有机肥替代部分化肥改善‘三红蜜柚’树体营养及果实品质

本研究以单施化肥为对照,研究有机肥替代部分化肥对‘三红蜜柚’树体营养及果实品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,有机肥替代20%化肥处理可显著提高‘三红蜜柚’叶片镁、锌含量,降低叶片氮含量至适宜水平;提高‘三红蜜柚’发育过程中果实钾、钙、锌、硼含量,降低果实磷含量;并显著提高果实可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量及糖酸比,降低果实可滴定酸含量,而维生素C含量、可食率和单果质量等与对照相比未呈现显著差异。因此,有机肥替代20%化肥可提高‘三红蜜柚’叶片部分矿质营养元素含量,改善树体营养水平,提高‘三红蜜柚’果实钾、钙、锌、硼等矿质元素含量及果实品质。     

小粒种咖啡营养特性的初步研究

大田条件下,采集咖啡叶片和果实样品进行氮、磷、钾、钙、镁营养元素含量测定,对小粒种咖啡的营养特性进行初步研究。结果表明：幼果期咖啡叶片氮、磷、钾和镁含量极显著高于初花期、第1批果实成熟期和果实采收末期;第1批果实成熟期叶片钙含量极显著高于初花期、幼果期和果实采收末期;咖啡豆中氮含量极显著高于钾、钙、磷和镁含量,咖啡干果皮中钾含量极显著高于氮、钙、磷和镁含量。     

火龙果果实发育期间营养元素含量的变化

以红肉火龙果新品种‘紫红龙’为试验材料,研究果实发育期间鳞片、果皮、果肉中N（氮）、P（磷）、K（钾）、Ca（钙）、Mg（镁）、Fe（铁）、Zn（锌）、Mn（锰）、Cu（铜）、B（硼）营养元素含量的变化。结果表明：火龙果花后3 d鳞片和果肉K含量维持较高水平,之后呈下降趋势,果皮K含量在果实成熟时最高。在整个果实发育期间,K含量比其他营养元素的含量高。火龙果花后3 d果肉的Ca含量最高,在果实发育中,呈明显的下降趋势。从10种营养元素在鳞片、果皮和果肉生长发育中的变化规律来看,在幼果期,果实中多种元素的含量均处于最高水平,此后,随着幼果的快速增大,矿质元素含量逐渐下降。直至果实成熟期,各种矿质元素含量趋于稳定。     

长沙植烟区土壤理化性质与烟叶常规化学成分相关性分析

采用相关分析和逐步回归分析法研究了长沙植烟区土壤理化性质与烟叶常规化学成分的相关性。结果表明:土壤中全钾和有效钼含量与烟叶总糖含量呈显著正相关;全钾、有效铁、有效钼含量与还原糖含量呈显著正相关;土壤pH值与有效硼含量和烟叶中还原糖含量呈显著负相关;交换性钙含量与烟叶中总碱含量呈显著负相关;有效磷含量与烟叶中总氮含量呈显著负相关;土壤pH值、速效钾与有效硼含量和烟叶中钾含量呈显著正相关;土壤中碱解氮、有机质与有效铁含量与烟叶中钾含量呈显著负相关;土壤中全钾与有效钼含量和烟叶中糖碱比呈正相关;土壤pH值、有效硫、交换性钙含量则与烟叶中氮碱比呈显著正相关性。     

大豆微量元素缺乏症的主要症状与预防

大豆一生的正常生长发育,不仅需要氮、磷、钾等大量营养元素,而且还需要钼、锰、硼、锌等多种微量元素。缺少了钼、锰、硼、锌等某种微量元素,大豆的正常生长发育会受到影响,氮、磷、钾等大量营养元素也难以发挥应有的效果,给大豆的产量及品质带来严重影响。现就最易发生的缺钼、缺锰、缺硼和缺锌症进行描述,提出预防措施。一、大豆微量元素缺乏症的主要症状1大豆缺钼症。首先表现在叶片的叶脉间叶色变淡、发黄,类似于缺氮的症状,不同的是大豆缺钼时叶片易出现灰褐色斑点,并由于组织失水而呈萎蔫状。一般老叶先出现症状,新叶症状不明显,定型…     

