STUDIESONTHEOPTIMALREQUIREMENTSOFPANTOTHENICACID．BIOTIN．FOLICACIDANDB＿（12）INTHESHRIMPPENAEUSCHINENSI

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Atlantic salmon fed a nutrient package of surplus methionine,vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6 improved growth and reduced the relative liver size,but when in excess growth reduced

Feeding plant‐based diet through smoltification of Atlantic salmon requires verification of the optimal level of 1C nutrients. Here, we fed Atlantic salmon plant‐based diets containing three different surplus amounts of the 1C nutrients; methionine, cobalamin (vitamin B12), pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and folic acid during 6 weeks in fresh water, through smoltification, followed by 3 months on‐growing period in salt water. The three diets were fed to fish dispersed in triplicate tanks throughout the experiment. Mean start body weight was 32 g. Dietary methionine levels in the diets were 6.7, 9.2 and 11.7 g/kg. Dietary B6 was 6.75, 8.45 and 11 mg/kg. Cobalamin was 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20 mg/kg. While dietary folic acid was 2.9, 4.8 and 6.3 mg/kg, diets are referred to as low, medium and high 1C diet. All other amino acids were similar between diets. The results showed no differences in growth or feed utilization in the fresh water period, but following the on‐growing salt water period, differences between diets occurred. The fish fed the medium 1C diet showed better growth, as compared to fish fed the low or high 1C diet (p = .009). The medium 1C fed fish showed a relative lower liver weight compared with fish fed low or high 1C diet (p = .025). Condition factor was better in fish fed the medium and high 1C diet as compared to those fed the low 1C diet (p = .0006). As expected, free methionine in liver, plasma and muscle increased by dietary methionine inclusion. Surplus vitamins only had minor effect on tissue concentrations. Based on these findings, we conclude that the micronutrient and methionine level presented in the medium 1C diet improved the growth, liver size and condition factor; however, more research is needed to evaluate the optimal requirement level for each of the 1C nutrients.     

Contribution of Seafood to Total Vitamin B12 Intake and Status of Young Adult Men and Women

Previous research suggests 20% of omnivores and 40% of vegetarians do not consume enough vitamin B12. The contribution of seafood to dietary B12 intake stratified by frequency of seafood consumption and B12 status of young adults was assessed. Seafood was the greatest contributor to B12 intake (31%) among nonvegetarians, and intake comparisons based on frequency of seafood consumption revealed that frequent seafood consumers had higher (p < 0.001) B12 intakes. None of the frequent seafood consumers had suboptimal status, which occurred mainly in subjects consuming seafood < 1 time/month and vegetarians. Our findings suggest that modest seafood intake contributes to maintaining normal B12 status.     

2种相手蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分析

测定了红螯相手蟹和褶痕相手蟹线粒体12s rRNA基因部分片段的序列,前者为572 bp,后者为576 bp.二者的核苷酸序列A、T、G、C的含量相似,分别为42.5%、37.6%、11.9%、8.0%;42.0%、37.0%、12.5%、8.5%;不包括8处插入/缺失位点,两序列间有48个变异位点,核苷酸差异率为8.42%,其中转换30个、颠换18个,转换与颠换比约1.67.对国内外相手蟹长度为383 bp的12SrRNA基因同源序列进行分析,A T含量为76.6%～81.4%,明显高于G C的含量,且存有84个多态位点.系统发生树的拓扑结构显示,所有的相手蟹分别聚为3大支,代表着3个不同的属即相手蟹属、栉齿蟹属和仿相手蟹属;这与形态学分类结果相一致.     

种属特异性PCR技术在检测鹅肥肝掺假中的应用研究

建立起一种用于检测鹅肥肝是否掺假的方法:种属特异性PCR技术。以鹅、鸭的12SrRNA基因序列设计特异引物,扩增目的片段分别为97bp和196bp。以三类温度处理和0.1%～100%的鸭肥肝掺假比例,分析方法的有效性和灵敏性。结果表明,这种方法的效果是不受样品被长时间加热的影响(高至100℃,10min);同时,即使当掺假比例只有0.1%时,仍能有效扩增出2特异条带。说明本方法适用于快速、准确地检测鹅肥肝掺假的需要。     

VB1、VB12对盐藻生长繁殖的影响

通过单因子试验和正交试验方法研究了维生素VB1、VB12对盐藻生长繁殖的影响。结果表明:VB1、VB12对盐藻生长繁殖的影响显著,盐藻最适的VB1质量浓度为10 mg/L,VB12质量浓度为0.005 mg/L,其交互作用的优水平为VB120 mg/L,VB120.005 mg/L。     

维生素B_(12)对中国对虾仔虾生长与存活的影响

通过在配合饵料中添加不同剂量维生素B_(12)的方法,研究维生素B_(12)对中国对虾仔虾的影响。结果表明,适量的维生素B_(12)可明显地促进仔虾的生长,并可提高仔虾的存活率。     

