尖孢镰刀菌线粒体DNA的酶切分析

 在不同专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的线粒体DNA之间存在着限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP),这可能与它们的致病性差异有关。我们对一株尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum f.sp.eleocharidis1415-1)的线粒体DNA进行酶切分析发现它的酶切图谱和大小与其它专化型的线粒体DNA不同。     

苦瓜枯萎病菌的鉴定及其遗传多样性分析

 对分离获得的32株苦瓜枯萎病菌菌株进行形态学特征和寄主专化型测定, 结果表明, 测试的苦瓜枯萎病菌株均为尖孢镰刀菌苦瓜专化型 (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. momordicae), 这些菌株可以侵染苦瓜和瓠瓜幼苗, 但不侵染其他葫芦科瓜类作物。对苦瓜枯萎病菌菌株的rDNA-ITS区 (ITS1、5.8S和ITS2)序列进行扩增测序, 结果显示其序列长度均为456 bp;聚类分析表明测序菌株与镰刀菌属中尖孢镰刀菌不同专化型的菌株聚为一群。利用RAPD标记技术分析苦瓜枯萎病菌的遗传多样性, 结果显示苦瓜枯萎病菌株与其他葫芦科瓜类作物枯萎病菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.59~0.99, 当遗传相似系数为0.85时, 供试的48个菌株分成10个类群 (G_1~10)。在RAPD聚类树中所有苦瓜枯萎病菌株聚在一个分支上 (G₁群), 菌株间的遗传相似系数范围为0.92~1.00, 具有较高的遗传相似性, 且菌株的聚群与地理来源存在一定的相关性。     

大蓟总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长、生理的影响及其田间防治效果

为探究大蓟总黄酮对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis的抑制效果,采用微波超声法提取大蓟种子中的总黄酮,并测定其对其尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长、生理指标的影响及其田间防治效果。结果显示,大蓟总黄酮浓度为10 mg/mL时,对尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型的菌丝生长抑制率和孢子萌发抑制率达到100.0%,菌丝畸变、断裂;尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型OD650 nm和pH最小,分别为0.3和5.5;其电导率是对照组1.2倍。不同浓度大蓟总黄酮处理下尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型呼吸强度、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,羧甲基纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性降低,浓度为10 mg/mL大蓟总黄酮处理尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型60 h后,呼吸强度、SOD和CAT活性均降至最低,分别为7.8 mgCO2·cm-2·h-1、22.9 U/mL和20.8 U/mL。田间防治结果表明,浓度为10 mg/mL大蓟总黄酮处理下,甜瓜枯萎株数最少,防治效果最佳,为93.5%。表明大蓟总黄酮能够有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型生长,具有进一步发展为绿色新型植物源尖孢镰刀菌甜瓜专化型防治剂的能力。     

西瓜抗枯萎病品种“卡红”的抗病遗传研究

 西瓜枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum侵染所致。该病是西瓜生产中的主要病害,世界各国均有发生。     

河北廊坊大豆枯萎病病原镰刀菌的分子鉴定

 为明确河北廊坊中国农科院植保所试验基地大豆孢囊线虫病田内大豆枯萎病病原镰刀菌的种类,对362份罹病枯萎大豆植株进行病原真菌分离,得到335株真菌;使用镰刀菌通用引物鉴定出镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.) 279株,占分离菌株83.3%;镰刀菌特异性引物、测序等分子生物学技术结合形态学特征进一步鉴定镰刀菌种类,鉴定出尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum)189株,占分离菌株56.4%;茄病镰刀菌(F. solani)67株占20.0%、禾谷镰刀菌(F. graminearum)16株占4.8%、木贼镰刀菌(F. equiseti)3株、层出镰刀菌(F. proliferaum)2株、燕麦镰刀菌(F. avenaceum)和厚孢镰刀菌(F. chlamydosporum)各1株;致病性测试结果表明数量最多的尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum)中约92.8%菌株具有不同程度的致病力;这些结果表明该试验基地大豆枯萎病的优势病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum);研究结果可为大豆枯萎病的防治提供科学依据,并为大豆孢囊线虫与尖孢镰刀菌复合侵染大豆的研究奠定基础。     

