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1.
James Madzimure Carmen Musimurimwa Eliton Chivandi Lovemore Gwiriri Eddison Mamhare 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(1):77-82
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of partially substituting cottonseed cake with graded levels of baobab
(Adansonia digitata L.) seed cake (BSC) on milk yield and quality in Guernsey cows. Sixteen cows in mid-lactation and in their third parity were
allocated to diets containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% BSC in a completely randomized design. Each cow was given a daily
feed ration of 6 kg and a basal diet of soya bean stover ad libitum. There were no differences in daily feed intake (P > 0.05), but basal intake differed among all treatment groups with cows on the control diet having the highest intake (30 ± 0.34 kg/day).
Mean daily milk yield differed (P < 0.05) among all treatment groups. However, the control had higher milk yield of 12.1 ± 0.73 kg/day, and the 15% BSC had
the least yield of 7.46 ± 0.73 kg/day. Cows on the control diet had higher milk butterfat content (6.12%; P < 0.05) than those on the BSC-based diets. Protein content differed (P < 0.05) across all treatment groups with cows on 15% BSC producing the highest protein content (3.43%) while the control
had the least (2.6%). The concentration of milk total solids for cows fed on 15% BSC was higher (P < 0.05) than that from cows on other diets. Lactose content was not affected by the diets (P > 0.05). These results indicate that BSC can substitute soya bean cake in dairy diets, but milk production and butterfat
content are compromised. 相似文献
2.
Y. Garduño-Castro A. Espinoza-Ortega C. E. González-Esquivel B. Mateo-Salazar C. M. Arriaga-Jordán 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(5):827-834
Small-scale dairy systems in the highlands of central Mexico require feeding strategies based on quality home-grown forage
that may reduce high concentrate costs. Eight Holstein cows paired by parity and date of calving were used in a split-plot
experiment to evaluate supplementing 6 kg DM/cow/d of oat-vetch silage (OVS) in comparison to maize silage (MS) as dry season
feeding, for a more intensive use of the land through an oat-vetch catch crop. Cows had 9 h/d access to continuous grazing
of perennial ryegrass – white clover pasture and 4 kg/d of commercial concentrate. The 9 week experiment, recorded weekly
milk yield and composition, and body condition score and live-weight every fortnight. Milk yield was 20.1 kg/cow/d for OVS
and 15.4 for MS (SEM ±2.9, P > 0.05), with no differences for fat or protein content, body condition score, or live-weight
(P > 0.05). The economic analysis showed that although feeding costs were higher for OVS, margins were greater than for MS,
with feeding cost per litre of $0.21 for MS and $0.16 for OVS. OVS is a viable catch crop after the MS harvest that can substitute
MS in the dry season enabling a more intensive use of the land. 相似文献
3.
Anaya-Ortega JP Garduño-Castro G Espinoza-Ortega A Rojo-Rubio R Arriaga-Jordán CM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):607-616
Small-scale dairy systems based on grazing have dry-season herbage shortages. A repeated 3 × 3 Latin Square experiment evaluated
grazing with silage from maize (MS), annual ryegrass (ARG) or a mixture (MIX) with 9 cows with 3 week periods; continuously
grazed at 3.6 cows/ha with 3.6 kg DM/day of concentrate. Treatments were 7 kg DM of MS, ARG or a 2 MS:1 ARG mixture. Milk
yield (MY), milk composition, live-weight, body condition, silage and concentrate intake were recorded. Herbage DM intake
was estimated indirectly. Activity budgets were done for economic analysis. MY on MS (21.5 kg/cow/d) was 0.06 higher than
on ARG (P < 0.09) with no differences on MIX. There were no differences for milk fat, milk protein, or body condition score.
Live-weight on ARG was higher (P < 0.01) than on MS or MIX. Silage intake was higher (P < 0.01) on ARG and MS than on MIX.
Herbage intake was lower (P < 0.05) on MS, compared with MIX and ARG. Total DM intake on ARG was higher than MS (P < 0.01),
and MIX in between. MS resulted in 0.12 higher economic returns over ARG which had highest costs. Annual ryegrass may have
a place in small-scale systems, but not as silage due to higher costs. 相似文献
4.
