浑善达克沙地植物蒸腾特征的研究

采用 L i-1 60 0型气孔仪测定了浑善达克沙地主要建群乡土植物种不同季节的蒸腾速率及其环境因子的日进程 ,结果表明 :浑善达克沙地中榆树、黄柳、圆叶桦、砂杞柳、羊草蒸腾速率的日变化均呈单峰曲线 ,而叉分蓼和楔叶茶子呈双峰曲线。同一种植物在不同样地土壤水分条件下 ,蒸腾速率不同。各植物种蒸腾速率的季节变化明显 ,7、8月份蒸腾速率高 ,6月份最低。各植物种中 ,黄柳为低蒸腾植物。回归分析表明 ,影响蒸腾速率最主要的因子为光照强度 ,其次为气温和空气相对湿度 ;蒸腾速率与各因子呈线性相关 ,其关系可用方程 Tr=a+b RH+c T+d Q表示。通过蒸腾速率的比较 ,提出了浑善达克沙地植被恢复应以建立“人工疏林草原”为主。     

锡林浩特草原区27种植物净光合速率影响因素的多因子分析

植物净光合速率的关键影响因子关系到草原生产力的波动和稳定性。实地测定锡林浩特草原22个样地27种共82株植物的光合指标和环境影响因子,采用Pearson相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析、决策系数分析等方法,分析各因子与草原植物净光合速率的关系。结果表明:锡林浩特草原区植物净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关;净光合速率与水分利用效率呈线性相关;在影响草原植物的环境因子中,净光合速率随大气相对湿度的增加而增大,而空气温度对净光合速率的影响并不显著;由通径分析可知,水分利用效率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度成为影响净光合速率的主要因素。决策系数表明,锡林浩特草原区植物的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度4个生理因子是净光合速率的主要决策变量,而环境参数中的空气温度和大气相对湿度,则成为净光合速率的限制性因素。影响草原植物净光合速率的因素有蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度。     

驼绒藜属植物蒸腾作用的某些特征

采用快速称重法测定了驼绒藜属 ( Ceratoides)植物 3个种 5个生态型蒸腾速率和失水率叶片离体 1 2分钟内的连续变化。结果发现 ,分段蒸腾速率 ( STR)和分段失水率 ( SDR)表现为无规则律动模式 ,其变幅和节奏具有不可预知性 ;平均蒸腾速率 ( ATR)表现为曲率较小的相对平滑的抛物线。ATR的线性分布较好地体现出植物间蒸腾速率调节能力的差异。华北驼绒藜的 2个生态型和驼绒藜宁夏生态型蒸腾作用的调节能力较强 ,而来自新疆的心叶驼绒藜和驼绒藜新疆生态型调节能力则较弱。不同植物 ATR的线性参数对温度、相对湿度和光照强度的敏感性差异很大。     

策勒绿洲前沿两种植物的水分生理生态特征

20 0 3年夏季 ,在策勒绿洲前沿地区同一生境条件下 ,研究了骆驼刺 (Alhagisparsifolia)、多枝柽柳(Tamarixramosissima)水势和蒸腾作用的日变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明 :在相同土壤水分条件下 ,多枝柽柳的水势低于骆驼刺的水势。多枝柽柳的蒸腾作用与得到充分水分供应的植物一致 ,而骆驼刺则表现为中午限制供水的植物类型。多枝柽柳和骆驼刺气孔导度的变化是影响蒸腾速率最主要的因子 ,环境因子中气温、大气相对湿度与蒸腾速率的相关性最显著 ;有效光合辐射与水势的相关性最高。大气相对湿度与水势呈正相关 ,与蒸腾速率呈负相关。从两种植物表现出的水势和蒸腾作用的特点看 ,多枝柽柳较骆驼刺更适应所处的生境条件     

偃麦草属3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率

采用盆栽育苗法 ,对偃麦草属 3种植物的持水力和蒸腾速率进行了测定。提出了判定植物持水力的新概念 -拐点持水力。依此方法 ,毛偃麦草的持水力远大于偃麦草和中间偃麦草。毛偃麦草的蒸腾速率明显低于其他两种植物     