镰刀菌研究:浙江省大小麦赤霉病穗上的镰刀菌种及其致病性

 本文报道1975~1981年间,从浙江省各地采集麦类赤霉病穗标样500个,分离获得1203个纯菌株,鉴定结果分别属于镰刀菌的12个种和变种。其中禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)占总标样数的93.9%;串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme)占2.4%;锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum)占1.2%;砖红镰刀菌(F.lateritum)占0.6%;燕麦镰刀菌(F.avenaceum)和木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)均占0.4%;三线镰刀菌(F.tricinctum)、雪腐镰刀菌(F.nivale)、半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum)、镰状镰刀菌(F.fusarioides)、尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、尖孢镰刀菌芬芳变种(F.oxysporum var.redolens)均占0.2%。从福建寄来要求鉴定的标样中,还分离到弯角镰刀菌(F.camptoceras)。     

FocVel2基因对黄瓜枯萎病菌丝生长及毒力的影响

 由尖孢镰孢菌黄瓜专化型引起的黄瓜枯萎病是世界黄瓜生产上的一种毁灭性病害。本研究鉴定了尖孢镰孢菌黄瓜专化型丝绒蛋白的一个同源基因FocVel2,利用基因敲除和互补的方法研究该基因的功能。敲除突变体菌株ΔFocVel2出现明显的表型变化,包括菌落生长速率降低和产孢量降低,并且敲除突变株对黄瓜幼苗毒力明显减弱,回补突变体菌株能够恢复敲除突变体ΔFocVel2的所有缺陷。总之,研究结果发现丝绒蛋白基因FocVel2在菌体无性繁殖以及侵染过程中起到重要作用。     

FocVel2基因对黄瓜枯萎病菌丝生长及毒力的影响

 由尖孢镰孢菌黄瓜专化型引起的黄瓜枯萎病是世界黄瓜生产上的一种毁灭性病害。本研究鉴定了尖孢镰孢菌黄瓜专化型丝绒蛋白的一个同源基因FocVel2,利用基因敲除和互补的方法研究该基因的功能。敲除突变体菌株ΔFocVel2出现明显的表型变化,包括菌落生长速率降低和产孢量降低,并且敲除突变株对黄瓜幼苗毒力明显减弱,回补突变体菌株能够恢复敲除突变体ΔFocVel2的所有缺陷。总之,研究结果发现丝绒蛋白基因FocVel2在菌体无性繁殖以及侵染过程中起到重要作用。     

甘肃定西地区甘蓝枯萎病病原菌的分离与鉴定

自2009年起,甘肃定西地区出现了甘蓝植株矮化、叶片黄化、枯萎甚至死亡的现象。2015年8月,我们采集了田间病株样本,使用常规组织分离法对病原菌进行了分离和纯化,依据柯赫氏法则进行了病原菌确认,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行了鉴定。结果表明病原菌的形态学特征与尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum一致,其rDNA-ITS、rDNA-IGS以及EF-1α序列与尖孢镰刀菌F.oxysporum相似性达99%,基于病原菌及尖孢镰刀菌各代表专化型EF-1α序列构建的系统发育树将该菌与尖孢镰刀菌黏团专化型F.oxysporum f.sp.conglutinans聚为一类,故引致甘肃定西地区甘蓝枯萎病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌黏团专化型F.oxysporum f.sp.conglutinans。     

