淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液对大豆胞囊线虫趋化性的影响

 实验室条件下,研究了大豆胞囊线虫幼虫对大豆根和根浸出液的趋化性以及淡紫拟青霉代谢产物对其趋化性的影响。结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫(J₂)对大豆根存在着一定的趋化性,而淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液对J₂存在明显的驱避性。在根浸出液、真菌滤液及其混合液剂处理下,大豆胞囊线虫J₂在WA平板上靠近处理液的0~1cm区间中分布率存在极显著差异(P <0.0 1),而加样时间(液剂与线虫同时放置或提前2 4h处理)对其分布率没有显著影响。大豆幼根蘸取滤液后对线虫J₂在该区间的分布与不经处理的幼根差异显著(P <0.0 5),证明淡紫拟青霉发酵滤液可以明显地降低线虫与大豆根的亲和力,并强烈抑制线虫对大豆根的侵染。     

抗性大豆品种对大豆胞囊线虫侵入和发育的影响

 大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)是一种严重为害大豆生产的植物寄生线虫,在我国主要产豆区东北和黄淮海地区均发生普遍。由于此线虫种内存在生理分化,不断培育种植抗病品种成为防治的重要途径。     

丛枝菌根真菌与大豆胞囊线虫相互作用研究初报

 在温室盆栽条件下对大豆‘开育10’品种接种了丛枝菌根(AM)真菌:Gigaspora margarita Becker&Hall、Glomus fasiculatum(Thaxt) Gerd.&Trappe、G.intraradices Schenck&Smith、G.mosseae Nicolson&Gedermann及G.versiforme Berch和/或大豆胞囊线虫(SCN,Heterodera glycines)4号生理小种。供试AM真菌可不同程度地促进大豆植株的生长发育,增加植株高度、地上部和地下部干重及单株产量,减轻感病大豆品种‘开育10’SCN的危害,降低病情指数、根上和根围土壤中胞囊数量、2龄幼虫和胞囊内卵数。其中,G.fasiculatum、Gi.margarita和G.intraradices的效应大于G.mosseae和G.versiforme的处理。接种SCN显著降低了G.intraradices和G.versiforme对大豆根系的侵染率、G.fasiculatum的产孢数量及G.intraradices的侵入点数量,增加了G.mosseae的产孢数量。认为部分AM真菌能有效地抑制SCN对大豆根系的侵染、胞囊发育和2龄幼虫的形成。     

连作土壤中大豆胞囊线虫种群数量减少的原因探讨

 通过对双河、宝泉岭和白城3个大豆胞囊线虫病抑制性土壤样品土质、定殖于大豆胞囊线虫上真菌以及土壤特性(土壤抑制性、传导性、杀真菌剂处理)的研究,表明多年连作会引起大豆胞囊线虫种群数量的减少。在此类土壤中胞囊数量一般小于100个/100g土,且空胞囊率达80%以上。胞囊上真菌分离频率高,种类较单纯,其中宝泉岭土样中定殖真菌有明显的优势种-淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)。大豆胞囊线虫衰退土壤中具有抑制因子,经物理灭菌和杀真菌剂多菌灵处理后,原有抑制特性丧失,3个土样大豆根部胞囊数量分别增加140.0%、165.5%、68.2%和141.9%、215.2%、139.3%。大豆胞囊线虫抑制性土壤具有传导特性,当抑制土与无菌土按1:9混合后胞囊数量较灭菌土分别减少70.0%、26.5%和51.8%。本文证明了连作土壤中引起大豆胞囊线虫种群数量减少的主要原因是生物因子,并初步确定为食线虫真菌的作用,同时证明土壤状况与大豆胞囊线虫的衰退也有一定关系。     

