石榴皮和石榴籽组分的差异性分析

以安徽省怀远县的石榴产品玉石籽的石榴皮和石榴籽为原料,研究其组分的差异性。结果表明,石榴籽中粗蛋白含量是石榴皮中的5倍,粗纤维含量是石榴皮的近10倍。石榴皮中可溶性糖含量高达37.8%,高出石榴籽近57%,游离氨基酸含量比石榴籽高35.83mg/100g,黄酮和生物碱等功能成分含量也均高于石榴籽。石榴籽主要含有常规成分,而石榴皮主要含有一些功能性成分。     

软籽石榴胚离体培养和快繁技术探讨

正确的处理条件以及适宜的植物激素配比在软籽石榴胚培养和快繁技术上起关键性作用。本研究以软籽石榴胚组织为材料,研究确定最适宜软籽石榴发育的胚处理条件、增殖培养基、生根培养基,为软籽石榴的优质高产提供理论依据。通过对比低温(4℃)下不同处理时间(0, 4d,8d, 16 d)和两种不同处理方式(保留种皮,去除部分种皮)、不同植物激素处理、不同炼苗基质对软籽石榴胚培养和快繁的影响,得出结论:石榴果实在4℃下保存4 d,除去部分种皮有利于胚萌发;软籽石榴组培苗最适增殖培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L GA3 +0.5 mg/L 6-BA,试管苗株高3.8 cm、增殖系数达到4.8,其中植物激素对增殖的影响程度6-BA>NAA>GA3;最佳生根培养基为1/4MS+0.1 mg/LIBA+0.1 mg/L PP333,生根率为85%;最佳炼苗基质为泥土,苗成活率达到90%以上且苗长得快而茁壮。该研究通过胚培养技术筛选适宜软籽石榴快速繁育的培养条件,有望为软籽石榴的快速繁殖和培养优良性状的新品种提供依据。     

不同浓度咯菌腈处理对泰山红石榴冷藏品质的影响

为比较不同浓度咯菌腈处理对石榴冷藏品质的影响,以泰山红石榴为试材,分别以浓度为200 mg/L（T1）、400 mg/L（T2）、600 mg/L（T3）的咯菌腈处理石榴果实,在（5±1）℃、相对湿度90%～95%条件下冷藏112 d,冷藏期间每28 d取样测定石榴果实品质相关指标。结果表明：不同浓度咯菌腈处理对泰山红石榴冷藏过程中总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸、总酚含量,以及果皮和籽粒的色彩指数均无显著影响;较高浓度的咯菌腈延迟了冷藏过程中果皮过氧化物酶活性高峰出现的时间;咯菌腈处理在一定程度上加速了泰山红石榴冷藏过程中多酚氧化酶的钝化;T2组石榴在冷藏至第28天时,总抗氧化活性水平显著高于T1、T3组和对照组;冷藏至112 d时,褐变指数以T3组石榴最低（0.16）,T2组次之（0.25）,二者显著低于T1组（0.30）和对照组（0.31）。综合试验结果可知：随着咯菌腈浓度的升高,泰山红石榴冷藏后期的褐变相应减少;咯菌腈处理对泰山红石榴冷藏过程中的主要生理指标无显著影响;以400~600 mg/L的咯菌腈浓度处理对减少泰山红石榴冷藏后期的褐变效果较好。     

名优热作苗木基地建设开发应用研究

采用成熟传统技术和创新技术相结合、自育苗木和引进供应苗木相结合的形式,进行名优热作果树苗木基地建设开发应用研究,结果表明:琯溪蜜柚小芽腹接,桃、梨、柿等短枝嫁接成熟传统技术的应用,嫁接成苗率达76.3%～95.0%;创新技术ATP生根粉、奈乙酸、水杨酸不同时间、不同剂量浸泡青皮软籽石榴短穗扦插成苗率达75.0%～85.3%,与传统技术青皮软籽石榴短穗扦插同期成苗率35.0%相比,创新技术比传统技术提高成苗率110.0%～138.9%;琯溪蜜柚、大板栗、青皮软籽石榴年育苗利润为3 535～4 550元/667m2,投入产出比1∶(2.7～3.4),在1999～2002年的4年间,自育果树苗木67 335株,引进调节供应果树苗木14.62万株,推广应用面积229.4hm2.     