This study was conducted to evaluate alterations in coagulation parameters in dairy cows affected with acute Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis and to compare those values to cows affected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ) mastitis. Twenty-four, adult Holstein-Friesian dairy cows affected with acute E. coli mastitis and 17 cows affected with S. aureus mastitis were studied. Cows affected with E. coli mastitis had significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (P < 0.01), prothrombin time (PT) (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) platelets numbers. Cows with S. aureus mastitis had only significantly prolonged APTT (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) platelet counts. In the hematology evaluation, cows affected with E. coli and those affected with S. aureus mastitis had elevated hematocrit values but only significantly (P < 0.05) so in mastitic cows caused by E. coli. Both groups of mastitic cows had significantly (P < 0.05) lower leukocyte counts. Only cows with E. coli mastitis had significantly (P < 0.05) lower neutrophil count. In the plasma biochemical evaluation, creatinine concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in both groups of cows. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was only significantly elevated in cows
affected with E. coli mastitis. Results of this study indicated that dairy cows affected with acute E. coli mastitis are more likely to develop clinical manifestations of disseminated intravascular coagulation than cows affected
with S. aureus mastitis. 相似文献
5.
Simeon I. B. Cadmus Mohammed K. Yakubu Abdullahi A. Magaji Akinbowale O. Jenkins Dick van Soolingen 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(6):1047-1048
Using deletion typing technique, five mycobacteria isolated from unpasteurised milk samples from cows in north-central Nigeria
were characterized as Mycobacterium bovis (n = 4) and M. africanum (n = 1). This report emphasizes that transmission between the animal and human reservoir is a serious threat in Nigeria. 相似文献
6.
The survey evaluated the market potential for guinea fowl (GF; Numidia meleagris) products in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. Questionnaires were administered to traders/producers (n = 17), retailers (n = 12), cafeteria industry (n = 33) and consumers (n = 1,680) to establish their perceptions on guinea fowl products. The average household size was 6 ± 2. Each trader sold 10 ± 6.30
keets (mean ± standard error), 33 ± 15.05 growers, 20 ± 12.69 breeders and 20 ± 10.1 crates of 30 eggs per month. Each household
consumed 2.5 ± 1.39 kg of GF meat and 3 ± 0.65 dozens of GF eggs per month. Retailers purchased 52 ± 44.42 crates of GF eggs
and 41 ± 30.50/kg of GF meat whilst cafeteria purchased 33.6 ± 14 crates of GF eggs and 65.5 ± 33.52 kg of GF meat per month.
Growers for breeding were the major product for sale by traders (94.1%) at a price of US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US3.00 ± 0.58 and US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US2.5 ± 0.81/kg) than cafeteria (US$3.67 ± 0.83/kg). The challenges faced by producers in the marketing
of guinea fowl products included poor supply due to the absence of good road networks to connect source areas and the market,
perishability of dressed chickens due to power cuts and poor publicity. Overall, the study showed that there is greater market
potential for guinea fowl products and farmers can channel their products through traders, cafeteria and retail industries. 相似文献
7.
Enhancement of the diseased mammary gland immunity and therapeutic potential of hydro-methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia; stem) in bovine subclinical mastitis was investigated. Somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), phagocytic
activity, and leukocyte lysosomal enzymes like myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase activity and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) level
were evaluated after intramammary infusion of hydro-methanolic extract (stem) of T.cordifolia in diseased cows. The qualitative analysis of the extract revealed the presence of polysaccharide, phenol, alkaloid, and
protein. Intramammary infusion of hydro-methanolic extract of T. cordifolia treatment initially enhanced the SCC; thereafter, significant reduction in cell count (P < 0.05) was observed on day 15 of the treatment period, however, reduction in TBC was observed from day 3 onwards. The phagocytic
activity of milk polymorphonuclear cells enhanced in the diseased cows treated with the T. cordifolia extract. Similarly, the lysosomal enzyme content of the milk polymorphonuclear cells enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) in diseased cows treated with T. cordifolia. The IL-8 level in milk serum also increased significantly (P < 0.05) in diseased cows treated with the herb extract. The results suggest that the hydro-methanolic extract of T.cordifolia (stem) possesses antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, the biological activity of the Tinospora cordifolia extract at standardized dose against bovine subclinical mastitis is reported for the first time. Development of alternative
therapy with medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use the conventional allopathic drugs
under certain farming system or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs. 相似文献
8.