连作和轮作对大豆胞囊线虫群体数量及土壤线虫群落结构的影响

大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera glycinesIchinohe病害是大豆生产中的毁灭性病害,对世界大豆生产造成重大损失。采用根染色法和常规土壤线虫分类鉴定技术研究了连作和轮作两种耕作方式下大豆胞囊线虫群体数量和土壤线虫群落结构的变化。结果表明,连作使大豆田土壤中胞囊和根系上各龄期胞囊线虫数量显著增加(95.6→335.5),而轮作积累很少(10.3→31.8),感病品种中J2的侵入数量决定了大豆胞囊线虫形成胞囊的数量(22.8→95.6,129.4→335.5)。玉米-玉米-大豆的轮作方式使胞囊积累最少(10.3)。轮作大豆田土壤线虫总数高于连作,主要由于轮作大豆田土壤线虫的优势属Helicotylenchus和优势营养类群植物寄生线虫PP的相对丰度高于连作,但大豆胞囊线虫的相对丰度正相反,连作(33.65%)高于轮作(0.91%),说明Heterodera glycines可以作为土壤线虫的关键属种用以指示土壤发病的严重程度。研究中重要的优势属和关键属种cp值均为3,说明其繁殖和抗干扰能力比较强。研究证明土壤线虫优势营养类群、优势属种和关键属种可以有效地指示农业土壤健康状况和大豆田的大豆胞囊线虫病害的发生程度。     

豆薯细菌性角斑病的病原鉴定

 在安徽滁州的豆薯叶片上发现一种由细菌侵染引起角斑症状的病害,从角斑上分离到具有致病性的非荧光的杆状细菌,菌株的表型特征、细菌学特征、LOPAT试验和生理生化试验表明该细菌与丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae van Hall)相似,BIOLOG系统鉴定结果与丁香假单胞菌豌豆致病变种(P.syringae pv.pisi)相近,接种试验表明豆薯菌株能侵染大豆、菜豆和眉豆,但对豌豆的致病性差;在豇豆、绿豆和蚕豆上不表现症状。结果表明豆薯细菌性角斑病是一种新病害,病原菌属于丁香假单胞菌群的一个新的致病变种,命名为P.syringae pv.pachyrhizus nov.     

华北平原北部禾谷胞囊线虫的孵化特点

 禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)是一种主要危害燕麦、小麦、大麦和黑麦等麦类作物的植物寄生线虫,世界各主要产麦国均有发生,但所造成的损失差别很大。在澳大利亚等国,此线虫可使小麦严重减产,但在有的国家或地区,其并未对作物造成明显危害。我国于1992年正式报道小麦上发生禾谷胞囊线虫,已知其主要分布于华北、华中等地。     

小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的核糖体基因(rDNA)限制性片段长度多态性研究

 采用PCR技术扩增出中国和摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫群体的核糖体基因(rDNA)的内转录间隔区(ITS)片段的长度约为1 060 bp。用11种限制性内切酶(RE)酶切禾谷胞囊线虫ITS扩增产物,共产生27个酶切片段。用AluI和RsaI酶切ITS扩增产物证明中国禾谷胞囊线虫ITS属于"B型",而摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫ITS属于"A型"。用HinfI酶切后,7个中国禾谷胞囊线虫群体产生2个RFLP片段(860和200 bp),而摩洛哥群体产生3个RFLP片段(520、340和200 bp),HinfI揭示出中国与摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫ITS之间存在差异。AvaI和HindⅢ不能酶切禾谷胞囊线虫ITS。用CfoI、Bsh1236I、MsrFI、ScrFI、HaeⅢ和MvaI 6种RE酶切中国和摩洛哥禾谷胞囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS,均分别得到相同类型的RFLP分布型,因此这6种RE不能揭示中国与摩洛哥群体的rDNA-ITS的差异。     

