不同植被覆盖下子午岭土壤养分状况研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的子午岭次生林区为研究区域,研究了不同植被覆盖对土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:不同植被类型覆盖下,土壤有机质含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地。土壤全氮含量为乔木≥草本>灌木>农田≥弃耕地;全磷含量变化不大,其中农田土壤全磷含量最高;全钾含量为乔木>灌木>草本>农田>弃耕地;土壤碱解氮含量为乔木>灌木≈草本≥农田>弃耕地;速效磷含量为乔木≈灌木≈农田>草本>弃耕地;速效钾含量为乔木≥草本>灌木≥农田>弃耕地。由此可见,随植被演替阶段的提高,不同植被覆盖下土壤的养分含量逐渐升高。因此,在黄土高原丘陵区,坡地退耕还林,恢复植被,可以有效改善土壤养分状况。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征

通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区天然植被恢复类型对土壤微生物碳的影响

采用野外调查取样结合室内测定分析的方法,研究黄土丘陵沟壑区不同天然植被恢复类型土壤微生物量碳和有机质的变化规律,探讨植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量碳和有机质的关系。结果表明:植被恢复后的土壤微生物量碳和有机质含量较农田均显著提高,植被恢复对土壤微生物量碳和有机质的影响主要表现在0~10 cm土层;土壤微生物量碳和有机质在0~10 cm土层随恢复年限呈增加趋势,植被类型中乔木混交林土壤微生物量碳含量最大,乔木林的土壤有机质含量最大。不同恢复年限的草地,其土壤有机质与土壤微生物量碳在0~10 cm土层呈正相关关系,在10~20 cm呈负相关关系;不同恢复类型的植被,其土壤有机质和微生物量碳的关系与不同恢复年限的草地正好相反,其在0~10 cm土层负相关,在10~20 cm呈正相关。上述结果表明,黄土高原植被恢复有利于提高表层土壤微生物量碳和有机质含量;植被恢复类型和年限对土壤微生物量碳与有机质的关系影响不一致。     

农牧交错带不同植被群落对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

为了解荒漠化土地植被恢复对土壤微生物量的影响,以地处毛乌素沙地南缘的榆林市沙生植物园植被恢复30年的乔木、灌木和草地3种植被群落下土壤为研究对象,分析了植被恢复对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及比值的影响及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,农牧交错带荒漠化土地植被恢复可以明显提高表层土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的含量。土壤微生物量碳以灌木林地为最高,含量为288.35 mg·kg-1,显著高于草地和乔木,分别是乔木林地和草地的3.99和2.10倍;土壤微生物磷在三种植被群落间差异不明显;三种植被群落下土壤微生物碳氮比的高低为乔木林地草地灌木林地,土壤微生物碳磷比表现为草地略高于乔木林地和灌木林地。相关性分析结果显示微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤理化性质相关性极为密切,其中与土壤养分各指标大多呈现极显著相关,与土壤容重多为极显著负相关。说明土壤微生物量可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用下土壤水分变化分析

通过对陇中黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下土壤水分的定期观测,用烘干法测定了5种土地利用类型的土壤水分,分析了土壤水分在植被生长季的变化。结果表明:土地利用类型对土壤水分的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),土壤含水量及储水量大小顺序为:荒草地>沙棘林地>农地>草地>油松林地;土地利用类型对土壤剖面水分的影响随土层的加深呈增大趋势,土壤剖面水分的变异系数随土层的加深呈减小趋势,并且其含水量变化存在季节差异。不同土地利用类型下土壤水分消耗量及补充量均有差异;土壤剖面储水量的盈亏状况为:农地没有亏缺,荒草地的亏缺量最小,油松林地在40cm以下土层均亏缺。因此,在该区的生态植被恢复过程中,应优先考虑草本和灌木植物,以利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。     