Ansari-Lari M Haghkhah M Bahramy A Novin Baheran AM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):553-557
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2006 in dairy herds in Fars province, southern Iran to determine
the herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Statistical analysis using multivariable logistic regression showed that contamination of udders of periparturient
cows with manure (OR = 6.4, P = 0.02) and history of having suspected cases of Johne's disease in the herd (OR = 6.7, P = 0.04)
were significantly associated with the herd infection status. No relationship between breed, herd size and other management
practices with the infection status of the herd were found in this study. Implementing high sanitary measures in the farm,
particularly with respect to manure handling and cleaning could be considered as one of the important aspects in controlling
disease in the region as well as in the future educational effort. 相似文献
9.
Effects of supplementation and milking of Matebele does four weeks pre-partum to weaning, on milk yield, kid birth weight
and growth rate were studied. Forty does were divided into four treatments: supplemented and milked (SM), supplemented and
not milked (SNM), not supplemented and milked (NSM); and not supplemented and not milked (NSNM). Supplemented goats were given
200 g/doe/day of Dichrostachys cinerea pods containing 19% CP. The study was carried out in September during time of feed unavailability and animals were grazed
on rangelands for seven hours before being given the supplement. Fifty-six kids were born from all the experimental animals
and 24 were singles whereas 32 were twins. Milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) in supplemented than non-supplemented does. Although supplementation had no effect on kid birth weights, growth rates were
higher (P < 0.05) in the SNM group (103 ± 10.1 g/day) than in the SM group (74 ± 10.8 g/day). Among the non-supplemented groups, kids from
milked does had higher (P < 0.05) daily gains (85 ± 10.9 g/day) than those from non-milked does (67 ± 10.7 g/day). Weaning weights were higher (P < 0.05) in SNM does (12.8 ± 1.30 g/day) than in the SM does (10.2 ± 1.17 g/day). Among kids from the non-supplemented does, those
from milked does had superior (P < 0.05) weaning weights (11.2 ± 1.23 g/day) than those from non - milked does (9.2 ± 1.27 g/day). Mortalities were also lowest in
kids born from SNM does. It is concluded that pre-partum to weaning supplementation generally increases milk production which
then increases kids growth rates and weaning weights, as well as reduce kid mortalities. 相似文献
10.
Fernández-Silva JA Abdulmawjood A Akineden O Bülte M 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1501-1507
The objective of this study is the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) by serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fecal culture in Colombian
dairy herds. Serum and fecal samples from asymptomatic cows (n = 307) of 14 dairy herds were tested for MAP by an unabsorbed ELISA test (ELISA-A). Serum and fecal samples from positive
ELISA-A animals (n = 31) were further tested by an absorbed ELISA test (ELISA-B) and PCR. Fecal samples from animals of herds positive by ELISA-A
and PCR (n = 105) were inoculated onto three different culture media. ELISA-A produced positive results in 10% of the serum samples
and 71% of the herds. ELISA-B and PCR results were positive in two and six serum and fecal samples from positive ELISA-A animals,
respectively. Fecal samples were negative for MAP on all culture media. The results of this study confirmed the presence of
MAP in local dairy herds and the difficulties of MAP detection in asymptomatic animals by ELISA, PCR, and fecal culture. 相似文献
11.
L. R. García-Winder S. Goñi-Cedeño P. A. Olguín-Lara G. Díaz-Salgado C. M. Arriaga-Jordán 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(8):1615-1621
Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate the use of pods from Huizache (Acacia farnesiana), common in the arid and semiarid regions of Mexico, on the perfromance and apparent digestibility in Pelibuey Mexican hair growing ewe lambs. Twenty-four Pelibuey ewe lambs were used in the animal performance experiment, with a mean live weight of 14.91 ± 1.48 kg, randomnly allocated
to three groups which received ad libitum for 77 days (11 weeks) experimental whole rations T0 with 0%, T12 with 12% or T24 with 24% inclusión of dried and ground
Huizache pods. Dry matter intakes (g/kg 0.75 daily) were 83, 95, 90 for T0, T12, and T24 respectively (P > 0.05). Mean daily live-weight gain was 90, 75, and 63 g/day
for T0, T12, and T24 (P < 0.001). Nine Pelibuey ewe lambs were used to determine apparent digestibility in vivo of the experimental diets using a 3 × 3 latin square design repeated three times. There were differences in the digestibility
of dry matter (P < 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.001), nitrogen (P < 0.031), neutral detergent fibre (P < 0.002), and acid
detergent fibre (P < 0.001) being lower in T24. Huizache pods may be an alternative feed when included up to 12% of dry matter in the diets for sheep growing moderately. 相似文献
12.