5种荒漠植物抗旱性及其与抗旱指标相关性的定量评价

通过测定苦豆子、苦马豆、骆驼蓬、钠猪毛菜和盐爪爪5种典型荒漠植物的相对含水量、叶绿素含量、电导率、比叶面积、根冠比和蒸腾速率6项抗旱指标,运用隶属函数值法对5种植物的综合抗旱适应性进行定量评价。评价结果表明,5种荒漠植物的综合抗旱性强弱顺序为:盐爪爪>钠猪毛菜>苦马豆>苦豆子>骆驼蓬。在此基础上运用灰色关联度分析方法,对5种植物的抗旱性和6项抗旱指标的相关性进行分析。关联度分析结果表明,各项抗旱指标与平均隶属函数值的关联顺序为:蒸腾速率>相对含水量>电导率>比叶面积>根冠比>叶绿素含量,即蒸腾速率、相对含水量和电导率是5种植物抗旱性评价的重要指标。     

沙冬青等3种沙生植物气体交换特征

在乌兰布和沙漠使用LI-6400植物光合测定系统和压力室同步测定了白刺、沙冬青和油蒿气体交换和水势等的日变化和月变化。白刺、沙冬青和油蒿气体交换日进程变化呈单峰、双峰和多峰。白刺的水势、光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化曲线多呈单峰型,一般在11:00达到高峰。油蒿水势和光合速率的日变化多呈单峰型,其峰值分别出现在13:00和17:00,蒸腾速率多呈双峰型,峰值分别出现在11:00和15:00。沙冬青的水势、光合速率、蒸腾速率均呈双峰型。白刺光合速率和蒸腾速率都大于沙冬青和油蒿,研究表明沙冬青和油蒿对于环境变化具有较强的敏感性,而白刺对于环境变化具有较强的忍耐性。被试3种植物水分利用效率相对都较低,其排序为:油蒿(2.83μmol CO2·mmol-1H2O)沙冬青(2.59μmol CO2·mmol-1H2O)白刺(1.96μmol CO2·mmol-1H2O)。研究进一步说明较低的水分利用效率是沙生植物长期适应干旱高温气候环境的结果。     

荒漠植物蒸腾速率的变化与组织含水量的关系

荒漠植物在长期适应环境过程中表现出相应的水分生理适应性。本文在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地通过对两年不同时段不同植物的蒸腾速率和植物组织含水量的测定结果进行统计分析 ,结果表明 ,蒸腾速率的大小与植物组织含水量的多少无关     

黄土丘陵植被恢复过程中土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化

采用野外定点采样与室内土壤种子萌发试验相结合的研究方法,选取黄土丘陵区典型草原带宁夏固原地区不同植被恢复年限(2,5,12,24,35,55,75 a)及当年农地(对照)的8个样地,研究该区土壤种子库萌发数量特征及动态变化.结果表明,8个不同植被恢复年限样地土壤中可萌发的种子的平均数量为3542.5粒/m2,可萌发种子以双子叶植物为主,约占萌发总数的90%.0～5 cm土层可萌发种子数量变化于166.7～9100.0粒/m2;5～10 cm土层变化于133.38～2120.02粒/m2.土壤中可萌发种子数量随着恢复年限的增加表现先增加后下降的趋势.土壤中可萌发的种子数量随时间的变化近似单峰型,双子叶植物峰值主要出现在第4～6周,而单子叶植物萌发高峰在5～6周.表明在环境,气候等条件适宜时,黄土丘陵区典型草原带可萌发的土壤中的种子可形成萌发高峰.     