库布齐沙漠东部植被恢复对土壤生态化学计量的影响

为阐明植被恢复对风沙土生态化学计量特征的影响，以库布齐沙漠东段流动沙地、半固定沙地、油蒿固定沙地和沙柳固定沙地为研究对象，分析植被生物量和不同深度土层（0～60 cm）土壤C、N、P化学计量特征时空变化及其相关性。结果表明：（1）土壤C、N含量随植被恢复明显增加，而土壤P含量增幅较小，均在沙柳固定沙地达到最大值(5.86 g·kg^-1、0.41 g·kg^-1、1.74 g·kg^-1)，各阶段土壤C、N、P含量均随土层加深逐渐降低，土壤P含量在各土层间差异较小。（2）不同阶段或土层间土壤化学计量比差异显著，随植被恢复土壤C:N先减小后增大，而C:P和N:P均逐渐增大，土壤C:P和N:P均随土层加深逐渐减小，而C:N则无明显变化规律。（3）土壤C、N、P两两间呈极显著正相关，均与地上和凋落物生物量呈显著正相关，土壤C:N与C:P、N:P均无显著相关关系，而土壤C:P与N:P呈显著正相关，且土壤C:P和N:P均与地上、地下和凋落物生物量呈显著正相关。综上所述，人工建植促进植被恢复可显著影响土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量特征，进而...     

弃耕地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质演变趋势研究

通过对安塞纸坊沟流域14块不同弃耕年限的草地土壤理化性质的研究表明:随着弃耕地植被的恢复,土壤容重降低、孔隙度增大、质地改善;土壤有机质含量、CEC、全氮含量、全钾含量、水解氮及速效钾含量逐步提高,土壤盐分含量、土壤pH值有逐步降低的趋势,说明随着植被的恢复,土壤理化性质在不断优化.另外植被生物量与土壤有机质、CEC、全钾、速效钾、全氮及水解氮均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH值与土壤容重呈极显著负相关,说明土壤与植被具有互动效应.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕植被恢复地土壤水稳性团聚体的变化特征

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区—吴旗县为例,研究了退耕地不同植被恢复年限、不同植被类型和不同恢复方式下的土壤水稳性团聚体含量的变化。结果表明,>0.25mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,在0～60cm土层随着退耕地恢复年限的延长而不断增加,乔木地相对较高,草地相对较低,灌木地介于两者之间。自然恢复方式>自然 人工恢复方式>人工恢复方式,坡耕地的团粒含量最低;在0～20cm土层,恢复前期土壤水稳性团聚体含量增幅较大,后期增幅较小,而40～60cm土层的变化规律则相反。对同一种植被类型,>5mm的土壤水稳性团聚体含量从0～20cm到40～60cm土层均呈下降趋势,并且在较浅土层灌木地的降幅相对较大,在较深土层乔木地的降幅相对较大。人为干预使得土壤水稳性团聚体从大粒径向小粒径转化,这种转化在较深土层表现的较明显。可见,在退耕地植被恢复中,具有较长恢复年限的乔木地,土壤的抗蚀性较强;自然 人工的恢复方式既缩短了植被恢复时间,也提高了土壤水稳性团聚体含量,从而改善了土壤结构。     

库布齐沙地柠条根际土壤微生物生物量及其与土壤因子的关系

对库布齐沙地柠条根际、非根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮分布状况及其与土壤因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明:柠条土壤生物量碳、氮含量的分布趋势均为根际土壤>非根际土壤>流沙,且以表层(0-10cm)最高,随土层加深,呈下降趋势;柠条土壤中微生物量碳、氮对土壤有机质、全氮的贡献率分别为1.55%-4.73%,5.61%-13.39%,微生物量碳氮比为3.10-7.22;微生物量碳氮间呈显著正相关,土壤全氮、有机质含量与土壤微生物生物量碳、氮相关性最大。     

开垦和弃耕对黑河上游亚高山草甸土壤氮库的影响

通过分析天然放牧草地、20年燕麦耕地、3年燕麦弃耕地、10年燕麦弃耕地的七壤全氮、微生物量氮含量的差异,旨在探讨改变上地利用方式对黑河上游亚高山草甸土壤氮库的影响.结果表明:开垦和弃耕对黑河上游地区草地土壤氮库有显著影响.亚高山草甸被开垦为燕麦耕地20年后,土壤全氮含量(0-30cm)减少了21-35%,微生物量氮含量...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.