Dilmaghani M Ahmadi M Zahraei Salehi T Talebi A 《Veterinary research communications》2011,35(3):133-143
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food-borne outbreaks and systemic diseases in humans and animals. groEL gene (also known as mopA gene in S. Typhimurium), possessing conserved sequence, plays an important role in invasion of bacteria. The purpose of present study
was to identify the polymorphism of groEL gene among different avians in different regions by PCR-RFLP method. Fifty two S. Typhimurium isolates (Broiler (n = 13), Layer (n = 12), Duck (n = 5), Goose (n = 5), Sparrow (n = 8), Canary (n = 3), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1). were identified using serotyping as well as multiplex-PCR. Then, amplification of groEL gene performed and amplified products subjected to restriction digestion with BsuRI enzyme. Three RFLP profiles, A, B and
C, generated DNA fragments between approximately 100–1,000 bp in size, were observed. The RFLP profile A was observed in 35
(67.3%), profile B in 14 (26.9%) and profile C in 3 (5.77%) of isolates. S. Typhimurium isolates recovered from 13 broilers (two of which profile A, 9 profile B and 2 profile C) and from 8 sparrows
(two of which profile A, 5 profile B and 1 profile C) showed all three profiles, but 12 layers and other avians (including
Canary (n = 3), Goose (n = 5), Duck (n = 5), Pigeon (n = 5) and Casco parrot (n = 1)) showed profile A. None of these profiles was allotted for a special region. The result of present study showed that
S. Typhimurium undergoes genetic mutations in groEL gene under unpleasant milieu in different regions and in different avians. Thus, genetic diversity, despite conserved nature
of groEL gene in S. Typhimurium, may exist but it depends on the condition where bacteria have settled. To our knowledge, three RFLP profiles
of groEL gene generated by BsuRI restriction enzyme were not reported previously. 相似文献
13.
Yadav A Katoch R Khajuria JK Katoch M Rastogi A 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):581-587
Economic losses incurred by Przhevalskiana silenus in goats of Jammu province of Jammu and Kashmir (North India) were assessed from July 2005 to June 2006. Abattoir studies
revealed holes in hides for 112 days (mid-December 2005 to first week of April 2006) and trimming of carcass for 243 days
(July 2005 to February 2006) during a lifecycle, leading to annual losses of Rs. 7,391,432 and Rs. 10,510,837, respectively.
An effect on production traits (weight gain and milk) was assessed on naturally P. silenus-infested Beetal goats. The mean body weight loss of warbled goats was 2.40 kg (equal to 1.096 kg of meat, assuming 45.7%
dressing percentage of goat) leading to an annual loss of Rs. 35,473,265. The mean milk yield loss per warbled goat per day
was 101.7 g resulting in losses to the tune of Rs. 19,879,012. It can be concluded that P. silenus infestation resulted in an overall loss of Rs. 73,254,547, i.e. 73.26 million annually (equivalent to US 1.62 million; US1.62 million; US
1 = Rs. 45.24), where reduced growth alone contributed 49% of the total losses. A study recommends that a control scheme
against P. silenus infestation in goats using an effective insecticide should be followed to prevent huge economic losses in hide, milk and
meat production. Economic losses associated with P. silenus infestation in goats were estimated for the first time from India. 相似文献
14.
Gebreyohannes Y. Tesfaye Fekadu Gudeta Regassa B. Kelay 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(5):925-931
The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence and losses associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM) caused by
Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopian crossbred dairy cows. A split-udder trial was carried out to determine milk yield losses in udder quarter with
S. aureus-caused SCM. Each quarter of the study cows was examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and quarter milk production
was measured over a period of 8 days. Milk yield losses for CMT positive quarters were estimated by comparing production of
quarters with CMT score 0. Mean milk yield for uninfected healthy quarters was 1.66 kg per milking (95% CI, 1.66–1.55 kg per
milking), and the rate of milk reduction for quarters with CMT scores of 1+, 2+, and 3+ was 25%, 33%, and 48%, respectively.
Economic losses at different farm-size levels were calculated by multiplying the prevalence of CMT scores with milk yield
losses associated with respective CMT scores. In Debre Ziet dairy herds, a quarter with SCM due to S. aureus lost an average of 34.5% of its potential milk production while the total milk yield loss per cow was estimated at 6.8%.