培养条件对西瓜枯萎病菌镰刀菌酸产生的影响

 尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型[Fusarium oxysporum Sch l.f.sp.niveum(E.F.Smith) Snyder et Hansen]菌株在4种培养基(理查德培养基,Armstrong镰刀菌培养基,MS无机盐+蔗糖培养基,PDB培养液)中均能产生镰刀菌酸(Fusaric acid),理查德培养基中镰刀菌酸最高时的浓度是其它3种培养基的6~22倍。理查德培养基以C/N为5:1,葡萄糖为C源,NO-3为N源的营养条件较有利于镰刀菌酸产生。培养基初始pH值为4,通气和连续光照的培养条件最有利于菌株产生镰刀菌酸,烟酸的加入可终止镰刀菌酸产生。各培养基中孢子浓度与镰刀菌酸浓度之间呈负相关的变化趋势,培养基的pH值呈趋中(pH6~8)变化,与镰刀菌酸产生无相关性。在理查德培养基中,菌丝生长与镰刀菌酸产生之间存在平行关系。     

海洋青霉T03对4种热带植物病原真菌的拮抗作用

T03是从多个海洋青霉菌株中筛选出的对植物病原真菌有拮抗作用的一个菌株。采用对峙培养和无菌发酵液抑制菌丝生长方法比较了T03对4种热带植物病原菌香蕉炭疽菌、橡胶炭疽菌、粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌的拮抗作用。结果显示青霉T03对香蕉炭疽菌、橡胶炭疽菌、粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌均有一定的拮抗作用,其中对香蕉炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最好,EC50为17.1%;其次是橡胶炭疽菌,EC50为49.6%。对粉蕉镰刀菌、凤梨镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制效果不理想。     

尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的快速分子检测

 由尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.)引起的大豆枯萎病是危害大豆生产的主要土传病害^［1］。该菌在土壤和病残体上均可长期生存造成危害。快速准确地在发病初期植株和带病土壤中进行鉴定和检测对防治该病害至关重要。     

Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum Isolates from Cucumber: Differentiation by Pathogenicity, Vegetative Compatibility, and RAPD Fingerprinting

ABSTRACT A total of 106 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from diseased cucumber plants showing typical root and stem rot or Fusarium wilt symptoms were characterized by pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Twelve isolates of other formae speciales and races of F. oxysporum from cucurbit hosts, three avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum, and four isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from cucumber were included for comparison. Of the 106 isolates of F. oxysporum from cucumber, 68 were identified by pathogenicity as F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, 32 as F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, and 6 were avirulent on cucumber. Isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum were vegetatively incompatible with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and the other Fusarium isolates tested. A total of 60 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum was assigned to vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 0260 and 5 to VCG 0261, while 3 were vegetatively compatible with isolates in both VCGs 0260 and 0261 (bridging isolates). All 68 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum belonged to a single RAPD group. A total of 32 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was assigned to eight different VCGs and two different RAPD groups, while 2 isolates were vegetatively self-incompatible. Pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility, and RAPD were effective in distinguishing isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum from those of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. Parsimony and bootstrap analysis of the RAPD data placed each of the two formae speciales into a different phylogenetic branch.     

尖孢镰刀菌的遗传多态性

 尖孢镰刀菌是重要的植物维管束病原真菌。近年来,有关该菌的遗传多态性研究报道很多,本文着重综述了利用营养体亲和群、DNA多态性技术研究尖孢镰刀菌专化型、小种及其相互关系等方面的进展,同时介绍了对棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌及尖孢镰刀菌小种起源等的研究概况。     

Fungal cell wall degrading enzyme-producing bacterium enhances the biocontrol efficacy of antibiotic-producing bacterium against cabbage yellows

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The antagonistic rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain LRB3W1, controls cabbage Fusarium yellows caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans...     