晋西黄土丘陵区与土石山区交错地带植物区系特征分析

本文以晋西黄土丘陵区与土石山区的典型交错地带中阳县为研究对象,分别对黄土丘陵区和土石山区的植物区系科、属、种的组成、属的分布类型等进行了系统研究;同时,对这两个区域的植物区系组成的差异性进行了对比分析。中阳县土石山地区,共计有种子植物64科,204属,354种。植物区系属的分布类型中,北温带分布类型最多,有87属,占总属数43%。黄土丘陵边缘区仅有种子植物134种,分属93属,42科;分别占中阳县土石山区的37.85%,45.59%,65.63%。从维持植物物种多样性的角度来讲,晋西土石山次生林区应该是重点保护的区域。同时,发现黄土丘陵区泛热带成分分布的多种灌木均自然分布在极端干旱的阳坡地段,这种区系的分布类型与生态适应性之间的关系值得进一步研究。黄土丘陵区与土石山区交错地带天然次生植物区系特征的分析,对于深入研究该区域天然植被分布的空间异质性及其成因具有重要的理论意义。     

沙生植物的蒸腾耗水与气象因素的关系研究

本文阐述了利用非称量测渗仪 ,研究了沙枣、新疆杨、花棒、沙木蓼、柠条、梭梭、白皮沙拐枣等 7种植物的耗水日进程变化和沙枣、沙木蓼、白刺等 3种植物的蒸腾强度变化 ,分析了它们与气象因素太阳辐射、气温、风速、相对湿度的相关关系     

祁连山高海拔雨养农业区油菜、小麦光合特性比较研究

在作物生长旺盛期,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了祁连山高海拔雨养农业区环境因子和油菜、小麦叶片光合生理指标,比较了油菜、小麦及低海拔地区作物光合参数的差异性。结果表明:光合有效辐射和空气温度均呈单峰型日变化曲线,而空气湿度呈"S"型日变化曲线,大气CO2浓度为早晚较低,下午高。油菜和小麦的叶片净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,存在"午休"现象,且上午光合速率高于下午。油菜的蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,小麦的蒸腾速率却呈单峰型曲线。气孔导度日变化大体呈"S"型曲线。光合有效辐射是影响叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要环境因子之一,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要影响因子。大气CO2浓度与小麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。     

Influence of herbicides on photosynthetic activity and transpiration rate of intact plants

The effect of various herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration of intact plants has been studied in a routine assembly. Simultaneous measurements were made under different experimental conditions in four small plant chambers, in which the shoots of various plant species can be accommodated. The herbicide is applied during measurement, so that the effect can be related to the photosynthetic activity of the same plants before treatment. The selectivity of various herbicides was studied by determining the capacity of a plant species to inactivate a herbicide absorbed by the roots. These and other differential effects of various herbicides on photosynthetic activity of different plant species coincide with the selective properties in the field. Such differences are also observed after leaf sprayings. The duration of the experiments is kept short. Bean plants were studied under various experimental conditions of air humidity, light intensity and temperature resulting in different transpiration rates. The decrease in photosynthetic activity owing to the presence of a herbicide in the nutrient solution at a standard concentration was more rapid at the higher transpiration rates. The total transpiration during treatment up to 50% inhibition of photosynthesis was constant under the various experimental conditions. Specific inhibitors of the photosynthetic process had a more pronounced effect on the photosynthetic activity than on transpiration rate. Some other herbicides affect transpiration as well as photosynthesis.     

Strobilurin fungicides induce changes in photosynthetic gas exchange that do not improve water use efficiency of plants grown under conditions of water stress

The effects of five strobilurin (beta-methoxyacrylate) fungicides and one triazole fungicide on the physiological parameters of well-watered or water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soya (Glycine max Merr.) plants were compared. Water use efficiency (WUE) (the ratio of rate of transpiration, E, to net rate of photosynthesis, A(n)) of well-watered wheat plants was improved slightly by strobilurin fungicides, but was reduced in water-stressed plants, so there is limited scope for using strobilurins to improve the water status of crops grown under conditions of drought. The different strobilurin fungicides had similar effects on plant physiology but differed in persistence and potency. When applied to whole plants using a spray gun, they reduced the conductance of water through the epidermis (stomatal and cuticular transpiration), g(sw), of leaves. Concomitantly, leaves of treated plants had a lower rate of transpiration, E, a lower intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, c(i), and a lower net rate of photosynthesis, A(n), compared with leaves of control plants or plants treated with the triazole. The mechanism for the photosynthetic effects is not known, but it is hypothesised that they are caused either by strobilurin fungicides acting directly on ATP production in guard cell mitochondria or by stomata responding to strobilurin-induced changes in mesophyll photosynthesis. The latter may be important since, for leaves of soya plants, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F(v)/F(m) (an indication of the potential quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry) was reduced by strobilurin fungicides. It is likely that the response of stomata to strobilurin fungicides is complex, and further research is required to elucidate the different biochemical pathways involved.     

