蓼蓝齿胫叶甲寄主专食性的研究

对11科36种植物测试的结果表明，蓼蓝齿胫叶甲嗜食蓼科植物，尤其喜食酸模属和蓼属的植物，专食性强。蓼蓝齿胫叶甲在酸模、巴天酸模和皱叶酸模上产卵量多，发育进度快，幼虫死亡率低，羽化率高；经田间多点、多次调查，由于蓼蓝齿胫叶甲的取食，使酸模、巴天酸模和皱叶酸模自然死亡率达90％以上。强迫取食试验未发现危害任何经济作物。该虫蓼科杂草上繁殖力强，对自然控制蓼科杂草起重要作用，有一定的应用价值。     

蓼科杂草的重要天敌——蓼蓝齿胫叶甲

蓼蓝齿胫叶甲是蓼科杂草的重要天敌 ,以成虫、幼虫取食寄主叶片、叶柄和和植株生长点 ,导致全株枯死。该虫在宜昌 1年发生 1代,2月底至 3月初成虫出蛰取食、交配产卵 ,3月中旬始见幼虫,4月上旬至 6月上旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹 ,4月中旬以后成虫陆续羽化 ,以未交配成虫在土壤中越夏越冬。该虫历期卵7～10d ,幼虫10～20d ,蛹5～10d ,成虫期长达1年之久     

酸模角胫叶甲控制齿果酸模效果观察

酸模角胫叶甲（C．astrophysa atroeyanea Motschulsky．）是蓼科杂草的天敌昆虫,寡食性,对农田常见杂草齿果酸模（Rumex dentatus L．）有很好的控制作用。成虫、幼虫取食齿果酸模叶片,大龄幼虫群集蚕食叶片,使之仅剩叶脉,导致植株枯死。酸模角胫叶甲1年发生1代,以成虫在寄主植物根部13～17cm深土中越冬、越夏。翌年3月中旬越冬成虫出土,取食、交配、产卵,孵化幼虫大量取食,老熟幼虫入土化蛹,羽化成虫出土活动,5月下旬至6月中旬成虫入土越夏、越冬。控草期达50～60d。     

一种专食杂草的甲虫

齿果酸模是农田中常见的一种杂草,1997年笔者发现该杂草上有一种甲虫取食,虫量大时,全株叶片被吃光,只留叶脉,导致整株枯死。经鉴定为蓼蓝解胫叶甲（Gastrophysaatrocyanea）。据文献记载,蓼蓝角胫叶甲是一种寡食性昆虫,寄主为蓼科植物,是蓼科杂草的重要天敌,为了保护和利用这种食草昆虫,现将其形态特征和生活习性报道如下：1、形态特征（见图1）成虫体蓝黑色,腹末节黄褐色,椭圆形,体长5．O－5．snun,宽3mm,怀卵雌虫体稍大,腹部肥大腹端外露于鞘翅,触角11节,端部6节明显加租,前胸背板模宽,基部比鞘翅路狭,具小圆刻点…     

酸模草天敌羊蹄齿胫叶和凹胸萤叶

羊蹄齿胫叶(虫甲)(Gasfrophysa alrocyfltlca Motschulsky) (又名蓼蓝角胫叶(虫甲))和凹胸萤叶(虫甲)(Inadimonia polanini Ogloblin),也是田园重要杂草巴天酸模(Rumex patientia L.)的天敌。现就田间观察和室内饲养的结果简报如下:     

萹蓄角胫叶(虫甲)的生活史与寄生物候期的关系

萹蓄角腔叶(虫甲)(Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky)(鞘翅目叶(虫甲)科)是麦田、旱谷田蓼科杂草:萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)、酸模(Rumex crispus)、白花蓼(Polygonumorientale)及红花蓼(P.hydropiper)等的狭食性天敌,是一种有一定利用前景的本地杂草生防作用物。在江苏、福建、湖北等省田间,对蓼科杂草表现出明显的防除效果。该虫的形态特征、生活习性、食性范围及对蓼科杂草的控制效果等已有初步报道。本文根据     

