规模化猪场猪群保健方案

在养猪生产中,规模化猪场会遇到许多困惑,诸如,饲料利用率低、料肉比升高,母猪窝产成活率低,猪病束手无策,僵猪不长,弱小猪易死、增重慢,出口药残超标,驱虫效果不理想,饲料霉菌霉素,保健方案等,其中,保健方案具有很重要的作用。猪全方位保健包括营养保健、免疫预防保健、卫生与消毒保健、药物预防保健、免疫增强保健、抗霉菌毒素保健、驱虫保健等。本文就规模化猪场猪只保健方案进行阐述,供同行借鉴。     

规模化猪场猪群保健方案

在养猪生产中，规模化猪场会遇到许多困惑，诸如，饲料利用率低、料肉比升高，母猪窝产成活率低，猪病束手无策，僵猪不长，弱小猪易死、增重慢，出口药残超标，驱虫效果不理想，饲料霉菌霉素，保健方案等，其中，保健方案具有很重要的作用。猪全方位保健包括营养保健、免疫预防保健、卫生与消毒保健、药物预防保健、免疫增强保健、抗霉菌毒素保健、驱虫保健等。本文就规模化猪场猪只保健方案进行阐述，供同行借鉴。     

如何做好母猪产后保健

为了减少母猪产后疾病的发生,帮助母猪快速恢复生产性能,使猪场经济效益最大化,必须做好母猪产后保健工作。母猪产后常见问题有产后感染、奶水不足、体重骤降、异食癖、便秘等,针对这些问题,临床常用的保健方式有物理保健、药物保健和管理保健等。规模化的猪场务必要本着"养大于防、防大于治"的原则,重视母猪产后保健,使经济效益最大化。     

规模奶牛场保健工作关键点试析

奶牛保健包括奶牛乳房、肢蹄、产后保健,以及奶牛产后监控和繁育保健。做好奶牛保健,不仅可以提高泌乳期产奶量,还可以提高繁殖效率,降低淘汰率,从而提高牛场经济效益。     

使用群体辩证对猪场进行中草药保健

为推广一套解决行之有效的猪场养殖、保健、预防、治疗系列思路与方法，本文采用空白对照组、化药保健组、中草药保健组、群体辩证中草药保健组、破壁酶解中草药保健组及群体辩证破壁酶解中草药保健组对猪场进行养殖管理，试验结果表明，群体辩证中草药保健组净增重显著高于中草药保健组、化药保健组和对照组，成活率也高于三个处理组，药费低于三个处理组；群体辩证破壁酶解中草药保健组的净增重显著高于其他处理组，摄食量则相反，成活率最高，料肉比和药费最低。因此，使用群体辩证对猪场进行中草药保健，尤其是破壁酶解中草药保健，对于抵制当前抗生素滥用、扭转养猪效益下滑、促进养猪场户增产增收将起到重要的实际推动。     

母猪保健的措施及注意事项

母猪作为猪场的核心和基础,是每个猪场饲养管理的重点,做好母猪保健工作是提高母猪产仔数、仔猪初生重和断奶重的关键,并且科学合理的保健还可以延长母猪的使用年限。母猪保健可以分为三个阶段,即配种阶段、分娩前阶段和分娩后阶段,要做好各阶段的保健工作,掌握好母猪保健的措施和程序,并要注意母猪保健的注意事项。     

浅谈规模化奶牛场如何强化保健工作

指出目前规模化奶牛场保健存在的问题及特点,提出疾病预防工作的比重应占整个保健工作80％以上的牛场保健思路,提出设防疫、治疗、保健专职兽医,并列出重点部门和各专职兽医的职责.     

猪的“保健”诌议

一、保健的概念及其实践意义1.保健的概念现代汉语词典上对于保健的解释是:保护健康。这种释义很直白,很简单。保健一词,是由保和健两字组成的。在汉语里,保字的主要含义有:保育、抚养;保佑;安定;守卫、保护;负责、保证。健字的含义是:强壮、健全。笔者认为,在保健这个概念中,保是     

低胆固醇保健功能鸡蛋的研究概况

食用低胆固醇保健鸡蛋,可以降血压和血糖、预防心血管系统疾病和糖尿痛等老年人常见的病症.简要概述了低胆固醇保健鸡蛋的保健功能、鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的调控机制、低胆固醇保健功能鸡蛋的研制途径及开发前景.     

