不同桉树品系对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂抗性研究

本研究选择了在我国主要桉树种植区内种植面积大或具有推广潜力的12个优良桉树品系,在广东肇庆、阳江和湛江3个样地进行抗桉树枝瘿姬小蜂试验,结果表明M1(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.tereticornis)、雷9(E.urophylla×E.tereticornis)为高抗品系,DH3229(E.urophylla×E.grandis)、DH3228(E.urophylla×E.grandis)、DH3226(E.urophylla×E.grandis)、LH1(E.urophylla×E.tereticornis)、金光21(E.jinguang No.21)、广3(E.wetarensis×E.marginata)和广林9(E.grandis×E.urophylla)等7个品系为抗虫品系,邓恩桉(E.dunnii)和雷11(E.urophylla×E.tereticornis)为感虫品系,Eg5(E.grandis)为高感品系。不同品系的感染虫瘿数量差异显著,Eg5的丛枝状等级较其它品系高,其它11个品系间的丛枝状等级也表现出不同程度的差异。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫化学引诱技术研究

为探索桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的监测和绿色防控技术,选择DH201-2、大叶桉和窿缘桉的桉树油及?-松油烯、DL-柠檬烯配制了8种引诱剂,于2016—2019年进行了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂诱虫试验及林间应用。结果表明,这8种引诱剂对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂均有引诱效果,诱虫量由大到小依次为：DH201-2桉树油+?-松油烯（77∶23）≥?-松油烯+柠檬烯（8∶2)DH201-2桉树油大叶桉桉树油+?-松油烯（77∶23）≈窿缘桉桉树油+?-松油烯（77∶23）大叶桉桉树油≈窿缘桉桉树油≥黄色粘虫板≥市售桉树精油清水对照。林间应用中以DH201-2桉树油+?-松油烯（7∶3）的混配剂引诱效果最佳,在DH201-2桉树林对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫平均年诱捕量为326.85头/诱捕器,诱虫量是黄色粘虫板的2.46倍。该诱剂可应用于桉树枝瘿姬小蜂种群监测与防治。实践应用中,建议诱捕器悬挂高度为2 m。     

速生桉白蚁及其防治技术

速生桉是群众对造林后约 4～ 6a可以成材的桉树种类的总称 ,如尾叶桉 Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake、巨尾桉 E.grandis×urophylla、尾巨桉E. urophylla× grandis等品种 ,它生长快 ,效益显著 ,是我国南方一些省区目前发展的重要树种。但白蚁是桉苗、幼树期最危险的虫害 ,一般为害死亡率达2 0 %～ 1 0 0 % ,给林业生产带来巨大的损失。为控制该类虫害 ,笔者结合营林生产 ,于 1 997～ 2 0 0 1年间 ,在广西国营博白林场等多个大型国营林场对危害速生桉的白蚁种类、为害习性进行了调查研究 ,对防治方法、补救措施等进行了初步研究 ,并得…     

气象因子对赣南桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫发生量的影响

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在赣南发生蔓延速度很快,为摸清桉树枝瘿姬小蜂种群在赣南的发生规律及气象因子对其发生的影响,调查研究了该蜂的种群消长动态,并结合当地的主要气象因子,采用多元线性回归和逐步回归等方法对成虫发生量与气象因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明,月平均气温(x4)和月最高气温(x5)这两个气象因子对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫数量有显著影响,呈显著正相关关系。最优回归方程:y=-145.579+2.503x4+5.063x5;桉树枝瘿姬小蜂成虫数量与月平均最低气温月平均最高气温、月最低温度、相对湿度虽也有一定关系,但无较大关系,均为不重要变量。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂综合防控技术的研究进展

桉树是我国三大速生用材树种之一,在制浆造纸和人造板产业中发挥着重要的作用,已成为我国林业经济的重要支柱产业。然而,外来入侵害虫桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在我国南方桉树种植区大面积致瘿为害多种桉树树种,致使苗木落叶、植株矮化、枝梢枯死,严重影响桉树的生长和产量,且目前尚无有效的防治措施。鉴于此,文章综述了国内外针对其已开展的综合防控技术,提出了以林业技术和生物防治为主,化学防治为辅的观点,以期为后续针对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的有效防控提供参考资料。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂危害程度分级方法研究

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Lepcocybe invasa Fisher ＆ La Saller对林木的危害程度因寄主品种、侵入时间、寄主生长阶段不同而有差异。依据该虫发生区的调查结果,阐述了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂危害程度的几种分级方法,以在实际操作中完善与应用,为森防检疫、测报和防治提供依据。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在闽西的发生特点及色卡防治试验

通过2013—2014年林间观察发现,桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在福建闽西1年发生3代,第1代成虫羽化高峰期在7月中旬,第2代羽化高峰期在9月下旬,越冬代在翌年5月中旬羽化。研究表明,不同色卡对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的引诱效果差异显著,其中纯白色(RAL9010)和信号黄(RAL1003)引诱效果最好,林间防治效果分别达到69.04%和69.94%。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂生物学特性及控制技术

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle为2000年新发现的一新属新种,2007年在我国首次发现.该虫为桉树的重要致瘿害虫,严重为害桉树幼林和苗木,可造成巨大损失.为了采取有力预防措施,本文论述该害虫的分类地位、形态特征、生物学特性、国内外发生现状,对其进行了风险分析与评估,依据目前掌握的资料及害虫发生特点,提出了相应的控制技术.     

桉树抗青枯病的筛选技术

桉树 (Eucalyptus)青枯病 (Pseudomo-nas solanacearum E.F.Smith)是青枯假单孢菌引起的。主要发生在苗期 ,幼林期。轻则造成缺株 ,影响产量 ;严重的使得桉幼林一片青枯 ,需要重新造林。目前尚无有效的防治措施。　　我国引种桉树已有百年的历史 ,由于当时引种的桉树种类抗青枯病性强 ,没有造成危害。近年引种速生丰产 ,砍伐期短的尾叶桉、巨桉 ,及其杂交种巨尾桉和尾巨桉等 ;这些极易感染青枯病的种类 ,在种植面积较大的广东、广西、海南等省区严重被害 ,发病株率由 2 0 %到 5 0 %不等 ;少数严重发病的 1～2 a生的桉幼林 ,一片青枯死亡 ,…     

我国发现外来入侵害虫桉树叶瘿球角姬小蜂的重要天敌——桉树扁角金绿姬小蜂（膜翅目：姬小蜂科）

近年来,在我国桉树上发生了一种严重的外来入侵害虫——桉树叶瘿球角姬小蜂Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead)（膜翅目：姬小蜂科Eulophidae）,其在桉树叶片上形成密密麻麻的小疱状虫瘿,造成桉树叶片大量脱落。为了利用天敌对该害虫进行生物防治,我们开展了该害虫的天敌调查。通过采集受害桉树叶片进行饲养,获得了一种寄生该害虫的寄生蜂——桉树扁角金绿姬小蜂Closterocerus chamaeleon(Girault)（膜翅目：姬小蜂科Eulophidae）。该寄生蜂为我国新纪录种,本文对其形态特征进行了详细描述,并提供了成虫鉴别特征的彩色照片。桉树扁角金绿姬小蜂原产地是澳大利亚,现在已被引进到世界上许多桉树栽培的国家和地区防治桉树叶瘿球角姬小蜂,防效十分显著。桉树扁角金绿姬小蜂是自然控制该害虫的优势天敌,我国现在发现了这种天敌,将在我国生物防治这种桉树外来入侵害虫上发挥重要作用。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.