两种大眼蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因序列的比较研究

测定了宽身大眼蟹和日本大眼蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因部分片段的序列,前者为577 bp, 后者为572 bp.二者的核苷酸序列A、T、G、C的含量相似,分别为39.0%、35.7%、16.5%、8.8%;39.3%、 36.2%、 15.8%、8.7%;不包括11处插入/缺失位点,两序列间有75个变异位点,核苷酸差异率为13.18%,其中转换42个、颠换33个, 转换与颠换比约为1.3.对国内外4种大眼蟹长度为331 bp的12S rRNA基因同源序列进行分析,A+T的平均含量为76.6%,明显高于G+C的平均含量,且存有变异位点52个,简约信息位点25个.系统发生树的拓扑结构显示,所有的大眼蟹聚为一支,支持大眼蟹类为一单系.     

条斑星鲽和圆斑星鲽线粒体12S rRNA与16S rRNA基因序列及其系统分析

采用PCR产物直接测序法分别测定了条斑星鲽和圆斑星鲽线粒体基因组序列,并对12SrRNA和16S rRNA基因核苷酸全序列进行分析,条斑星鲽和圆斑星鲽线粒体12S rRNA的核苷酸序列长度分别为948 bp和949 bp,16S rRNA均为1716 bp。试验结果表明,由12S rRNA和16S rRNA基因所构建的两个系统树的结构基本一致,21种鱼主要分为3个大的分支:鲤形目、鲶形目聚为1支,鲑形目独立聚为1支,鲈形目和鲽形目聚为1大支。鲆鲽类与鲈形目的鲹科、鲷科鱼类聚类在一支,且与鲹科的日本竹荚鱼、大西洋竹荚鱼构成姊妹群,支持鲆、鲽类是从鲈形目分化出来的观点,而同属于鲽形目的鳎科鱼类塞内加尔鳎在12S rRNA树中成为一个独立的分支,在16S rRNA树中聚到鲈形目和鲽形目的分支中,并且与鲈形目关系更近些,鳎类是1个特殊类群,其分类地位有待进一步探讨。线粒体基因组序列已提交到GenBank中,序列号为:DQ403797和EF025506。     

海洋细菌S-12-86的产溶菌酶条件

从中国东海海域底泥中筛选获得一株产溶菌酶的海洋细菌S-12-86,采用摇瓶发酵的方式,分别从培养基组分与发酵条件两个方面对海洋细菌S-12-86产酶的影响进行研究。结果表明,菌株S-12-86能够利用麦芽糖、淀粉、甘油和葡萄糖作为碳源,不能利用蔗糖与甘露醇;能够利用牛肉膏、酵母膏、蛋白胨和硫酸铵作为氮源,其中牛肉膏效果最佳,而硝酸钾、氯化铵和尿素几乎不能被利用;Zn2 、Mn2 、Cu2 对菌株S-12-86的生长和产酶均有抑制作用;Fe2 对菌体生长无明显影响,但明显抑制菌体产酶;Na 、K 对菌体的生长和产酶无明显影响;Ca2 对菌体生长有促进作用;Mg2 对菌体生长和产酶均有促进作用。菌株S-12-86最适发酵条件为:培养温度30℃、接种体积比4.0%、装液量体积比10.0%、产酶高峰在发酵开始后24 h。与白色链霉菌G(Streptomyces albusG)、灰色链霉菌P-51(S.griseusP-51)、枯草芽孢杆菌77(Bacillus subtilis77)等产溶菌酶微生物的产酶条件相比较,菌株S-12-86具有易培养、产酶量较高、生产成本较低等优点。因此,菌株S-12-86有较大的生产开发潜力。     

中国对虾（Penaeuschinensis）脂肪酸转化能力的研究

用脂肪酸含量不同的饲料饲喂中国对虾，结果表明，对虾具有亚油酸转化为二十碳四烯酸、将亚麻酸转化为二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的能力，但转化率低。     

3种青蟹线粒体12S rRNA基因序列分析

对采自泰国、马达加斯加和日本各地的青蟹属的3种青蟹Scylla serrata(Forskal)、S．oceanica(Dana)和S．tranquebarica(Fabricius)的线粒体12S rRNA基因片段序列进行了测定,分析研究了其种间遗传差异及系统发育关系。研究结果显示：S．serrata、S．oceanica及S．tranquebarica在12SrRNA基因片段上存在长度差异,3种青蟹的序列长度分别为422bp、426bp、425bp;种内个体间无序列差异或差异极小,种间序列差异远大于种内差异。以日本鲟和底栖短桨蟹为外群,采用距离法和最大简约法重新构建了3种青蟹的分子系统树,得到的三个明显的分枝分别对应于上述3种青蟹,S．oceanica与S．tranquebarica两种间的亲缘关系较近。研究结果支持3种青蟹为不同物种的观点,建议对其进行分别的渔业管理。     

A determination of the quantitative requirements for docosahexaenoic acid for juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