叶面喷施不同营养元素对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为给叶面施肥在小麦生产中的应用提供技术参考,以不同品质类型的2个小麦品种为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了品种和叶面喷施不同营养元素（硼、锌、锰、铁、磷、钾、氮）对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在底肥和追肥相同的条件下,品种间产量和品质差异显著。喷施不同营养元素处理的千粒重均比对照有所提高,喷施营养元素处理间产量差异显著,其中叶面喷施硼肥产量最高。叶面喷施营养元素对面团吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、面包体积、面包评分有显著影响,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响不显著,但对不同蛋白组分有显著影响。叶面喷施铁和锌分别提高了籽粒中铁和锌的含量,但喷锰并未增加籽粒中锰的含量。     

阿拉尔长绒棉营养特性初步研究

通过取样分析结果表明，棉花叶片氮、磷吸收速度最快在蕾期；吸收钾、镁、铁、铜、硼在苗期吸收速度最快；钙、锰在吐絮期吸收最快；锌在花期吸收最快。     

不同钾水平下厚皮甜瓜生育后期氮磷钾吸收及利用特征

以‘翠甜’厚皮甜瓜为试材,采用盆栽砂培试验,设6个钾水平,即K1~K6(0、3、6、9、12、15mmol/L),研究其对厚皮甜瓜生育后期氮、磷、钾养分吸收与利用的影响。结果表明:施钾能够降低厚皮甜瓜各器官氮含量及成熟期根、茎叶氮累积量,显著增加果实氮累积量;增加根、果实磷含量及各器官磷累积量,显著增加果实、单株磷累积量;增加各器官钾含量及钾累积量,显著增加茎叶、果实以及单株钾累积量;显著增加氮生理利用效率和磷收获指数,增加氮收获指数,显著降低钾收获指数和磷、钾生理利用效率;单果鲜重以K2、K3和K4处理较高,且处理间差异不显著。钾处理与其厚皮甜瓜各器官氮、磷、钾含量存在的显著相关关系与器官部位及生育期有关,但与氮含量均呈显著负相关,与钾含量均呈显著正相关;各器官氮磷钾含量与氮收获指数没有显著相关性,但茎叶氮累积量与氮收获指数呈显著负相关;茎叶氮累积量与磷收获指数呈极显著负相关,果实磷、钾含量及累积量均与磷收获指数呈显著或极显著正相关;根、果实氮含量与钾收获指数呈极显著正相关,根磷含量与钾收获指数呈显著负相关,茎叶及果实钾含量和累积量均与钾收获指数呈极显著负相关。通过比较拟合优度(决定系数R2),发现钾水平与成熟期茎叶磷含量采用二次多项式拟合最佳,钾水平与成熟期根钾含量采用线性拟合最佳,钾水平与其他各器官养分含量采用三参数指数或者五参数双指数拟合最佳。比较三者养分吸收及利用情况可知,钾水平为9 mmol/L(K4)时,氮磷钾生理利用效率较好,较有利于氮磷钾养分吸收利用,实现经济效益最大化。     

不同品种橡胶幼树叶片微量元素含量差异研究

以7个橡胶树品种1年生幼树为研究对象,研究橡胶幼树叶片微量元素(铁、锰、铜、锌、硼)含量变化规律,并分析橡胶树产量水平与微量元素含量的相关性。结果表明:不同品种橡胶幼树叶片中,锰含量表现出随月份而逐渐增加的趋势,但铁、铜、锌、硼含量变化规律表现不一致。叶片铁、锰、铜、锌、硼含量较高的品种分别为‘粤390-1’‘热研7-33-97’‘热研8-79’‘热垦525’和‘粤390-1’,不同品种橡胶树叶片微量元素含量顺序均为:锰铁硼锌铜。橡胶树产量水平与叶片锌含量达极显著正相关(r=0.87),与叶片硼含量达显著负相关(r=-0.80)。     

昌图县土壤肥力状况分析

辽宁省土壤肥料总站在昌图县采集土壤样品238个,对其有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH值、有效镁、有效硅、有效钙、有效硼、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌等14项土壤养分指标进行了测试分析。结果表明,昌图县土壤有机质含量较低,氮素含量较高,磷素和钾素含量中等,中量元素钙素和镁素含量较低,微量营养元素硼缺乏,其它元素很丰富。菜田和果园的土壤肥力较高,旱田次之,水田土壤肥力最差。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.