浅谈猪场的保健预防

当前,猪病问题日益复杂,老病未除,新病不断,非典型性疾病增多,混合感染加剧,严重困扰着养猪业的发展。当疾病出现后,被动的药物治疗只能减少损失,不能增加收益。因此,在猪生长发育的各个阶段,有针对性地实施保健预防,制定科学的保健方案对猪场至关重要。1种猪保健预防种猪是猪场的核心猪群,对于自繁自养的规模猪场来说,养好种猪是重中之重。种猪保健包括后备种猪保健、种公猪驱虫保健和母猪保健。     

荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分及其对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响

为了探究荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分（body condition score,BCS）的影响因素及BCS对生产性能和离群寿命的影响,本研究收集江苏省某大型牛场2018年1月至2020年12月共7 811头荷斯坦牛泌乳前期BCS、生产性能测定（dairy herd improvement,DHI）结果及淘汰记录,利用多因素方差分析法在分析奶牛泌乳前期BCS变化及影响因素基础上,重点分析泌乳前期BCS及其变化对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响,利用Cox回归对泌乳前期不同BCS的荷斯坦牛生存曲线进行绘制,并对不同BCS荷斯坦牛的淘汰原因进行卡方检验。结果表明,全群泌乳前期BCS均值为（2.95 ±0.32）。胎次、产犊季节和泌乳天数对泌乳前期BCS有极显著影响（P<0.01）,1胎牛和夏季产犊的母牛泌乳前期BCS均最高;5~30、31~60、61~100 d BCS呈显著下降。泌乳前期BCS对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分等均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。产奶量和高峰奶量随BCS的增加呈极显著下降（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS与产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS的变化对SCS和高峰奶量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。泌乳前期BCS对离群胎次和淘汰月龄有极显著影响（P<0.01）。生存分析表明,BCS为2.75的牛只生存概率最大。2胎和4胎母牛、冬季产犊的母牛不同BCS淘汰比例均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）;低产淘汰的牛只泌乳前期BCS淘汰分布具有极显著差异（P<0.01）。在本研究牛群中,当泌乳前期BCS为2.75时,牛只生产性能较佳且淘汰风险最低,本研究为规模化牛场荷斯坦牛泌乳前期的饲养管理提供了参考。     

Relationship among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function during early lactation in high-yielding dairy cows

Blood indicators are used as a tool to diagnose metabolic disorders. The present work was conducted to study the relationships among blood indicators of lipomobilization and hepatic function in high-yielding dairy cows. Two groups of Holstein cows were studied: 27 early lactation cows and 14 mid lactation cows from four different herds with similar husbandry characteristics in Galicia, Spain. Blood samples were obtained to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Cows in early lactation had higher levels of BHB and NEFA than mid lactation cows. High lipomobilization (NEFA > 400 µmol/L) was detected in 67% and 7% of early lactation and mid lactation cows, respectively, while subclinical ketosis (BHB > 1.2 mmol/L) was detected in 41% and 28% of the early lactation and lactation cows, respectively. TG concentrations were low in all cows suffering subclinical ketosis and in 61% of the cows with high lipomobilization. During early lactation, 30% of cows suffered hepatic lipidosis as detected by levels of AST. Compromised hepatic function was observed in early lactation cows as shown by lower concentrations of glucose, total protein, and urea.     