Losses were highest in large-scale (13%) farms and lowest (3.7%) in small-scale. Based on the prevalence, the overall financial
loss for each cow per lactation was 984.64 Eth Birr (US78.65) and losses in large farms (1,882.40 Eth Birr or US78.65) and losses in large farms (1,882.40 Eth Birr or US150.35)
were over 3.5 times the loss in small-size farms. These figures possibly underestimate the potential benefits of mastitis
control program as they do not include other direct and indirect costs. 相似文献
15.
Motubatse MR Ng'ambi JW Norris D Malatje MM 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(3):229-238
In a first of two experiments, twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 21.3 ± 0.5 kg live weight were used in a 37-day study
in a 2 (levels of PEG 4000) × 2 (levels of Acacia) Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the
effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake and digestibility, and growth rate of Pedi goats
fed ad libitum Buffalo grass hay. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins; both extracted (0.37
% DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Supplementation with PEG 4000 increased (P < 0.05) crude protein intake as the level of
Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased from 80 to 120 g. Similarly, treatment with PEG 4000 improved (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibilities
when compared to 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with PEG 4000 resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in blood urea concentrations. Polyethylene glycol
4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of A. nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect
of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation on in vitro digestibility of the diets similar to the actual ratios of the first experiment. Level of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation improved (P < 0.05) in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) in vitro CP digestibility where 80 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. In vivo DM and OM digestibilities were best predicted from in vitro DM and OM digestibilities while in vivo CP was explained by in vitro OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro DM and OM digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo DM and OM digestibilities while OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo CP digestibility. 相似文献
16.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of day length on seminal characteristics, testicular size, sexual behaviour
and testosterone (T4) concentration in Pelibuey rams subjected to different semen collection frequencies. Eighteen intact
males were assigned randomly to one of two semen collection frequencies: in the high rate (HR) treatment, two ejaculations
per week were obtained from each ram; one ejaculation every two weeks was collected under the low rate (LR) treatment. All
animals were housed individually in contiguous 5 m × 5 m wire mesh pens and evaluated over a 12-month period. At the beginning
of the experiment rams were 20 months old and 40–50 kg in weight. All rams ejaculated and produced semen throughout the year.
Semen volume, sperm per ejaculation, testicular circumference and testicular volume were significantly (p < 0.05) greater during short days in all rams, regardless of the semen collection frequency, with the exception of sperm
concentration, for which no variation was found in HR individuals, and reaction time and T4 levels, for which no variation was found in LR males. Rams subjected to HR collection were more affected by the short-day
photoperiod than rams collected twice per week, exhibiting greater reduction (p < 0.05) in time to achieve their first ejaculation and in sperm per ejaculation, as well as greater increases (p < 0.05) in T4 concentration than LR rams (14.65 ± 1.22 vs 23.53 ± 5.34 s, (3.37 ± 0.17) × 109 vs (3.52 ± 0.20) × 109 sperm and 8.68 ± 0.44 vs 6.85 ± 0.74 ng/ml, respectively). It was concluded that: (a) the magnitude of the seasonal effects
was not sufficient to prevent the rams being used for breeding throughout the year, and (b) seasonal variation within variables
was affected differently between semen collection frequencies. 相似文献
17.
Carine Marie-Magdeleine Léticia Liméa Tatiana Etienne Cicero H. O. Lallo Harry Archimède Gisele Alexandre 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1531-1538
A study was done to evaluate banana (Musa paradisiaca) as a forage (leaves and pseudo-stems) for feeding Ovin Martinik lambs (OMK), with the aim to test its impact on carcass quality.
Forty four intact OMK male were used after weaning with an initial mean live weight of 14.4 (± 3.3) kg, reared in individual
pens. Animals were offered either Dichantium hay (control diet, Dh) or cut chopped leaves and pseudo-stems of banana (experimental diet, Blps). They were fed 200—250 g.d−1 of commercial concentrate. Lambs were slaughtered according to 3 classes of slaughter weight (SW): SW20, SW23 and SW26. Growth
and carcass performances of both groups were not significantly different, 77 vs. 81 g.d−1 and 42% vs. 43% hot carcass yield, for Dh vs. Blps, respectively. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease (31.0 vs. 29.7%)
for the dry matter content of the shoulder for lambs fed the banana diet. However, there was no effect observed for the other
chemical component (CP, lipid and mineral 585, 317 and 95 g.kg−1DM, respectively). The shoulder (20% of the carcass whatever the SW) was precocious as demonstrated by the allometry coefficient
relative to carcass weight (0.894) significantly (P < 0.01) less than 1. It was concluded that, the use of Blps had no significant
effect on growth, carcass weights and yields of the OMK lambs, irrespective of the class of the slaughter weight. From these
initial results, the use of banana foliages and pseudo-stems could be recommended as sources of forages. 相似文献
18.
