Effect of selenium and vitamin E content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the yolk and the developing chick

1. The effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation of the maternal diet on their transfer to the egg yolk and tissues of the newly hatched chick and on the development of the antioxidant system in the chick liver in early postnatal life were investigated. 2. One hundred Cobb broiler breeder hens were divided into 10 equal groups and housed in pens at 25 weeks of age. Each hen received 1 of the treatment diets which included 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg selenium, 40, 100, 200 mg/kg vitamin E or their combination. After 6 weeks, the hens were artificially inseminated once per week. From week 8, eggs were collected and placed in an incubator. After hatching, chicks from each group were reared (under standard commercial conditions) to 10 d of age. The chicks were fed on a standard starter commercial broiler diet. At the time of hatching, and at 5 and 10 days old, 4 chicks from each group were sacrificed and blood, liver and brain were collected for the subsequent biochemical analyses. 3. The inclusion of organic selenium or vitamin E in the commercial diet significantly increased their concentration in the egg and in the liver of 1-d-old chicks obtained from the eggs enriched with these substances. A positive effect of such dietary supplementation was seen at d 5 and d 10 of postnatal development. 4. There was a positive effect of selenium supplementation of the maternal diet on glutathione concentration in the liver of 1-d-old and 5-d-old chicks. A combination of a dietary selenium supplementation with high vitamin E doses further increased glutathione concentration in the liver. Dietary selenium supplementation significantly increased selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) activity in the liver of the 1-d-old and 5-d-old chicks and decreased liver susceptibility to peroxidation. 6. It is concluded that the nutritional status of the laying hen determines the efficiency of the antioxidant system throughout embryonic and early postnatal development of the offspring.     

Supplementation of the maternal diet with tomato powder and marigold extract: effects on the antioxidant system of the developing quail

The effects of natural dietary carotenoid supplementation of the maternal diet (tomato powder and marigold extract) on transfer to the egg yolk and on the development of the antioxidant system of the young quail liver in early postnatal life were investigated. Sixty Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were allocated to four treatment groups, each with three replicates consisting of four females and one male each. The quail were fed on one of four different diets for 23 d, each of them based on a low carotenoid, wheat/barley-based control diet. Tomato powder and marigold extract were added at rates of 20 and 2 g/kg to treatments 2 and 3, respectively. Marigold extract and tomato powder were also used in combination in treatment 4 at 2 g marigold + 20 g tomato powder/kg of diet. At 20 weeks of age, 60 eggs from each treatment were collected and placed in an incubator. After hatching, d-old quail from each group were reared (under standard commercial conditions) up to 14 d of age. They were fed on a low-carotenoid commercial diet. After hatch, at 1, 7 and 14 d, the livers of five young quail from each treatment were assessed for total carotenoid concentration and carotenoid profile. Results indicated that lycopene is transferred from the feed to the egg yolk and further to the liver of the developing embryo. Elevated carotenoid concentration in the egg yolk and correspondingly in the liver of newly hatched quail remains significant during first week posthatch. Lutein and lycopene did not affect vitamin E concentration in the egg yolk or liver of the newly hatched quail. A combination of increased concentrations of lycopene and lutein in the egg yolk results in elevated concentrations of coenzyme Q in the liver of the newly hatched quail.     

Effect of vitamin A on the antioxidant system of the chick during early postnatal development

1. The effect of increasing vitamin A doses on the concentrations of vitamins A, E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the liver and blood plasma of the neonatal chick were investigated. 2. In the 1st experiment 75 d-old chickens were divided into 3 equal groups and in the 2nd experiment 100 d-old chickens were divided into 5 groups. Retinyl acetate in corn oil (1.72; 4.30; 8.60 or 17.2 mg) was intubated directly into the crop daily during the first 5 d after hatch. 3. The intubation of vitamin A increased its accumulation in the liver, with a plateau at about 6,000 microg/g, and was associated with inhibition of vitamin E and carotenoid utilisation from the liver during postnatal development. 4. Moderate amounts of vitamin A intubation increased ascorbic acid concentration in the liver, kidney, brain and plasma. A further increase in vitamin A intubation had an adverse effect on ascorbic acid concentrations in the plasma and brain. 5. The 2 highest inputs of vitamin A decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the chicken liver and brain. 6. It is concluded that the effect of vitamin A on development of the antioxidant system in the neonatal chick is dose-dependent and an excess of vitamin A can compromise the antioxidant defence system.     

