了极显著相关,新高粱3号的Pn和Tr达到显著相关;盐碱条件下,两品种的Pn与PAR、Ta、Ca达极显著和显著相关,与其它因子间相关不显著。甜高粱受盐碱胁迫净光合速率的下降原因抽穗前主要为气孔因素,抽穗后主要为非气孔因素。新高粱3号的耐盐碱能力强于新高粱9号。利用盐碱地种植甜高粱除选择合适的耐盐碱品种外,还应注重种植效益和土地质量保护等生态效益。     

不同灌水量对黄淮海地区冬小麦叶绿素荧光及光保护特性的影响

以黄淮海地区5个主栽冬小麦品种为材料,在田间条件下分析了不同灌水次数对冬小麦叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,随着灌水次数的减少,叶绿素a+b（Chla+b）含量,叶绿素a/b,类胡萝卜素（Car）含量,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,光化学猝灭系数(qP)以及光能利用率（LUE）都呈降低趋势,而初始荧光（Fo）呈增加趋势,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）呈先增后降的趋势。不同冬小麦品种对灌水次数的生理响应不同,在各个灌水处理中光能利用效率较高的冬小麦品种矮抗58和郑麦366适宜种植的范围较广,在灌三次水处理(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水)中光能利用效率较高而在灌两次水(越冬水+拔节水)或一次水(越冬水)光能利用率较低的冬小麦品种周麦18、豫麦49应该区划种植在水分条件较好或者有灌溉条件的地区才能发挥其品种的丰产优势。在干旱条件下矮抗58和郑麦366具有较高光能利用率的原因可能是有较强的光保护能力。     

不同青贮玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期耐盐碱性综合评价

以25个不同青贮玉米品种为试验材料,在宁夏银川北部盐碱地,通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期和成熟期的表型性状和光合气体交换参数进行耐盐碱性鉴定,并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同青贮玉米的耐盐碱强弱进行综合评价。结果表明：各青贮玉米品种处于不同生育期时对盐碱的敏感程度不同（发育阶段性）,同一时期不同品种之间耐盐碱性也存在着差异（品种特异性）。根据综合评价值（D值）大小,将耐盐碱性分为三级：D值大于0.6为强耐盐碱性材料;D值在0.2~0.6之间为中耐盐碱性材料;D值低于0.2为对盐碱敏感的材料。其中,在大喇叭口期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：科多8号、桂青贮1号和133-2/1528,D值分别为0.770、0.705和0.614;在成熟期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：H14/A18和桂青贮1号,D值分别为0.761和0.728;而表现为敏盐性的材料为H14/1528,D值在大喇叭口期和成熟期时分别为0.140和0.155;其余品种均属于中度耐盐碱材料,D值处于0.2~0.6之间。     

不同基因型燕麦苗期耐盐碱性分析 及其鉴定指标的筛选

为探讨不同基因型燕麦苗期的耐盐碱性,筛选适宜松嫩平原种植的燕麦品种,本研究采用Hoagland营养液水培法,以250 mmol·L^-1高浓度NaHCO₃胁迫模拟松嫩平原盐碱环境,对49份来自国内外不同地区的主栽燕麦品种进行研究。试验测定了250 mmol·L^-1 NaHCO₃胁迫下燕麦的株高（X₁）、根长（X₂）、地上部鲜重（X₃）、地下部鲜重（X₄）、地上部干重（X₅）、地下部干重（X₆）、地上部含水量（X₇）、地下部含水量（X₈）、根冠比（X₉）9个指标,以各单项指标的耐盐碱系数(SATC) 作为衡量耐盐碱性的依据,利用多元分析方法对不同燕麦品种耐盐碱能力进行了综合评价。结果表明：通过对各指标的耐盐碱系数进行主成分分析,得到X₄、X₇、X₈ 3个综合指标,涵盖了全部数据86.155%的信息量;通过隶属函数分析和聚类分析将49份燕麦品种分为3类,其中草莜1号、张燕7、T7等3个品种为耐盐碱品种,HLJ 1、白燕2号等41个品种为中度耐盐碱品种,三分三、坝莜13号等5个品种为盐碱敏感品种。     

