渭河(陕西段)河道生态需水量估算

以河道生态系统为基点,考虑最原始的河道生态系统的结构和功能,结合渭河河道的水文特点,认为渭河河道的生态需水包括两方面:河流的基本生态基流量为3.579455亿m3;河流输沙需水量为38.1424亿m3。河流基本生态基流量以早期未遭到人类破坏的河流(渭河1963-1983年)最小月平均实测径流量的多年平均值作为基准;河流输沙需水量以多年平均输沙量与多年最大月平均含沙量的平均值的比值来计算。渭河河道的生态需水合计为41.711亿m3。     

疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水研究——Ⅰ.方法与参数选取

干旱内陆河流域绿洲生态环境需水研究是内陆河流域水资源综合管理和优化配置、保护和恢复生态环境中最为关键的科学问题之一,本研究针对疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境现状以及天然植被、河流湖泊等生态需水特征,建立了基于天然植被、河流、湿地和防治耕地盐碱化的疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水定量化模型,以期为干旱内陆河流域绿洲生态环境需水研究提供一种可借鉴方法。模型计算结果表明,疏勒河中游绿洲2013年天然植被、河流基本生态、河流输沙、河流渗漏补给、水面蒸发和湿地生态环境需水量分别为1.90×108m3、1.00×108m3、1.11×108m3、0.83×108m3、0.68×108m3、2.70×108m3。根据目前疏勒河流域中游绿洲水资源与生态环境现状,应加强水资源的综合管理,协调农业用水与生态用水关系以及不同区域和不同部门间水资源配置量,提高水资源综合利用效率;进一步制定中游绿洲近期和远期生态保护和生态恢复目标,确定生态综合治理重点区,准确计算基于生态保护目标的流域中游绿洲生态需水量及阈值。     

基于植被生态需水的区域水资源结构调整

通过确定泾河流域各类植被生态需水定额,再利用面积定额法计算生态需水量,对植被需水量、需水结构和单位面积需水量进行分析.结论如下:林地适宜生态需水量为341 773.23×104 m3,草地需水569 705.99万m3,农作物需水740 543.20万m3.其中农作物以小麦、玉米、各种谷物、蔬菜瓜果类需水最多.作物需水占植被总需水量的近一半,但作物生态效益远远小于林地和草地,其中还有一部分耕地为坡耕地.泾河流域不同的林、草、农作物比例和农作物种植结构,使得各县植被单位面积需水量和农作物单位面积需水量差异很大.前者的最大值在泾阳县,为5 339 m3/hm2,最小值在环县,为2 082 m3/hm2,平均值为3 081m3/hm2 ;后者的最大值在泾阳县,为5 682 m3/hm2,最小值在定边县,为4 022 m3/hm2,平均值为4 583m3/hm2.基于以上计算与分析,提出泾河流域水资源调整的对策为:以系统论为指导,实现生态环境与经济的协调发展;通过调整农作物、林地、草地种植结构和调整农作物内部结构是实现水资源合理配置重要一环,退耕还林还草,尤其是增加草地种植比例,提高林地、草地的覆盖度,是改善泾河流域生态环境的根本出路;多角度实施农业节水;树立流域系统协调发展观念,完善流域综合管理机制;进一步完善与解决相关科学问题.     

晋西黄土丘陵区植被生态需水研究

以水量平衡关系为理论基础,采用1961-2007年晋西黄土丘陵地区14个气象站的气象资料,在GIS技术支持下估算该地区的植被需水量,分析植被需水量的时空变化以及缺水量。研究结果表明:晋西黄土丘陵地区现有植被适宜需水量为40.759×108m3,最小生态需水量为24.784×108m3,从北到南呈递增趋势;适宜和最小亏缺水量分别为5.581×108m3和0.414×108m3,区域分布是中部最多,南部次之,北部最少;植被生态需水和缺水表现出不同的年变化和月变化趋势和空间分异规律。生态需水量与亏缺水量的计算结果为改善晋西黄土丘陵区生态环境,合理利用水资源和植被资源,提高生态、经济与社会效益提供参考依据。     

基于改进的Tennant法的博尔塔拉河生态需水量计算

河道生态需水是当前水资源研究的热点,其中计算方法是研究的重点。目前,计算河道生态需水的方法总体分为历史流量法、水力定额法、栖息地法、整体分析法等。通过对各种方法优缺点的对比分析,认为Tennant法较适合基础资料薄弱的干旱区河道生态需水量的计算。而该法用多年平均流量百分比来计算生态需水,不能反映生态需水的年际变化和年内季节性变化。因此,采用典型年流量代替多年平均流量,对Tennant法进行了改进,并对博尔塔拉河温泉站到博乐站的生态需水进行计算。结果表明:温泉站到博乐站河段一般用水期、用水高峰期河道最小生态需水量分别为0.22×10~8m~3、1.34×10~8m~3,较改进前增加4.5%、48.5%,计算结果更好地反映了博尔塔拉河径流季节性变化大的特点。     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水量空间分布