Effect of roxarsone and canthaxanthin on broiler pigmentation

Broiler chicks were fed on a commercial‐type ration containing 20 g oxy‐carotenoids/ton for 5 weeks, half receiving 0.005% roxarsone. All birds were then fed on finisher rations containing a moderate (20 g/ton) to high level (40 g/ton) of oxycarotenoids from food ingredients alone and in combination with 2 and 4 g canthaxanthin/ton for 26 d. The birds given roxarsone in the starter ration also received 0.005% roxarsone in the finisher ration together with the above‐listed oxycarotenoid supplements. Roxarsone was withdrawn from the ration 5 d prior to termination of the study to simulate commercial requirements.

The continuous feeding of 0.005% roxarsone had no effect on weight gain, food conversion or pigmentation as assessed by visual shank scores, using the Roche Yolk Color Fan, and colorimetric assay of total carotenoid concentrations in plasma, toe‐web skin and shank skin. Shank visual scores reflected the increased levels of oxycarotenoids derived from food ingredients alone and the effect of supplemental canthaxanthin. These data show that canthaxanthin is an effective pigmenter adjuvant, when added at 2 to 4 g/ton to rations containing 20 to 40 g of oxy‐carotenoids/ton from food ingredient sources. Concurrent feeding of 0.005% roxarsone, while having no positive effect on pigmentation, had no adverse effect on the pigmenting properties of canthaxanthin.     

Effects of zearalenone on the developing male chick

Incorporation of 40 p.p.m. of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, into the food of male chicks for a period of 10 d, had little effect on weight gain or efficiency of food conversion, but caused a significant increase in the weight of testes and comb.     

高温胁迫下苜蓿抗氧化系统及叶绿素含量对草酸的响应

在40℃高温胁迫条件下,对经5 mmol/L草酸处理后的苜蓿叶片细胞膜透性、叶绿素含量和抗氧化系统进行研究.与对照相比,处理组苜蓿Medicago sativa叶片的细胞膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,叶绿素含量和过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化系统的活性增强,表明草酸提高了苜蓿的耐热性.     

Effect of maternal canthaxanthin and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on the performance of ducklings under two different vitamin regimens

This study investigated the effects of maternal canthaxanthin (CX, 6 mg/kg) and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25‐OH‐D₃, 0.069 mg/kg) supplementation on the performance of Cherry Valley ducklings under two different vitamin regimens. A total of 780 duck breeder females and 156 males were randomly allotted to two diets with or without the addition of the mixture of CX and 25‐OH‐D₃ (CX+25‐OH‐D₃) for 32 weeks. Ducklings (males and females separately) hatched from eggs laid at 24 weeks of the duck breeder trial were fed with a NRC vitamin regimen, and ducklings (males and females separately) hatched from eggs laid at 32 weeks of the duck breeder trial were fed with a HIGH vitamin regimen (had higher levels of all vitamins except biotin than NRC vitamin regimen), for 14 days. The results showed that, maternal CX+25‐OH‐D₃ supplementation increased the shank pigmentation for 7‐days post hatch in ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen, and for 14‐days post hatch in ducklings under a HIGH vitamin regimen. Growth performance, antioxidant status and serum phosphorus of ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen were increased by maternal CX+25‐OH‐D₃ supplementation; however, these positive effects were not observed in ducklings under a HIGH vitamin regimen. Males revealed increased growth performance in ducklings under both NRC and HIGH vitamin regimens. Sexual differences in shank pigmentation, antioxidant status, tibia strength and serum phosphorus were not consistent as they were dependent on maternal CX+25‐OH‐D₃ status or dietary vitamin regimens. Data suggest that maternal CX+25‐OH‐D₃ supplementation is important for starter ducklings under a NRC vitamin regimen, but not HIGH vitamin regimen.     