北京菜豆(Phaseolus Vulgaris)上的一种新病毒—和性黄色花叶病毒

 从北京郊区患有类似花叶病害的菜豆株上分离到一种线条状病毒(长约700至750nm)并于1983至1986年间加以研究。在温室内接种可以侵染菜豆、蚕豆、豌豆、大豆、决明、苋色藜及昆诺藜而不能侵染被接种的任何茄科植物.同标准的菜豆普遍花叶病毒(BCMV)相比,它不侵染茄科植物例如黄花烟(Nicotiana rustica)和矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)在菜豆叶上也不产生坏死枯斑.此外它能侵染蚕豆、大豆、豌豆及决明而BCMV则不能.BCMV能侵染豇豆而这一分离物则不能.此分离物的物理性状为:钝化温度=56-580℃(十分钟),硫释限点=10^-3至10^-4,180℃下存治期为3天,A260/280=1.12.菜豆受侵叶组织易用光学显微镜观察到内含体包括一种片层叠合体.在电镜下超薄切片中可以看到风轮状体.极易用汁液摩接及用桃蚜(Myzus persic(接种.此病毒的衣壳蛋白亚基的分子量经测定为32,000道尔顿.此病毒与下列病毒即菜豆普通花叶病毒,菜豆黄色花叶病毒,黑眼豇豆花叶病毒,豌豆种传花叶病毒,三叶草黄脉病毒,莴苣花叶病毒及甜菜花叶病毒的抗血清均无反应.由于它在菜豆的"一窝猴"品种的叶片上产生沿脉黄色小点,因此认为这是一种新的独立的病毒,称之为菜豆和性黄色花叶病毒.     

燕麦胞囊线虫的生物学、致病型及麦类作物品种抗性

 992~1993年,通过对山西省、江苏省和安徽省17个县市小麦上胞囊线虫的分布调查,先后在山西省太谷县、安微省固镇县和准北市等地发现小麦不同程度被胞囊线虫寄生。3个胞囊线虫群体具有相同的形态特征和相近的测量值。根据胞囊二龄幼虫等虫态的主要形态特征,将3个胞囊线虫群体均鉴定为燕麦胞囊线虫(Heteredera avenae),其中在安徽省系新纪录。     

甘肃省陇东南大豆孢囊线虫的发生和分布

为了解甘肃省陇东南地区大豆孢囊线虫病分布和发生程度,采用Z字形取样法,对甘肃省陇东南地区9个县(区)37个乡镇大豆孢囊线虫病的发生和分布进行调查,并根据形态特征和rDNA-ITS序列比对鉴定线虫种类。共采集土样411份,陇东地区大豆孢囊线虫检出率为87.2%,其中镇原、西峰、正宁、华池和环县的检出率最高,达100%,镇原孢囊发生量最大,平均孢囊数为11.4个/100 g土;陇南地区大豆孢囊线虫检出率为63.7%,成县和徽县分别为64.0%、63.0%,平均孢囊数分别为0.9和1.2个/100 g土。经形态学特征观测和rDNA-ITS序列比对,甘肃省陇东南采集到的孢囊线虫均鉴定为大豆孢囊线虫Heterodera glycines。     

Genetics of soybean-Heterodera glycines system

Genetics of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is very complex. Crosses involving PI 437654, which is resistant to all races of cyst nematodes with other sources of resistance (Peking, PI 88788, and PI 90763) indicated that resistance to race 3 was controlled by four genes, two of which were dominant resistance genes and the other two were recessive resistance genes. For race 5, a four gene model with two recessive and two dominant resistance genes in epistasis has been proposed. For race 14, the results suggested a three gene model with one dominant and two recessive alleles. Several other plant introductions have been isolated which have different genes conditioning resistance. Most of the currently grown soybean varieties derived resistance from Peking and/or PI 88788. Resistance to SCN in these soybean varieties has broken down because of the emergence of several new races and populations of SCN. The use of PI 437654 or Hartwig and other plant introductions with different genes for resistance will broaden genetic diversity and stabilize yield.     

贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的发生与分布

大豆孢囊线虫病是威胁大豆生产的重大病害之一。2015-2016年,采用随机取样的方法对贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的发生和分布情况进行了调查。调查范围包括贵阳、六盘水、安顺、毕节、黔西南和遵义等6个地区下辖的14个县(区),共采集土样287份。调查结果表明,贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的总检出率为28.2%,其中毕节地区的大方县和赫章县孢囊检出率最高,分别达到46.7%和45.0%,而在遵义市、贵阳市和黔西南州孢囊检出率为0。六盘水地区的水城县孢囊发生量最大,平均孢囊数为3.4个/200g土,最大孢囊数达到17个/200g土;安顺地区的镇宁和关岭县大豆孢囊线虫发生程度最轻,每200g土样平均孢囊数分别为0.3和0.2个,最大孢囊数仅为2个/200g土。分离的孢囊主要形态特征与大豆孢囊线虫一致,并且ITS序列与甘肃大豆孢囊线虫种群序列一致性达100%。根据形态学观察和ITS序列分析比对,将贵州省采集到的孢囊线虫鉴定为大豆孢囊线虫。本研究结果可为有效防控贵州省大豆孢囊线虫病提供依据。     