缩短哺乳期和早期补饲对晋南牛犊牛增重效果的影响

选用３６头晋南牛初生犊牛，分成试验１组、试验２组和对照组共３组，每组１２头（公母各半），试验组与对照组采用不同的断奶期和精料补饲量，以此来探讨早期断奶和早期补饲对增重的影响。结果表明缩短哺乳期，增加混合精料补饲量比延长哺乳期的效果好。哺乳期相同情况下，增加精料补饲量可取得较好的增重效果。     

Follicular turnover and hormonal association in postpartum goats during early and late lactation

To clarify the effect of lactation period on ovarian follicular activity and associated hormonal levels in goats, six goats were monitored daily by ultrasonographic examination with blood sampling during early (Days 5 to 25; Day 0 was the day of kidding) and late (Days 40 to 60) lactation. While the presence of a corpus luteum of pregnancy retarded follicular growth in the ipsilateral ovary until Days 11-13 postpartum, the total follicular number (TFN) and area (TFA) increased during late lactation due to the significant increase in the number of medium- and large-sized follicles and decrease in the number of small follicles. Four goats showed a similar pattern of follicular development during the period studied characterized by the emergence of five and six waves during the early and late lactation, respectively. The largest follicle diameter of the first three waves monitored during early lactation was significantly smaller as compared with the diameter of those existing during late lactation. TFN showed a positive correlation with FSH but showed a negative correlation with immunoreactive (ir-) inhibin and estradiol during the postpartum period. TFA was positively correlated with ir-inhibin, estradiol and PRL and negatively correlated with FSH during the monitored periods. The plasma levels of ir-inhibin and progesterone were significantly higher during late lactation compared with the levels recorded during early lactation. Ir-inhibin levels showed a significant positive correlation with LH and estradiol during early and late lactation but showed a negative correlation with FSH during the whole lactation period. LH was positively correlated with estradiol and PRL during early and late lactation, respectively. These results suggest that the lactation period has a detrimental effect on ovarian activity during the early postpartum period in goats.     

Characterization of ruminal dynamics in Holstein dairy cows during the periparturient period

We used four pregnant Holstein cows to delineate ruminal adaptations as cows transitioned from one lactation to the next. Cows were fed typical diets through far-off and close-up dry periods and lactation. We measured ruminal characteristics on day 72 (late lactation), 51 (far-off dry), 23 and 9 (close-up dry) prepartum and on days 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, 76 and 90 postpartum (early lactation). Measurements included: ruminal fill (weight of actual contents), ruminal capacity (volume of rumen when fully filled), digestibilities and ruminal passage rates. Ruminal capacity tended to increase linearly during early lactation but was stable during dry and transition periods. Both total and liquid fill decreased linearly during the dry period, increased across parturition, and increased linearly through early lactation. Dry matter fill decreased as cows were fed the close-up diet at day 23 prepartum then increased near parturition and continued to increase across early lactation. Solid passage rate was greatest when cows were fed the close-up diet, and decreased throughout the transition period. In lactation, solid passage rate responded quadratically with peak at day 48 followed by decreases through day 90 postpartum. Liquid passage increased linearly across the transition period. Total tract organic matter digestibilities increased linearly over the dry period with significant increases prior to or immediately after parturition, then they remained relatively stable over early lactation until they increased at day 90. Fibre digestibilities demonstrated quadratic responses over early lactation, being higher on day 6 and day 90 than at other times. Starch digestibilities decreased linearly across both the dry and transition periods with decreases in lactation until day 62 followed by increases until day 90. High producing lactating dairy cows go through a multitude of ruminal adaptations, in terms of digestion, passage, capacity and fill, as they transition from one lactation to the next.     

益康XP对奶牛产后日粮适应及生产性能影响的研究

选取围产期(产前3～4周以内)健康奶牛20头和泌乳前期(泌乳天数小于56天)健康奶牛66头,按照胎次、泌乳天数和产量相同或相似的原则进行配对,分为围产期和泌乳期两个处理,每个处理又分为试验组和对照组。试验组和对照组的日粮组成相同,日粮由精料、羊草、苜蓿干草、青贮、混合料及一些糟粕类组成,试验组牛每天另添加酵母培养物益康“XP”60g,一次性投喂,试验期180天。结果表明:泌乳期试验牛产奶比对照组平均高2.10kg(p<0.05),差异显著;围产期试验牛产奶日平均比对照组高1.21kg(p>0.05),益康XP组泌乳期试验牛和围产期试验牛的乳脂率和乳蛋白均有一定的改善,但差异不显著。泌乳期试验中,两组体细胞数数据跳越性大,无明显改善效果,而在围产期试验中试验组初期(前60天)低于对照组,但整体高于对照组(P>0.05),且两组均值都小于35万/ml;本研究中,情期受胎率,两个处理中试验组和对照组无明显差异;泌乳期试验组乳房炎发病少于对照组,但围产期试验组乳房炎稍多,蹄病发病率却正好与乳房炎发病相反;产科疾病中试验组出现1次(死胎),对照组出现5次(4次胎衣不下,1次倒生助产)。     