日粮中添加柠檬酸对雏鸡生长发育的影响

在雏鸡日粮中添加不同水平的柠檬酸,观察其对罗曼公雏生长发育的促进作用。结果表明,0．1％柠檬酸添加水平有提高生长速度和饲料转化率的作用。     

Effect of maternal cottonseed feed on the immune and antioxidant status of Santa Ines lambs

Cottonseed has been used as a nutritional alternative in animal production. However, consequences of this nutrient in the progeny is not well characterized. Thus, this work evaluated the effect on the immune and antioxidant status of the progeny of feeding Santa Ines ewe with or without cottonseed. Twenty-four Santa Ines ewes were distributed in two feeding regimes: cottonseed (CS) concentrate (n = 12) and soybean (SB) concentrate (n = 12). After birth, lambs remained with their mothers and blood samples were collected at 1^st, 3^rd, 7^th, 15^th, 30^th and 60^th day of life of 24 lambs born from mothers fed with (CS, n = 12) or without (SB, n = 12) cottonseed. Serum total protein, albumin, alpha beta globulin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin G and M, activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and variables related to iron metabolism were affected only by sampling times (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum total protein, alpha beta globulin, gamma globulin and immunoglobulin G and M, GPx activity and ORAC values decreased as lamb age increased. Serum albumin concentration and CAT activity, in turn, increased as lamb age increased. In this work, maternal feeding with cottonseed did not affect the serum protein profile and antioxidant status of progeny during the lactation period, indicating no transfer of gossypol effects by milk secretions. Thus, the alternative in ruminants feeding with cottonseed can be used without maternal-descendant effects to immunity and oxidative stress in lambs.     

Effect of feeding system on protein metabolites in chick blood

Chicks, one week of age, were subjected to a cyclic feeding regimen where food was available for 8 h and withheld for 16 h while their controls had access to food 24 h/d. All birds were kept under continuous light. At the end of a 3‐week feeding period, blood uric acid and ammonia levels were determined with time of sampling related to the feeding regimen of the cyclic fed birds. It was found that access to food in the cyclic fed birds significantly elevated plasma uric acid levels as compared to the ad libitum fed birds. Blood ammonia, on the other hand, significantly decreased with feeding and increased after the withdrawal of food in the cyclic fed birds.     

脂溶性维生素对水生生物抗氧化系统影响的研究

<正>脂溶性VA、VD、VE和VK是一类化学结构不同,营养作用和生理功能各异的低分子有机化合物,是人类和动物不可缺少的一类营养物质。近年来的研究表明,脂溶性维生素除了发挥其经典作用之外,还具有抗氧化或氧化作用。本文就脂溶性维生素对水生生物抗氧化系统影响的研究做一综述。     

虾青素和角黄素的配伍对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和抗氧化能力的影响

以平均初始体重为(9.91±0.01)g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹为研究对象,进行为期70 d的养殖试验,探讨在幼蟹基础饲料(D0)中添加50 mg/kg虾青素+50 mg/kg角黄素(D1)对蟹的生长和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加了虾青素和角黄素后对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率以及肌肉和全蟹常规营养成分均无显著影响(P>0.05);虾青素和角黄素的添加显著提高了幼蟹肝胰腺总抗氧化能力和超氧化物歧化酶的水平(P<0.05),显著降低了丙二醛的水平(P<0.05),两组间过氧化氢酶的水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加虾青素+角黄素混合物(11)可以有效提高中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺抗氧化能力。     

Effect of diet with thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. 2. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were allotted at random to three treatments: control group, low thiram group (50 mg/kg) and high thiram group (100 mg/kg). 3. Blood samples were collected to determine the activity of AST (aspartate aminotransferase). At the end of the trial, broilers were killed and liver samples were collected to determine the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and MDA (malondialdehyde) content, while the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for assessment of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence and TD score. 4. The results showed that thiram increased the incidence of TD and TD scores, increased serum AST activity and MDA content of liver, and decreased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver. 5. They suggest that thiram causes TD in broilers by reducing liver antioxidation capability and damaging liver function; this may be one of the mechanisms by which thiram causes TD in broilers.     