Incidence of soil-borne plant pathogens isolated from barley and winter wheat, and other crops in the rotation, on Prince Edward Island

Barley and winter wheat were sampled over 3 years to characterize soil-borne organisms involved with cereal crown and root disease complexes. Winter wheat crowns were infected more often by Fusarium avenaceum and F. sambucinum than barley crowns. Bipolaris sorokiniana and F. graminearum were more common in crown tissue of barley underseeded with clover than in winter wheat crowns. In roots, the incidence of F. avenaceum was highest in winter wheat. In soil, populations of Rhizoctonia solani and F. sambucinum were higher in winter wheat than barley underseeded with ryegrass. Stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) were greatest in winter wheat and barley underseeded with ryegrass. The incidence of F. avenaceum in roots of winter wheat correlated positively with the severity of crown and root rot symptoms. The severity of barley crown and root rot correlated positively with the incidence of R. solani in crowns, F. avenaceum in crowns and roots, B. sorokiniana in roots, and numbers of stunt nematodes in the soil. The incidence of soil-borne organisms was also recorded in annual ryegrass. soybean, potato, pea, and clover which were grown in rotation with barley and winter wheat. The incidence of R. solani and F. avenaceum was highest in clover crown tissue, and F. sambucinum was prevalent in soybean hypocotyls. Soil population levels of R. solani, F. avenaceum , and stunt nematodes were greatest in ryegrass and pea soil just prior to ploughing down or harvesting these crops, respectively.     

大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫的抗性评价

 大豆孢囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe,SCN)是大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merrill)生产中的毁灭性害虫,种植抗性品种是控制其危害、减少产量损失的最佳途径。本研究通过温室盆栽实验评价了300份大豆种质对大豆孢囊线虫3号和4号生理小种的抗性。分别筛选到高抗和中抗3号生理小种的大豆种质27份和21份;高抗和中抗4号生理小种的大豆种质11份和9份。在所有供试材料中有10份材料同时对大豆孢囊线虫3号和4号生理小种表现高抗。线虫侵染实验表明,抗性材料对大豆孢囊线虫的发育有阻碍作用,并能显著降低最终形成的孢囊数。     

Host-suitability of black medick (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago lupulina</Emphasis> L.) and additional molecular markers for identification of the pea cyst nematode <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heterodera goettingiana</Emphasis>

A survey was conducted in 16 fields cultivated with broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) in nine localities of Apulia, southern Italy, to determine whether annual weeds were susceptible to the pea cyst nematode (PEACN), Heterodera goettingiana, and could therefore serve as alternate host for the nematode. The results of this study showed that black medick (Medicago lupulina L.) is a good host for the nematode increasing its population levels in the soil in the absence of the primary hosts. The identity of the PEACN was confirmed by integrative taxonomic approaches (classical, and molecular), resulting identical in all cases (broad bean and garden pea, as well as the spontaneous black medick infections). The phylogenetic analyses using ITS and coxI gene regions strongly support the identification of the populations of H. goettingiana from Italy. Also, ITS and coxI gene sequences were obtained from the same cyst, confirming the species identity in comparison to other nematodes and populations in the Goettingiana group, demonstrating that ITS and coxI gene regions of the PEACN are suitable molecular markers for accurate and unequivocal identification of the PEACN. Reproduction and histopathological analyses demonstrated a good host-suitability of black medick to the PEACN. This record enlarges the relatively narrow host-range of the pea cyst nematode and indicates the need to control M. lupulina to avoid the increase of the nematode population in the absence of the main host crop.     