A series of diets with varying docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) inclusion levels (1 g kg^?1 3 g kg^?1, 6 g kg^?1, 10 g kg^?1, 15 g kg^?1 and 18 g kg^?1) were fed to juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) for 6 weeks. Two additional diets examined the addition of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n‐6) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) to the diets at 10 g kg^?1 when DHA was also included at 10 g kg^?1. Fish were fed the diets on a pair‐fed feeding regime to eliminate feed intake variability. Fish were weighed, and blood and tissue samples were collected after 6 weeks. Behavioural parameters were also assessed. Improvement in growth was seen with increasing inclusion of DHA up to a maximum at 10 g kg^?1 inclusion, albeit the response was minor. However, the addition of ARA to the diet reduced the growth response, while the addition of EPA improved the growth response. An improvement in feeding behaviour was also seen with increasing DHA up to a peak at 10 g kg^?1, while those animals fed diets low in DHA showed increasingly cryptic behaviour. With the increasing inclusion of DHA, a range of pathologies were observed, but the addition of an EPA component to the diet limited these pathologies, while the addition of ARA made little improvement and in some cases exacerbated the pathologies.     

中华绒螯蟹线粒体DNA l2S rRNA基因片段的序列研究

首次进行了中华绒螯蟹（ Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）线粒体 ＤＮＡ １２ＳｒＲＮＡ的序列分析。参考果蝇、蚤状溞序列对中华绒螯蟹线粒体ＤＮＡ １２ＳｒＲＮＡ基因片段做了引物设计、ＰＣＲ扩增及序列测定,结果得到 ４５７ ｂｐ的碱基序列,其Ａ、Ｔ、Ｇ、Ｃ含量分别为 １５９ｂｐ（３４．７９％）、１７７ｂｐ（３８．７３％）、５１ｂｐ（１１．１６％）、７０ｂｐ（ １５． ３２％）,与果蝇、蚤状溞的相同基因片段的序列含量基本相似。     

半滑舌鳎白细胞介素12的p35a和p40c亚基在哈维氏弧菌感染下的表达和调控分析

本研究以海水养殖鱼类半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)为研究对象,克隆了白细胞介素12 (IL-12)的p35a亚基和p40c亚基的基因编码区序列,编码区长度分别为651 bp和984 bp。系统进化树分析显示,半滑舌鳎的p35a和p40c分别与其他鱼类对应的基因聚为一支。氨基酸同源性分析显示,p35a与红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)相似性最高,p40c与三棘刺鱼(Gasterosteus aculeatus)相似性最高,分别为52.04%和48.67%。组织表达分析显示,p35a在鳃、脑、心和卵巢中表达量较高,p40c在肝、脾、鳃和心中表达量较高。通过哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)感染实验,分析了半滑舌鳎p35a、p40c及其相关基因(ifn-γ和il-10)在哈维氏弧菌感染过程中的表达模式,p35a在脾中,48 h表达显著上升(P<0.05),之后表达逐渐下降;在肝和肠中,72 h表达显著上升。p40c在脾、肝中,6 h表达显著上升;在肾中,48 h产生上调;在肠中,6 h开始上调,并在48 h上升至最高点。ifn-γ在肝和肠中,均在p35a表达上调之前显著升高,在脾中晚于p35a上调表达;il-10在肝、脾、肾、肠中表达趋势中均与p40c的表达趋势相反。将半滑舌鳎淋巴细胞过表达p35a和p40c基因后,检测了受不同浓度脂多糖(LPS)刺激后干扰素(ifn-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子(tnf-α和tnf-β)等免疫相关细胞因子的表达变化。结果显示,p35a、p40c能够显著提高tnf-α在LPS刺激下的表达水平。上述结果表明,IL-12的p35a亚基和p40c亚基能够响应哈维氏弧菌对半滑舌鳎的刺激,过表达p35a、p40c能够通过诱导tnf-α基因的表达来参与机体的免疫应答。研究结果可为IL-12作为半滑舌鳎抗哈维氏弧菌疫苗佐剂的开发提供理论基础。     

不同家系大黄鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对同等养殖条件下所养成的大黄鱼[Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)]3个不同家系:WW家系[野生F1(♀)×野生F1(♂)]、WC家系[野生F1(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]和CC家系[养殖F8(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]成鱼肌肉营养成分进行测定,并以野生大黄鱼作为对照,从营养成分的角度分析和评价不同家系大黄鱼的品质。结果显示,野生大黄鱼粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸总量都明显高于家系大黄鱼,而必需脂肪酸含量则低于家系大黄鱼。3个家系之间,粗蛋白质含量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸指数排列次序由大到小依次为:WW、WC、CC;饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小的排序为:CC、WW、WC;不饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小依次为:WC、WW、CC。研究认为,家系之间主要营养成分指标存在一定差异,这是由遗传因素决定的,因此通过家系选择进行大黄鱼肉质改良是可能的,但是同时必须结合饲料营养成分的补充和调控以及养殖环境条件的改善,才能较快速地使养殖大黄鱼的品质达到或接近野生大黄鱼的水平。