小麦水溶性非淀粉多糖含量对肉仔鸡脂代谢的影响

本试验选用240只1日龄体重均一、健康的AA肉仔鸡公雏,随机分为对照组、W1组[水溶性非淀粉多糖(S-NSPs)含量为0.93%]、W2组(S-NSPs含量为1.37%),每组4个重复,每个重复20只,试验期为49 d,研究小麦日粮S-NSPs含量不同对肉仔鸡脂代谢及肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达的影响。结果表明:(1)不同S-NSPs含量的小麦日粮可显著降低49日龄肉仔鸡腹脂率(P0.05),而W2组49日龄肉仔鸡肝率显著提高(P0.05)。(2)不同S-NSPs含量的小麦日粮可显著降低35～49日龄肉仔鸡肝脏中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因表达(P0.05),对脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达影响差异不显著(P0.05),但有降低趋势。     

Polyamine quantitative analysis in the developing chick embryo

1. An improved specific and sensitive method for the separation and detection of polyamines, based on an automated ion exchange chromatography, is described. 4. The mean contents of polyamines in embryos at different stages of development are reported. The data show a direct correlation between the cellular polyamine content and the growth rate of the embryo.     

高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响

为了了解高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响,试验将200羽1日龄商品代科宝肉仔鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为Ⅰ组(对照组)11 mg/kg、Ⅱ组110 mg/kg、Ⅲ组330 mg/kg和Ⅳ组550 mg/kg,在饲养10,20,30,40,50天时每组各取5只鸡分离血清,检测血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组SOD、GR、GSH-Px的活性升高,T-AOC升高(P<0.05);Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组SOD、GR、GSH-Px的活性及T-AOC先出现代偿性升高(P<0.05),随着饲喂时间的延长,该系列指标降低(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组MDA的含量均升高(P<0.05)。说明日粮铜含量达到或超过330 mg/kg可引起肉鸡血清抗氧化酶活性降低,致使血清抗氧化功能受损。     

The effect of diet and copper supplementation on chick growth

Two experiments are described in which various diets were fed to broiler chicks, with or without a supplement of 0.1 per cent CuSO 4.5 H₂O supplying 250 mg/kg added Cu. When the basal diet was composed mainly of wheat and fish meal with added tallow, growth responses to copper measured at 6 weeks of age were 7.6 per cent in the first experiment (highly significant) and 2.8 per cent in the second experiment (0.1 > P > 0.05). When the basal diet was composed mainly of maize and soya‐bean meal there was no response to added copper in the first experiment and a significant depression in growth in the second experiment. A basal diet containing 25 per cent of dried whey gave very poor growth (about 60 per cent of normal) but showed a large response to the addition of Cu. Responses to added Cu in all diets were generally larger in the faster growing males than in the female chicks.

Where positive growth responses to copper were obtained, food consumption was usually higher, but efficiency of food utilisation was better in the chicks given the copper‐supplemented diets.

The average concentrations of Cu found in the livers of birds with or without copper supplements were 4.41 and 4.10 mg/kg of fresh liver respectively in the first experiment and 6.88 and 4.56 mg/kg of fresh liver in the second experiment. The difference in the second experiment was highly significant.     

The supplementary effect of adding canthaxanthin to a diet containing natural sources of pigmenting compounds on the pigmentation of broilers

Two experiments have been carried out involving 4200 broiler‐type chicks maintained on litter with six basal diets in the first study and six in the second. From the data of these studies, it can be concluded that canthaxanthin can be used effectively to augment or supplement naturally occurring xanthophylls found in yellow corn or alfalfa for the pigmentation of broilers. From the data, it would appear that it would be possible to produce any level of pigmentation desired by combining canthaxanthin with yellow corn or alfalfa or a combination of these two ingredients.     

饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂质代谢的影响

选取来源一致、体质健康、尾均重约248.70±1.31 g的黄河鲤鱼750尾,采用单因子完全随机设计,设5个处理,3个重复,分别在基础饲粮中添加0%(对照组)、5%(试验Ⅰ组)、10%(试验Ⅱ组)、15%(试验Ⅲ组)和20%(试验Ⅳ组)的苜蓿草粉,以探讨苜蓿草粉对黄河鲤鱼抗氧化性能及脂类代谢的影响.结果显示,1)添加5%和10%的苜蓿草粉能显著或极显著提高黄河鲤鱼血清和肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,同时也能显著或极显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,说明苜蓿草粉能有效地提高黄河鲤鱼的抗氧化能力.2)血清、肝胰脏和肌肉中总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量都随着苜蓿草粉添加量的增加依次降低.其中,在血清中,试验Ⅳ组2指标含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但另外3个试验组和对照组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);在肝胰脏中,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的总胆固醇和试验Ⅳ组甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在肌肉中.试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的总胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).但苜蓿草粉的添加对血清中高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量并未形成显著性影响(P>0.05).