Human IL-3 and GM-CSF act synergistically in stimulating hematopoiesis in primates

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a member of a family of growth factors, each of which supports the proliferation and development of hematopoietic precursors in culture. Although the biologic effects of the different hematopoietic growth factors have been well documented in different culture systems, it has only recently become possible to study the activities of these molecules in vivo. In comparison with the later acting hematopoietic growth factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-3 elicited a delayed and relatively modest leukocytosis when continuously infused intravenously in primates. The IL-3 infusion, however, greatly potentiated the responsiveness of the animal to subsequent administration of a low dose of GM-CSF. These results suggest that IL-3 expands an early cell population in vivo that subsequently requires the action of a later acting factor such as GM-CSF to complete its development. Optimal stimulation of hematopoiesis may be achieved with combinations of hematopoietic growth factors.     

猪GM-CSF荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中猪粒细胞一巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）基因序列设计一对引物,用RT—PCR技术从猪外周血单个核细胞中扩增出296bpcDNA片段,并克隆到pGEM—TEasy载体中。经测序鉴定后,构建出含猪GM—CSFcDNA部分片段的重组质粒。通过重组质粒的Real—timePCR方法,建立了猪GM-CSFcDNA的Real—timePCR标准曲线及其直线回归方程。该方法重复性好,敏感性高、特异性强,可用于猪GM—CSFmRNA水平的定量检测。     

IL-8基因沉默后猪血管内皮细胞相关细胞因子表达的变化

为了探究内皮源IL-8对猪血管内皮细胞其他相关细胞因子表达的影响,解析IL-8在内皮细胞中作用,利用siRNA干扰技术对猪血管内皮细胞（VEC）中IL-8基因进行沉默,于干扰后不同时间收集细胞及上清,应用荧光定量PCR技术和ELISA检测VEC中各细胞因子的变化.结果显示,在mRNA水平上,促炎因子IL-6和促内皮生长因子（VEGF）在12h上调显著,且在4 h VEGF显著上调;ICAM-1和VCAM-1在4h显著上调,其中ICAM-1在48 h极显著下调,72 h又显著上调;巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（M-CSF）几个时间段均极显著高于对照组.蛋白水平上,VEGF除48 h外均显著高于对照组,M-CSF在4h后均显著低于对照组.以上数据表明,内皮源IL-8变化可能影响VEC增殖、迁移以及对造血干细胞分化.     

Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a multilineage hematopoietin

Human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was tested for its ability to induce colony formation in human bone marrow that had been enriched for progenitor cells. In addition to its expected granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating activity, the recombinant GM-CSF had burst-promoting activity for erythroid burst-forming units and also stimulated colonies derived from multipotent (mixed) progenitors. In contrast, recombinant erythroid-potentiating activity did not stimulate erythroid progenitors. The experiments prove that human GM-CSF has multilineage colony-stimulating activity.     

Endogenous regulation of macrophage proliferative expansion by colony-stimulating factor-induced interferon

Stimulation of cultures of murine bone-marrow cells with specific macrophage growth factor (colony-stimulating factor I) resulted in the production of type I interferon. Neutralization of this endogenous interferon by antiserum directed against interferons alpha and beta resulted in a significant enhancement of mononuclear phagocyte proliferation from committed marrow precursors. The effect of the antiserum was lost in cultures depleted of adherent cells, an indication that an adherent regulatory cell (or cells) in the marrow limits mononuclear phagocyte proliferation by producing antiproliferative interferon in response to high levels of specific growth factor.     

Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins

Clones of complementary DNA encoding the human lymphokine known as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were isolated by means of a mammalian cell (monkey COS cell) expression screening system. One of these clones was used to produce recombinant GM-CSF in mammalian cells. The recombinant hematopoietin was similar to the natural product that was purified to apparent homogeneity from medium conditioned by a human T-cell line. The human T-cell GM-CSF was found to be 60 percent homologous with the GM-CSF recently cloned from murine lung messenger RNA.     

Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line

A model system for cytokine-induced up-regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in chronically infected promonocyte clones was established. The parent promonocyte cell line U937 was chronically infected with HIV-1 and from this line a clone, U1, was derived. U1 showed minimal constitutive expression of HIV-1, but virus expression was markedly up-regulated by a phytohemagglutinin-induced supernatant containing multiple cytokines and by recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Recombinant interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not up-regulate virus expression. Concomitant with the cytokine-induced up-regulation of HIV-1, expression of membrane-bound IL-1 beta was selectively induced in U1 in the absence of induction of other surface membrane proteins. This cytokine up-regulation of IL-1 beta was not seen in the uninfected parent U937 cell line. These studies have implications for the understanding of the mechanism of progression from a latent or low-level HIV-1 infection to a productive infection with resulting immunosuppression. In addition, this model can be used to delineate the potential mechanisms whereby HIV-1 infection regulates cellular gene expression.     

Induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Monocytes are a subpopulation of peripheral blood leukocytes, which when appropriately activated by the regulatory hormones of the immune system, are capable of becoming macrophages--potent effector cells for immune response to tumors and parasites. A complementary DNA for the T lymphocyte-derived lymphokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), has been cloned, and recombinant GM-CSF protein has been expressed in yeast and purified to homogeneity. This purified human recombinant GM-CSF stimulated peripheral blood monocytes in vitro to become cytotoxic for the malignant melanoma cell line A375. Another T cell-derived lymphokine, gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), also stimulated peripheral blood monocytes to become tumoricidal against this malignant cell line. When IFN-gamma activates monocytes to become tumoricidal, additional stimulation by exogenously added lipopolysaccharide is required. No such exogenous signals were required for the activation of monocytes by GM-CSF.     

PCV2感染猪血管内皮细胞相关免疫调节分子的表达变化

将猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)接种猪血管内皮细胞(VEC),于接种后不同时间收集细胞及上清,利用实时荧光定量PCR和ELISA技术分析VEC相关免疫调节分子表达变化。与对照组相比,PCV2感染后血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、IL-6与巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)的mRNA水平变化趋势基本一致,VEGF和M-CSF在感染后12h显著上调,IL-6与M-CSF在48h显著下调;MCP-1和IL-8在感染后4h和48h均显著上调,且IL-8在24h时上调显著,72h下调显著。蛋白水平上,VEGF在4h显著下降,24h显著增高;IL-8在4h和24h显著上升。以上结果表明,PCV2体外感染导致VEC免疫调节功能分子表达异常,其炎性趋化、黏附能力以及对树突状细胞(DC)的分化、成熟等免疫调节功能可能受到影响。     

Novel fold and putative receptor binding site of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the development of and the cytotoxic activity of white blood cells. Recombinant human GM-CSF has proven useful in the treatment of blood disorders. The structure of GM-CSF, which was determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution by x-ray crystallography, has a novel fold combining a two-stranded antiparallel beta sheet with an open bundle of four alpha helices. Residues implicated in receptor recognition, which are distant in the primary sequence, are on adjacent alpha helices in the folded protein. A working model for the receptor binding site is presented.     

小鼠GM-CSF基因的扩增及在HEK293T细胞中的分泌表达

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)是机体免疫系统的重要细胞因子,具有生物佐剂作用,为研究GM-CSF的生物佐剂作用,本试验通过RT-PCR方法从小鼠脾脏细胞中扩增小鼠GM-CSF的cDNA,并将其插入到pcDNA3.1质粒中,构建成GM-CSF真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-GMCSF,并在真核细胞进行了瞬时表达。结果表明,本研究扩增的小鼠GM-CSF基因序列与GenBank序列完全一致,表达载体经脂质体介导转染HEK293T细胞,表达产物经western-blot检测,证明GM-CSF能够在HEK293T细胞中进行分泌表达。这为今后研究GM-CSF在动物疫苗,特别是DNA疫苗中的生物佐剂作用创造了必要的条件。     

The human gene encoding GM-CSF is at 5q21-q32, the chromosome region deleted in the 5q- anomaly

Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a 22,000-dalton glycoprotein that stimulates the growth of myeloid progenitor cells and acts directly on mature neutrophils. A full-length complementary DNA clone encoding human GM-CSF was used as a probe to screen a human genomic library and isolate the gene encoding human GM-CSF. The human GM-CSF gene is approximately 2.5 kilobase pairs in length with at least three intervening sequences. The GM-CSF gene was localized by somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization to human chromosome region 5q21-5q32, which is involved in interstitial deletions in the 5q- syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia. An established, human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL60, contains a rearranged, partially deleted GM-CSF allele and a candidate 5q- marker chromosome, indicating that the truncated GM-CSF allele may reside at the rejoining point for the interstitial deletion on the HL60 marker chromosome.     

Selective elimination of HIV-1-infected cells with an interleukin-2 receptor-specific cytotoxin

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with cellular activation and expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor. A genetically engineered fusion toxin, DAB486 IL-2, that contains the enzymatic site and translocation domain of diphtheria toxin and the receptor binding domain of IL-2 specifically kills cells that express high-affinity IL-2 receptors. This toxin selectively eliminated the HIV-1-infected cells from mixed cultures of infected and uninfected cells and inhibited production of viral proteins and infectious virus. Thus, cellular activation antigens present a target for early antiviral intervention.     

Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1

Mononuclear phagocytes (microglia, macrophages, and macrophage-like giant cells) are the principal cellular targets for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS). Since HIV-1 does not directly infect neurons, the causes for CNS dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain uncertain. HIV-1-infected human monocytoid cells, but not infected human lymphoid cells, released toxic agents that destroy chick and rat neurons in culture. These neurotoxins were small, heat-stable, protease-resistant molecules that act by way of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Macrophages and microglia infected with HIV-1 may produce neurologic disease through chronic secretion of neurotoxic factors.     