山西省中南部小麦上孢囊线虫的发生、分布及种群特征

本研究于2011-2017年对山西省主要市(县)小麦上孢囊线虫的发生与分布进行了较系统的调查研究,从运城、晋城、临汾、长治、晋中、太原等市小麦产区百余个乡镇采集和分离小麦根及根围土壤样品1 131份,其中336份检出有孢囊线虫,检出率为29.7%;运城市和临汾市小麦根及根围土壤样品孢囊检出率高,分别达到42.3%和32.5%,晋中市、长治市、太原市以及晋城市等地区也发现有不同程度的分布。因地区、栽培制度和土壤质地等的不同,土壤中线虫的群体密度也存在较大的差异,白雌虫密度最高的群体分布在运城市的一些地区(每100mL土壤中白雌虫数平均达到101个)。通过形态学鉴定明确山西省小麦上孢囊线虫群体种类较为单一,均为禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae,未发现我国小麦上另一重要的孢囊线虫种类——菲利普孢囊线虫H.filipjevi。小麦孢囊线虫在山西不同地区的发生和分布情况为山西省针对性地开展小麦上孢囊线虫的综合治理提供了有价值的信息。     

山东省寄生烟草的孢囊线虫种类鉴定及种内群体间rDNA-ITS-RFLP分析

 在山东省5个植烟县/市采集烟草线虫土壤样本24份,其中10份土样中分离到孢囊线虫的孢囊,对之进行系统的形态学观测。孢囊阴门锥突出,双半膜孔,下桥和泡囊发达,阴门裂长（44.1±3.5） μm,阴门窗长（50.4±4.8） μm、宽（36.6±4.1） μm,下桥长（83.8±4.7） μm、宽（11.0±0.9） μm。利用大豆孢囊线虫特异性引物对分离到的孢囊线虫群体进行了分子鉴定。形态学和分子鉴定结果表明,山东省寄生烟草的孢囊线虫为大豆孢囊线虫Heterodera glycines Ichinohe,1952。对这10个孢囊线虫群体rDNA-ITS区进行了PCR扩增产物用7种限制性内切酶进行酶切和测序比对。发现,所有孢囊线虫群体均能扩增出一条大约1 000 bp大小的片段;用Alu Ⅰ、Bsh 1236 Ⅰ、Hae Ⅲ、Hha Ⅰ 、Mva Ⅰ 、Rsa Ⅰ酶切后,产生的酶切表型均相同;用Ava I酶切后,产生了2种酶切表型。所测孢囊线虫群体与GenBank收录的大豆孢囊线虫序列相似度高达99%以上。     

控制大豆孢囊线虫生物种农剂的研制及沈阳田间小区防效的初步试验

以“辽豆15”为材料,采用田间小区试验,探讨了自行研制的生物种衣剂对大豆孢囊线虫数量的影响。试验结果表明：2007年在沈阳汪家的试验中,处理4（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+微量元素组合3+助剂）对大豆根外孢囊的抑制率达65.66%,与对照有显著差异。2008年对处理4进行了精细的试验设计,并在2个不同地点布置试验,结果处理5（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+元素组合+助剂）在汪家和康平2个试验点的根外孢囊数量及根内线虫数量都与对照差异达到显著水平,2个试验点的根外孢囊抑制率分别为 62.13%和46.45%,根内线虫抑制率分别为62.50%和81.78%。     

Nematodes of food legumes in the Mediterranean Basin1

Several endoparasitic nematodes have been reported on leguminous plants in the Mediterranean area. The most widespread are the root-lesion nematodes Pratylenchus mediterraneus, P. penetrans and P. thornei. Symptoms induced by these nematodes usually are not very impressive, but 50% yield loss of chickpea may occur. Among root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne artiellia is associated with severe yield losses of chickpea in Italy, Spain and especially Syria. Tolerance limits of 0.14 and 0.02 of this nematode per ml soil are reported for winter and spring-sown chickpea, respectively. Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica can be noxious to French bean and cowpea in sandy soil. The cyst nematode Heterodera goettingiana reduces yields of pea, broad bean and vetch when its population densities exceed 0.5, 1, and 2.1 eggs per g of soil, respectively. Heterodera ciceri occurs in northern Syria and Turkey and is responsible for economic yield losses of chickpea and lentil in fields infested with more than 1 or 2.5 eggs per g of soil, respectively. Pea and grass pea also suffer from infestation of this nematode. The stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci causes severe decline of broad bean, pea and probably lentil during wet seasons. Other nematodes, although present in moderate numbers, appear to have little importance.