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, races and vegetative compatibility groups within a worldwide collection of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli

Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli were collected from widely different geographic areas. These isolates were characterized by pathogenicity to two differential gladiolus cultivars, vegetative compatibility, and total genomic DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). RFLPs were used to estimate the genetic divergence and relationship among isolates of F. oxysporum. RFLPs were detected by Southern blot hybridization of total genomic DNA with a 3-4 kb DNA probe generated from total DNA off. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Cluster analysis allowed the division of pathogenic strains into three main RFLP groups, each group containing strains with similarity coefficients ranging from 78 to 100%. RFLP groups correlated with vegetative compatibility groups, not with races. Two single pathogenic isolates which could not be assigned to any of the three main vegetative compatibility groups also had distinctive RFLP patterns. Little genetic polymorphism was observed within vegetative compatibility groups, whereas the majority of RFLPs occurred between vegetative compatibility groups, suggesting a common ancestry for strains within a specific vegetative compatibility group and a polyphyletic origin for the present special form gladioli.     

Development of a Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Assay for the Identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and Its Pathogenic Races 0, 1A, 5, and 6

ABSTRACT Specific primers and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that identify Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and each of the F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris pathogenic races 0, 1A, 5, and 6 were developed. F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris- and race-specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers identified in a previous study were cloned and sequenced, and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers for specific PCR were developed. Each cloned RAPD marker was characterized by Southern hybridization analysis of Eco RI-digested genomic DNA of a subset of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. All except two cloned RAPD markers consisted of DNA sequences that were found highly repetitive in the genome of all F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris races. F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris isolates representing eight reported races from a wide geographic range, nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, isolates of F. oxysporum f. spp. lycopersici, melonis, niveum, phaseoli, and pisi, and isolates of 47 different Fusarium spp. were tested using the SCAR markers developed. The specific primer pairs amplified a single 1,503-bp product from all F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris isolates; and single 900- and 1,000-bp products were selectively amplified from race 0 and race 6 isolates, respectively. The specificity of these amplifications was confirmed by hybridization analysis of the PCR products. A race 5-specific identification assay was developed using a touchdown-PCR procedure. A joint use of race 0- and race 6-specific SCAR primers in a single-PCR reaction together with a PCR assay using the race 6-specific primer pair correctly identified race 1A isolates for which no RAPD marker had been found previously. All the PCR assays described herein detected up to 0.1 ng of fungal genomic DNA. The specific SCAR primers and PCR assays developed in this study clearly identify and differentiate isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and of each of its pathogenic races 0, 1A, 5, and 6.     

Race identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolates obtained from tomato plants in Nova Friburgo,Brazil

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the main diseases affecting tomato plants. Three races (races 1, 2 and 3) of the...     

Yield loss in chickpeas in relation to development of fusarium wilt epidemics

ABSTRACT Development of 108 epidemics of Fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were studied on cvs. P-2245 and PV-61 in field microplots artificially infested with races 0 and 5 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in 1986 to 1989. Disease progression data were fitted to the Richards model using nonlinear regression. The shape parameter was influenced primarily by date of sowing and, to a lesser extent, by chick-pea cultivars and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Fusarium wilt reduced chickpea yield by decreasing both seed yield and seed weight. These effects were related to sowing date, chickpea cultivar, and virulence of the prevalent F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race. Regression models were developed to relate chickpea yield to Fusarium wilt disease intensity with the following independent variables: time to initial symptoms (t(is)), time to inflection point (t(ip)) of the disease intensity index (DII) progress curve, final DII (DII(final)), standardized area under DII progress curve (SAUDPC), and the Richards weighted mean absolute rate of disease progression (rho). Irrespective of the chickpea cultivar x pathogen race combination, the absolute and relative seed yields decreased primarily by delayed sowing. The relative seed yield increased with the delay in t(is) and t(ip) and decreased with increasing DII(final), SAUDPC, and rho. A response surface as developed in which seed yield loss decreased in a linear relationship with the delay in t(is) and increased exponentially with the increase of rho.     

厚朴苗根腐病的病原菌鉴定

 经病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态特征观察及专化型试验结果表明,厚朴苗根腐病由尖镰孢霉内的一个新的专化型(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. magnoliae)为害所致。