抑制蒸腾对番茄生长及植株镁、钾、钙吸收的影响

北方日光温室生产中蔬菜频繁出现营养失调,导致产量、品质明显下降,为探明番茄养分失调是否与蒸腾受到抑制有关,通过2个水培试验分别研究了短期（24 h）及长期（24 d）喷施蒸腾抑制剂对中杂9号和改良毛粉两个番茄品种蒸腾、生物量和镁、钾及钙养分吸收的影响。结果表明：短期（24 h）抑制蒸腾,蒸腾量减少20.6%、镁吸收量减少4.5%,蒸腾与番茄镁吸收呈显著正相关关系;长期（24 d）喷施蒸腾抑制剂减少了番茄生长量、光合速率,蒸腾量减少47.5%时镁吸收量减少17.1%,钾、钙吸收量分别减少12.9%和44.1%,不同番茄品种间对钾、钙、镁的吸收无显著差异。可见,抑制蒸腾减少番茄对镁、钾、钙的吸收。北方日光温室冬茬栽培中高湿、寡照等不良环境因子会诱导番茄营养失调症的发生。     

SELECTIVITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INACTIVATION OF SOME HERBICIDES INHIBITING PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Summary. The effects of several herbicides on the rates of CO₂ uptake and transpiration of intact plants were measured. A simple technique is described which reveals whether photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides are inactivated by plants. By this method, the inactivation of simazine by maize could be confirmed. Evidence is presented for physiological inactivation of monuron by Plantago lanceolata , of cycluron (OMU) and pyrazon by sugar beet, of N'-(4-butoxyphenyl)-NN-dimethylurea by of 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-phenyluracil by flax. Certain plant species showed different reactions to some other new herbicides. The effect of herbicides in the culture solution on CO₂ uptake by the leaves is probably largely determined by the rate of transpiration of the plants. Assuming that uptake in proportional to transpiration rate, estimates of the concentration of the herbicides inside the plant were made.
L'inactivation physiologique de quelques herbicides produisant une inhibition de la photosynthèse     

Fusion of sensor data for the detection and differentiation of plant diseases in cucumber

The development of plant diseases is associated with biophysical and biochemical changes in host plants. Various sensor methods have been used and assessed as alternative diagnostic tools under greenhouse conditions. Changes in photosynthetic activity, spectral reflectance and transpiration rate of diseased leaves, inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), and the powdery mildew fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea were assessed by the use of non‐invasive sensors during disease development. Spatiotemporal changes in leaf temperature related to transpiration were visualized by digital infrared thermography. The maximum temperature difference within a leaf was an appropriate parameter to differentiate between healthy and diseased plants. The photosynthetic activity of healthy and diseased cucumber plants varied as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and compared to the actual chlorophyll content. Hyperspectral imaging data were analysed using spectral vegetation indices. The results from this study confirm that each pathogen has a characteristic influence on the physiology and vitality of cucumber plants, which can be measured by a combination of non‐invasive sensors. Whereas thermography and chlorophyll fluorescence are unspecific indicators for plant diseases, hyperspectral imaging offers the potential for an identification of plant diseases. In a sensor data fusion approach, an early detection of each pathogen was possible by discriminant analysis. Although it still needs to be validated under real conditions, the combination of information from different sensors seems to be a promising tool.