泌乳前期水牛能量代谢及其需要量初探

本试验旨在通过析因法获得泌乳前期水牛能量需要量.选用30头体况良好、上一泌乳期泌乳量相近、产犊胎次(2、3胎)接近、健康的泌乳前期水牛,随机分为3组,每组10头,采用等粗蛋白质(13.3%)、3种能量水平的精饲料,产乳净能分别为6.0、6.6和7.2 MJ/kg.预试期15 d,正试期30 d.于正试期第24、28天分...     

胎次和泌乳阶段对奶牛体细胞数和乳损失量的影响

通过奶牛生产性能（dairy herd improvement,DHI）测定体细胞数,探究奶牛的胎次及其不同泌乳阶段对其乳体细胞数（somatic cell count,SCC）和乳损失量的影响。通过对某养殖场泌乳期奶牛DHI的测定进行分析,结果表明：体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）随奶牛胎次的增加而增加,但SCS在不同胎次的不同泌乳阶段表现有所不同。一胎牛SCS随着泌乳期的延长而增加,前期、中期与后期的SCS呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）;二胎牛与三胎牛SCS呈现相同变化规律,泌乳前期的SCS较泌乳中期高,而泌乳后期SCS显著高于前2个泌乳阶段（P＜0.05）。乳损失量随胎次的增加整体呈现增加趋势,且泌乳早期和泌乳后期乳损失量高于泌乳中期。     

Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows

The reported effects of feeding on growth hormone (GH) secretion in ruminants have been inconsistent, and are likely influenced by energy status of animals. High-producing dairy cows in early lactation and late lactation were used to assess the effects of energy balance on temporal variation of plasma metabolites and hormones. Cows were fed a single diet once daily, and feed was withdrawn for 90 min prior to feeding. Beginning at the time of feed withdrawal, plasma samples were collected via jugular catheters hourly for 24h. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and GH were measured for all samples, while insulin, glucose, and acylated (active) ghrelin were quantified for four sample times around feeding. As expected, calculated energy balance was significantly lower in early lactation than late lactation cows (-43.5 MJ retained/day versus 7.2 MJ retained/day). Following the primary meal of the day, a GH surge was observed in early lactation but not in late lactation cows. This difference was not explained by temporal patterns in non-esterified fatty acid, insulin, or glucose concentrations. However, a preprandial ghrelin surge was observed in early lactation only, suggesting that ghrelin was responsible for the prandial GH surge in this group. Results of a stepwise regression statistical analysis showed that both preprandial ghrelin concentration and energy balance were significant predictors of prandial GH increase over baseline. Adaptations to negative energy balance in lactating dairy cattle likely include enhanced ghrelin secretion and greater GH response to ghrelin.     

Genetic analysis of fat‐to‐protein ratio,milk yield and somatic cell score of Holstein cows in Japan in the first three lactations by using a random regression model

We estimated the genetic parameters of fat‐to‐protein ratio (FPR) and the genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield or somatic cell score in the first three lactations in dairy cows. Data included 3 079 517 test‐day records of 201 138 Holstein cows in Japan from 2006 to 2011. Genetic parameters were estimated with a multiple‐trait random regression model in which the records within and between parities were treated as separate traits. The phenotypic values of FPR increased soon after parturition and peaked at 10 to 20 days in milk, then decreased slowly in mid‐ and late lactation. Heritability estimates for FPR yielded moderate values. Genetic correlations of FPR among parities were low in early lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield were positive and low in early lactation, but only in the first lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and somatic cell score were positive in early lactation and decreased to become negative in mid‐ to late lactation. By using these results for genetic evaluation it should be possible to improve energy balance in dairy cows.