应用斯氏线虫防治桑皱鞘叶甲

应用斯氏属小卷蛾线虫Steinernema carpocapsae(A24品系）对桑皱鞘叶甲Abirus fortunei(Baly）进行了室内和田间感染试验。在25～30℃的室内条件下，1500～2000条线虫/ml的处理使桑皱鞘叶甲幼虫感染率达86%～100%。在9～10月份，先清除田间杂草，然后在桑园开沟，按45～75万条线虫/m^2的剂量施用小卷蛾线虫，对幼虫的防治效果可达88.3%～96.2%，并使次年成虫的出土数量减少46.2%～86.7%。此种防治方法，避免了在春蚕期间摘叶饲蚕与桑皱鞘叶甲化学防治的矛盾，显示出应用昆虫病原线虫防治桑皱鞘叶甲的良好前景。     

红胫潜跳甲生物学特性观察及防治试验

红胫潜跳甲在甘肃白龙江沿岸花椒产区1年发生1代,以成虫在树冠下的疏松土、沙石缝、杂草和枯枝落叶内越冬。翌年于椒树花芽萌动时,越冬成虫陆续出蛰活动。成虫为害叶片,造成缺刻或孔洞,幼虫蛀食花序梗和复叶柄,使花序和复叶萎蔫下垂,继而黑枯。幼虫期为害最严重,其次为成虫期。成虫善跳,11:00～16:00为活动高峰期。5月上、中旬是为害盛期。最佳防治时期为春季越冬成虫上树产卵期和幼虫孵化盛期。     

草地螟成虫产卵行为及中耕除草灭卵控害作用研究

草地螟成虫产卵对植物有明显的选择性。通过多年来田间调查和分析,杂草是草地螟成虫产卵首选寄主,其中以藜科、蓼科、菊科等的杂草落卵量多、落卵比率大,禾本科的狗尾草和稗草也是草地螟成虫主要产卵寄主,一些作物上草地螟成虫也产卵。通过及早和适时采取中耕除草能起到理想的避(灭)卵作用,对减轻草地螟为害程度可起到理想的控害作用。     

矢尖蚧的重要天敌-日本方头甲生物学特性研究

日本方头甲广泛分布于我国各柑桔产区,是盾蚧科害虫的重要天敌。本文报道1978～1980年的调查研究结果。在重庆年发生3～5代,世代重叠。田间观察表明,一年中幼虫出现达7个月左右;成虫周年可见。捕食盾蚧科害虫9种,粉蚧科害虫1种,叶螨科害虫1种,并具有嗜食矢尖蚧雄虫的习性。成虫日取食矢尖蚧一龄末期雄虫70.3头。三氯杀螨醇、石硫合剂、溴氰菊酯和机油乳剂对本种天敌的成虫和幼虫都较安全。     

Gastrophysa atrocyanae (Col: Chrysomelidae), an agent for biological control of the dock,Rumex japonicus (Polygonaceae) in China

Abstract

The biology and host specificity of the beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motch were studied in the laboratory in Nanchang, China. This univoltine insect completed its immature stage in 32–39 days with adult overwintering in soil. A total of 35 plant species from 21 families were tested. Both larvae and adults attacked Rumex japonicus and Rumex acetosa with R. japonicus the main host. Larvae also attacked two Polygonum species, P. hydropiper and P. perfoliatum. But the adults are not concurrent with the two Polygonum species. Though oviposition occurred on five other plant species, none of them supported larval development. Field observations showed that G. atrocyanae caused a progressive decline in natural R. japonicus populations. Thus it is recommended as a valuable biological agent for this weed.     