冷藏对菜蚜茧蜂羽化率及寿命的影响研究

为了明确不同温度、不同僵化天数以及冷藏时间对菜蚜茧蜂羽化率及寿命的影响,找出菜蚜茧蜂最适冷藏条件。实验在不同温度(2、3、4、5、6℃)下冷藏不同僵化程度（僵化1、2、3、4、5天）的菜蚜茧蜂僵蚜5、15、25天。结果显示：随冷藏时间的延长菜蚜茧蜂的羽化率有所降低;僵化4、5天的僵蚜更耐冷藏,4~5℃较适合菜蚜茧蜂低温冷藏。6℃时有部分虫体在冷藏过程中羽化。冷藏期为5、15天时,可存活2~3天。冷藏期为25天时,寿命为1~2天。因此,菜蚜茧蜂最适宜在僵化4~5天时,于4~5℃冷藏。     

不同激素处理对青皮软籽石榴扦插成苗率影响

用奈乙酸、水杨酸、ATB生根粉 3种激素对青皮软籽石榴短穗进行不同浓度、不同时间浸泡处理后进行扦插繁殖 ,以清水浸泡处理为对照 ,结果表明 ,奈乙酸 0 .0 5 %～ 0 .3%处理浓度梯度内 ,随浓度增加成苗率降低 ;水杨酸 0 .1%～ 2 .0 %和ATB生根粉 5× 10 - 6～ 5 0× 10 - 6处理浓度 ,随浓度增加成苗率提高 ;3种激素处理中 ,浸泡时间长短对成苗率无明显影响。     

突尼斯软籽石榴嫁接与移栽

由于软籽石榴的经济效益远远高于有籽石榴,因此有籽石榴园品种改良为软籽石榴成为果农的迫切需要,有的嫁接,有的移栽,但效果差异很大。现以突尼斯软籽石榴为例,探讨影响软籽石榴嫁接和移栽成活的几个关键因素。     

奇特石榴新品种--牡丹与黑大果

石榴是世界上栽培较早的果树之一,在我国已有二千多年栽培历史。近几年科技人员选育出的奇特新品种牡丹石榴和黑籽大果石榴,集观赏、食用、药用、保健于一体,又是城镇、家庭、绿化美化具有生态效益、经济效益、社会效益于一身的新品种,深受人民喜爱。1牡丹石榴花朵特大,胜似牡丹花,故而得名,花的直径10cm以上,最大可达14cm,红色重瓣,花期长达150d之久,成树单株每年可开三千多朵花。牡丹石榴结果早、果实大、产量高、品质佳。二年开花,三年结果,单果重500g左右,最大1500g,盛果期单株结果25～30kg,产量2500～3000kg/667m2。2黑籽大果石榴最近…     

长江流域突尼斯2号软籽石榴高产栽培技术

<正>突尼斯2号软籽石榴是中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所将突尼斯软籽石榴品种改良育成的软籽石榴新品种。该品种树势中等,植株偏矮,树冠不大,抗旱、抗病,不裂果,冬季最低气温在-17℃以上的地域都可栽培。果实8月中旬至9月上旬陆续成熟,比传统品种早熟20天以上,盛果期亩产量2 000多千克,一般单果重500克,最大果重可达1100克。果实成熟时,表皮由黄色逐渐变红色,色泽鲜艳,商品性状特好,籽粒大、鲜红色,籽仁特软可食,风味甘甜,口感特佳,尤以籽仁特软可食的特点而     

石榴籽油的研究进展

综述了石榴籽油化学成分、提取方法和药理作用等方面的研究进展,探讨了石榴籽油的应用前景,旨在为石榴籽油的开发利用提供参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.