The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection

Cells with properties characteristic of mononuclear phagocytes were evaluated for infectivity with five different isolates of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III/LAV. Mononuclear phagocytes cultured from brain and lung tissues of AIDS patients harbored the virus. In vitro-infected macrophages from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or cord blood of healthy donors produced large quantities of virus. Virus production persisted for at least 40 days and was not dependent on host cell proliferation. Giant multinucleated cells were frequently observed in the macrophage cultures and numerous virus particles, often located within vacuole-like structures, were present in infected cells. The different virus isolates were compared for their ability to infect macrophages and T cells. Isolates from lung- and brain-derived macrophages had a significantly higher ability to infect macrophages than T cells. In contrast, the prototype HTLV-III beta showed a 10,000-fold lower ability to infect macrophages than T cells and virus production was one-tenth that in macrophage cultures infected with other isolates, indicating that a particular variant of HTLV-III/LAV may have a preferential tropism for macrophages or T cells. These results suggest that mononuclear phagocytes may serve as primary targets for infection and agents for virus dissemination and that these virus-infected cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.     

新疆野生阿魏菇原生质体的再生与单核菌株交配型测定

【目的】利用原生质体单核化技术获得具有优良性状的阿魏菇(Pleurotus ferulae)新菌种,为新疆野生阿魏菇新品种的保育及产业化应用提供技术支撑。【方法】采用原生质体制备技术获得阿魏菇单核菌株并进行交配型测定。【结果】酶解3.5 h时,PL01、PL163与 PL176等3株野生阿魏菇亲本菌株的原生质体释放量最大,浓度最高达20.6×10⁵个/ mL,通过优化的原生质体单核化技术最终获得50个单核菌株,亲本菌株PL163、PL01、PL176原生质体单核化率分别为 25.68%、12.8%、10.8%,获得率较低。对其进行了交配型测定,每株亲本菌株得到2种交配型的单核菌株。其中,菌株PL01与PL163、 2种交配型获得比例均为1∶3,而PL1762种交配型获得比例为1∶4。每个亲本菌株与获得的单核菌株在菌丝长速、菌落形态方面均具有差异。以不同交配型的单核菌株PL01-P16、PL01-P49、PL163-7、PL163-24 、PL176-23、PL176-39作为杂交育种材料进行配对,获得12株性状优良的杂交菌株。拮抗反应表明,12株杂交菌株与亲本之间形成明显隆起的拮抗带,与亲本菌株显著不同。【结论】3株阿魏菇野生菌株在原生质体再生单核获得率、长速、形态等方面具有丰富的多样性,获得的杂交菌株为新疆阿魏菇新品种的保护奠定了基础,并为选育优良阿魏菇杂交品种提供了良好的种质材料。     

猪粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)基因的克隆和序列分析及其基因表达

采取三元杂交猪的外周血,提取单核细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR克隆猪粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)cDNA(GenBank登录号为DQ108393)。以pcDNA3.1(-)为质粒载体,构建猪GM-CSF基因真核表达质粒pGM-CSF,对克隆片段进行测序,并进行不同物种间同源性的比较。将重组质粒转染COS-7细胞,Western blotting鉴定表达蛋白的特异性。序列分析表明,GM-CSF的cDNA开放阅读框为435 bp,编码144个氨基酸和大部分信号肽,与用作PCR引物设计的参考序列比较,其核苷酸的同源性为97.5%,氨基酸的同源性为95.1%,同绵羊、人、牛、小鼠和犬的GM-CSF序列比较,其核苷酸的同源性分别为86.2%、80.5%、81.7%、69.7%和81.8%,氨基酸的同源性分别为78.5%、71.3%、70.3%、55.9%和71.5%。Western blotting证实目的基因可以在真核细胞中特异性的表达GM-CSF蛋白。以上结果表明,猪的GM-CSF基因被成功克隆,它存在着种属特异性。这为进一步研究该基因的生物学作用特别是利用GM-CSF增强DNA疫苗的免疫效果奠定了基础。     

Specific tropism of HIV-1 for microglial cells in primary human brain cultures

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently causes neurological dysfunction and is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with HIV encephalitis or myelopathy. The virus is found mostly in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage within the CNS, but the possibility of infection of other glial cells has been raised. Therefore, the effects of different HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains were studied in primary cultures of adult human brain containing microglial cells, the resident CNS macrophages, and astrocytes. These cultures could be productively infected with macrophage-adapted HIV-1 isolates but not with T lymphocyte-adapted HIV-1 isolates or two HIV-2 isolates. As determined with a triple-label procedure, primary astrocytes did not express HIV gag antigens and remained normal throughout the 3-week course of infection. In contrast, virus replicated in neighboring microglial cells, often leading to their cell fusion and death. The death of microglial cells, which normally serve immune functions in the CNS, may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of AIDS encephalitis or myelopathy.