多异瓢虫在3种豆科杂草上的种群动态及对其趋性行为反应

为阐明田埂杂草对多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的保育作用以及多异瓢虫对其趋性行为反应,为棉田蚜虫等害虫的绿色防控奠定重要的理论基础,本文采用种群系统调查法研究新疆棉区田埂3种常见豆科杂草(甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis、骆驼刺Alhagi camelorum、苦豆子Sophora alopecuroides)上多异瓢虫和棉黑蚜Aphis atrata的种群动态并分析二者的相关性,同时通过Y形嗅觉仪测试多异瓢虫雌雄成虫对3种豆科杂草不同处理的趋性行为反应。结果表明：5月下旬至6月下旬,田埂3种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫成虫和幼虫的种群密度均较高,最大值分别达1.35～2.80头/m²和0.93～1.80头/m²,在这一时期每种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫的猎物棉黑蚜种群密度也较高;在整个调查期间3种豆科杂草上多异瓢虫与棉黑蚜的种群密度均显著相关,相关系数分别为0.923(甘草)、0.774(骆驼刺)、0.839(苦豆子)。同时,多异瓢虫雌雄成虫对3种豆科杂草不同处理间的趋性选择反应相似,均为棉黑蚜为害植株>棉黑蚜>健...     

山东省德州市棉田杂草种类及其发生规律研究

为明确山东省德州市棉田杂草发生、危害状况,于2013年对德州地区棉田杂草种类、出土规律及其群落自然消长动态进行了调查。结果表明：山东省德州市棉田杂草有19种,隶属于13个科,其中禾本科杂草的发生种类最多,而牛筋草、鳢肠和马唐的发生数量最为显著;田间共有3个杂草出土高峰,分别集中在5月中旬、6月底和8月中旬,前两个出土高峰中杂草的出土量较大;自然混生杂草群落内的总杂草数量在6月底达到峰值且在棉花整个生长季节内呈单峰变化。     

草地贪夜蛾对田间禾本科杂草的产卵和取食选择性

明确草地贪夜蛾的寄主偏好性有利于更好地掌握其田间种群发生动态,指导农业防控。本文分别以玉米、小麦及其田间常见的禾本科杂草为测试对象,研究草地贪夜蛾成虫、幼虫对嗜食寄主及禾本科杂草的选择性和初孵幼虫取食不同植物的存活率。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾成虫产卵具有明显的选择性,在玉米上日均产卵量为(315.59±49.87)粒,占在所有供试植物上总产卵数量的71.17%,显著高于其在玉米田禾本科杂草上的日均产卵量,其在玉米田不同种类杂草上的产卵量差异不显著。草地贪夜蛾成虫在小麦上的日均产卵量为(243.40±18.24)粒,占所有供试植物上总产卵数量的46.98%,且显著高于在麦田禾本科杂草上的产卵量。1~2龄幼虫对玉米和马唐的取食选择率无显著差异,但显著高于玉米田其他杂草;1~3龄幼虫对小麦和节节麦的取食选择率无显著差异,但显著高于麦田其他杂草;对供试杂草的取食选择率随龄期增高逐渐降低,对玉米和小麦的选择性随龄期增加而增强;草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫在玉米及玉米田禾本科杂草上的存活率无显著差异,最低为95.89%;在小麦及麦田禾本科杂草上,以雀麦上的成活率最低,为85.22%,显著低于小麦和其他禾本科杂草。     

Influence of weedy field margins on abundance patterns of the predatory bugs <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Orius</Emphasis> spp. and their prey,the western flower thrips (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Frankliniella occidentalis</Emphasis>), on faba bean