Hernández-Ortega M Heredia-Nava D Espinoza-Ortega A Sánchez-Vera E Arriaga-Jordán CM 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(5):947-954
The objective was to determine the effect of including silages of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) intercropped with winter vetch (Vicia villosa) (ARG-VV) or with common vetch (Vicia sativa) (ARG-VS) compared with maize silage (MS) on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows grazing cultivated perennial ryegrass–white
clover pastures with supplemented concentrate during the dry season. Six Holstein dairy cows with a mean yield of 19.0 kg/cow/day
at the beginning of the experiment were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 repeated Latin square. Treatments were: 8 h/day intensive
grazing, 3.6 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow per day of concentrate plus MS, and ARG-VV or ARG-VS ad libitum at a stocking rate
of 3.0 cows/ha for three experimental periods of 3 weeks each. Milk yield (MY) and milk composition, live weight and body
condition score as well as silage and concentrate intakes were recorded during the third week of each experimental period,
and pasture intake was estimated indirectly from utilised metabolisable energy. Economic analysis was obtained by preparing
partial budgets. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.10) in MY, milk fat or protein content nor for live weight, but there was significant difference (P < 0.10) in body condition score. There were non-statistical differences in silage DM intake (P < 0.11); however, significant differences (P < 0.10) were obtained for estimated grazed herbage intake whilst no differences for total DM intake. Slightly higher economic
returns (10%) were obtained with ARG-VS over MS, and this was 7% higher than ARG-VV. It is concluded that ARG-VS could be
an option for complementing grazing for small-scale dairy production systems in the dry season as it is comparable to MS in
animal performance and slightly better in economic terms. 相似文献
19.
Musalia LM Wangia SM Shivairo RS Okutu P Vugutsa V 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(3):199-205
A survey was conducted on 176 smallholder dairy farms in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya to establish
the dairy production practices and constraints in the industry. There was low milk production (16.6 kg of milk per capita),
which was attributed to the low number of dairy animals. The average land size was 2.4 ha with only 30.3% being allocated
to pasture or fodder crops. Farmers with large farms (>2 ha) set aside bigger pieces (1.2 vs 0.4 ha) for pasture/fodder crop
cultivation (p < 0.001), owned more (5.25 vs 3.18) dairy animals (p < 0.01) and produced more (9.2 vs 7.5 kg/cow per day) milk (p < 0.05) compared to those on smaller farms of less than 2 ha. The average herd size was 4.2 animals, of which only 45.0%
were in milk, producing 8.0 kg/animal per day. Every kilogram of dairy meal fed increased milk production by 0.68 kg (p < 0.001). Over 90% of milk produced was consumed locally. The public institutions provided 74% of total extension services
to farmers. About 49.5% of total dairy animals were bought from other districts owing to scarcity. 相似文献
20.
J. D. Keyyu N. C. Kyvsgaard J. Monrad A. A. Kassuku 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(1):25-33
A longitudinal field trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of strategic anthelmintic treatments in the control
of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle. A total of 167 cattle (6–18 months) from three large-scale dairy farms, four traditional farms and nine small-scale
dairy farms were randomly selected. The selected animals on each farm were ear tagged and allocated into three groups based
on live weight and treated as follows: Group T4 was treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg four times a year (mid
rainy, end of the rain, mid dry and late dry/early rainy season). Group T2 was treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg
two times a year (mid rainy and late dry/early rainy season). Group UT remained as untreated control. Faecal, blood and pasture
samples were taken every month for 13 months. In addition, individual body weight (BWT) was measured on every sampling date.
Results showed that two and four strategic treatments significantly reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) by 49.5% and 62.3% respectively
compared to untreated control animals (P < 0.001). Two and four strategic treatments per year significantly reduced the proportion
of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces by 30.6% and 51.7% (P < 0.001), respectively. Animals treated two and four times a year significantly outgained
untreated animals by 14.8 kg and 17.7 kg respectively at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). The management system had a significant
effect on packed cell volume and the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces (P < 0.05). The programme of two strategic treatments per year was only effective in controlling GI nematodes.
It is concluded that a programme of four strategic treatments per year was effective in controlling GI nematodes and F. gigantica and improved weight gain. 相似文献