不同品种春小麦耐旱性分析及鉴定指标筛选

为鉴定新疆不同品种春小麦的耐旱性,筛选耐旱关键性指标并建立可靠的耐旱性数学评价模型,以16个新疆主栽春小麦品种为研究材料,在干旱胁迫和充分灌溉两个条件下,测定全生育期15个相关指标,利用隶属函数、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法对新疆春小麦耐旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：与充分灌溉处理相比,干旱胁迫下灌浆初期叶绿素含量（SPAD₁）和灌浆中期冠层温度（CT）显著升高,其他指标不同程度降低。联合方差分析表明,水分和品种对春小麦的各项生理指标、农艺性状和产量性状等单项指标有不同程度的影响。通过主成分分析,以特征值大于1为标准得到6个主成分,可反映原耐旱指标信息的82.292%;通过隶属函数分析,得到不同品种小麦耐旱性综合评价值（D值）。根据综合得分进行聚类分析,将16个品种聚类为4种耐旱类型,其中强耐旱型3个、中耐旱型10个、弱耐旱型2个、旱敏感型1个。通过逐步回归分析法建立SPAD₁、成熟期干物质量（DM₃）、千粒重（TKW）的回归方程D=-2.258+1.299DM₃+1.148SPAD₃+0.475TKW,方程决定系数R²=0.962,P=0.0001,表明DM₃、SPAD₃和TKW可作为耐旱性的主要鉴定指标,利用回归方程可以进行春小麦品种耐旱性的快速鉴定和预测。     

非充分灌溉下8个小麦品种旗叶光合与产量及水分利用效率的关系

选择河北省推广面积较大的8个小麦品种,在非充分灌溉模式下,分别于抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期对小麦旗叶的气孔交换参数和荧光参数进行测定,分析不同品种旗叶光合特性及其与产量及水分利用效率的关系。结果表明：8个小麦品种的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）均表现为：抽穗期>灌浆期>乳熟期;叶片水分利用效率（LWUE）在抽穗期品种间差异较大,变化范围为3.7~7.9 μmol·mol ^-1,灌浆期品种间差异较小,在5.1~7.3 μmol·mol ^-1之间,乳熟期,婴泊700和邯农1412的LWUE分别高于其他品种约1~2 μmol·mol ^-1;8个小麦品种的实际光合效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光合活性（qP）均表现为：抽穗期>灌浆期>乳熟期;最大光合效率（F_v/F_m）在抽穗期和灌浆期,均稍高于0.80,乳熟期降低,在0.60~0.80之间。8个小麦品种的产量与灌浆期Pn、Tr和Gs均呈显著正相关,相关系数均在0.80左右,表明灌浆期较高的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度可作为高产的优选指标。在非充分灌溉条件下,轮选103、婴泊700、石麦26的产量均在7 500 kg·hm^-2以上,作物籽粒水分利用效率均在2 kg·m^-3左右,考虑抗旱能力、籽粒产量和水分利用效率,此3个小麦品种可作为河北省节水抗旱型小麦品种进行推广。     

陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌筛选与鉴定

为开发针对陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌资源,对陕西省宝鸡市凤县花椒根际土壤微生物进行分离培养,并测定了其对花椒的4种靶标病原菌,即干腐病菌（Fusarium zanthoxyli）、黑胫病菌（Phytophthora citrophthora）、根腐病菌（F. solani）和落叶病菌（Marssonina sp.）的抑菌活性。结果显示：从花椒根际土壤中共分离到297个微生物菌株,其中105个为真菌,192个为细菌。通过初筛,获得了20个对3种及以上靶标病原菌均具有显著拮抗作用的细菌菌株,经形态学和16S rDNA 序列分析,将其中7个鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）,5个鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（B. amyloliquefaciens）,3个鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）的不同种,2个鉴定为安徽黄杆菌（Flavobacterium anhuiense）,3个为其他种。经复筛和验证,发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P87的生防潜力最强,可以作为花椒病害生物防治的备选菌种。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.