The influence of weedy field strips on the abundance patterns of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and predatory bugs of Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), on faba bean and on weeds was investigated in Adana province, Turkey, during 2005–2006. There were two treatments: in one treatment, weeds at the margins and inside the plots were regularly controlled by tillage; in the other treatment no weed control was done. Thrips and Orius were sampled by beating faba bean plants and weeds. Orius niger (Wolff) was the most abundant predatory insect species in faba bean and flowering weeds, with numbers of adults and nymphs significantly greater in plots with weedy margins than in weed-free plots. Flowering weeds did not contribute to the abundance of F. occidentalis on faba bean. Abundance of adults of Orius spp. did not coincide with the abundance of F. occidentalis on faba bean or weeds. There were significant negative associations for numbers of Orius spp. among faba bean and the weed species Lamium amplexicaule L. or Sinapis arvensis L. (P < 0.05), indicating movement of Orius individuals from the weeds to faba bean during March–April. Finally, faba bean and weeds may provide some benefits to predators, such as nectar, pollen, shelter and egg-laying sites rather than as sources of insect prey. Cultivation of faba bean could be useful for conservation and augmentation of beneficial insects, including Orius spp. Furthermore, field margins bearing flowering weeds such as S. arvensis and L amplexicaule should be protected against destructive management practices, because they host considerable numbers of the Orius species.     

合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药创制与产业化

病虫草害防控是国家总体安全建设的重要组成部分。微生物天然产物农药是病虫草害绿色防控体系的重要成员, 在保障国家粮食安全、生态安全和农产品质量安全, 筑牢国家生物安全屏障中具有重要作用。链霉菌以能够产生丰富的次级代谢产物而著称, 是天然产物农药的资源宝库, 也是重要的天然产物药物的工业生产菌。然而, 随着病虫草害抗药性增强, 新发、突发病虫草害增多等问题不断涌现, 以及天然产物研究面临新骨架、高活性化合物发现难度增大, 工业菌株产量提升困难等瓶颈, 链霉菌天然产物农药创制与应用正面临巨大挑战。合成生物学作为一门交叉学科, 突破了生物学研究的传统模式, 为天然产物药物研发提供了新的思路与策略。本文综述了近年来合成生物学在链霉菌研究领域的技术革新, 以及合成生物学在推动链霉菌天然产物资源发现、天然产物高效生物制造等方面的研究进展, 并对合成生物学助力链霉菌天然产物农药的创制与产业化进行了展望。     

我国稻田养殖防虫除草的研究概况

利用稻田养殖控制稻田害虫和杂草是水稻有害生物可持续治理的有效措施之一。本文综述了稻田养殖治虫除草效果,相关养殖技术及其产生的生态和经济效益。     

微生物及其天然产物防治杂草的发展及展望

概述了利用微生物及其天然产物防治杂草的潜在优势和研究进展，介绍已商品化和具有开发潜力的微生物除草剂及具有除草活性的微生物天然植物毒素。     

甜菜大龟甲与寄主植物的关系

强迫取食试验结果初步证实,甜菜大龟甲幼虫在藜科藜属杂草灰藜、小藜、杂配藜上能完成个体发育,取食甜菜时发育慢,死亡率高,幼虫个体间对甜菜的适应性差异大,赵冬代成虫出蛰期、一代卵及幼虫发生期与灰藜生长期的配合程度大于甜菜,但在田间灰藜等杂草数量少时,卵也可产生在甜菜叶片上,灰藜叶片被食光后幼虫转至甜菜为害。     

Critical periods of weed competition in cotton in Greece

Four experiments were conducted in central Greece during 1997 and 1998 to determine the late-season presence of weeds in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the critical times for removing weeds. Experiments were conducted in natural, heavily infested cropland. The presence of weeds for more than 3 weeks after crop emergence caused significant reductions in crop growth and lint yields. However, weeds that emerged 11 weeks or more after crop emergence did not adversely impact yields. Total weed biomass increased with increasing time prior to weed removal. A weed-free period of 11 weeks after crop emergence was needed to prevent significant reductions in cotton height, biomass, number of squares, and yield. These results indicated that postemergence herbicides or other control measures should be initiated within 2 weeks after crop emergence to avoid significant yield reduction. For greater efficiency, soil-applied herbicides in cotton should provide effective weed control for at least 11 weeks. Curvilinear regression equations were derived to describe the relationship between critical periods of weed presence and cotton growth and fruit development.