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。以额济纳绿洲为例,采用GIS技术进行生态分区的基础上采用阿维里扬诺夫方法估算绿洲植被生态需水。结果表明:现状2009年绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为4.72262×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被生态需水分别占绿洲植被总需水量的8.8%、2.8%、34.3%、46.3%、6.8%、1.0%。要将植被恢复到20世纪80年代的规模,绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为7.12841×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被需水占绿洲植被总需水量的12.7%、4.5%、30.6%、39.6%、10.6%、2.0%。在现状流域水量分配方案下,平水年和枯水年都存在不同程度的缺水量。以上研究成果可为目前实施的生态水量调度提供技术支撑和参考。     

近28a克孜河流域天然植被需水满足程度研究

以克孜河流域天然植被为研究对象,基于Landsat TM遥感影像及流域统计年鉴,分析了 1990年、2000年、2010年及2018年流域天然植被的动态变化,采用潜水蒸散法计算了 4个时期流域天然植被的生态需水量,研究了现状年流域天然植被潜水蒸发的极限埋深及恢复需水量.结果表明:(1)克孜河流域天然植被面积在28 a年...     

黑河流域不同生育期生态用水量变化分析

根据不同农作物、森林等植被的生物学特性,采用张掖和额济纳旗的气象资料,估算了3~10月各旬平均的作物生态需水量,分析了张掖人工绿洲近20 a来主要农作物的种植面积和灌溉面积、作物以及下游天然绿洲的生态需水量的生育期变化。结果表明,绿洲产业结构调整的结果是,经济作物种植面积有所增加,粮食作物种植面积下降了26.6%。通过对黑河流域中游人工绿洲和下游天然绿洲逐旬生态需水量的估算发现,人工绿洲的主要粮食作物小麦、玉米与下游天然绿洲的生态需水量在生育期上不同步,小麦、玉米需水高峰分别在6月中旬和8月中旬,用水量分别为6.14 mm/d和8.6 mm/d;天然绿洲的需水高峰出现在8月下旬,为8 mm/d。张掖人工绿洲的区域平均生态需水量高峰在6月中旬,为6.37 mm/d,天然绿洲的需水高峰在8月下旬,区域最大需水量为6.06mm/d。对于整个流域,最大需水量高峰在6月中下旬,为6.03 mm/d。中游人工绿洲与下游天然绿洲生态用水的时间差,为水资源的合理调配提供科学依据。     

艾里克湖流域湖泊及植被生态需水研究

在外流域向艾里克湖应急生态补水的背景下,基于遥感和GIS技术,与气象站点实测资料相结合,采用有限水域面蒸发计算方法计算湖泊生态需水,利用FAO56 Penman-Monteith法,在ArcGIS建好彭曼模型计算研究区植被生态需水,最后根据维持不同的湖泊面积确定了三种生态补水方案。结果表明:保障艾里克湖生态环境适宜、最低保证和极度危险状态下,生态需水量分别为0.64亿m3、0.416亿m~3和0.261亿m~3,生态缺水量分别为0.571亿m~3、0.371亿m~3和0.233亿m~3。白杨河水库向艾里克湖生态补水不满足最适宜和最低保障状况下的生态缺水量,建议白杨河流域向艾里克湖新增生态需水量分别为0.34亿m~3和0.309亿m~3。研究结果可提高水资源的利用效率,为流域水资源配置及外流域向艾里克湖生态补水提供可靠的技术借鉴。     

海河流域控制性河流生态环境需水量研究

文中基于水量、水热、水沙和水盐平衡理论和河流生态功能性划分理念,构建考虑了河流基本生态、自净、输沙和生态景观等功能的河流系统生态环境需水量理论体系。以境内河流监测站水文数据为基础,研究海河流域控制性河流的生态环境需水量,结果表明:该区域地表水资源量尚不能满足河流自净水量,河流生态修复年需水量86.65×108m3/a,城市景观河流生态环境年需水9.0×108m3/a,采取节水措施,减少污染物排放,加强雨水、洪水等非常规水资源开发和调配有望改善现状。     

Sublethal effects of a synthetic pyrethroid,deltamethrin, on the glycemia,the lipemia,and the gut alkaline phosphatases of honeybees

A sublethal dose (0.1 pmol per honeybee, i.e., approx. 0.9 pmol/g body wt) of the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, was injected intrathoracically into the hemocoel of emerging bees and the biochemical effects were determined over a period of 3 hr. The variations in hemolymph concentrations of trehalose, glucose, phospholipid, steroid, and diacylglycerol were limited, but large variations were observed for other lipids. Mono- and triacylglycerols increased dramatically 1.5 hr after injections; then a peak of free fatty acid appeared at the same time (3 hr) as the monoacylglycerols reached their maximum and the triacylglycerols started to decrease. Atypical forms of triacylglycerols accumulated from 1.5 hr to a maximum level 2 hr after injection. Then, after 3 hr, the concentrations of regular fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and atypical triacylglycerols returned to normal while longer-chain fatty acids and different forms of ceride simultaneously appeared. The gut alkaline phosphatase parameters (V_M, K, and Hill coefficient) also showed large variations 1.5 and 2 hr after injection, indicating an initial inhibition phase followed by superimposed induction and inhibition mechanisms. These data are discussed according to the hemolymph-lipid transport scheme from the biosynthetic to the utilization sites. Hormone release associated to mitochondrial alteration could be responsible for the observed effects.     

Establishment of, and preliminary impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the invasive alien weed, Cryptostegia grandiflora in Queensland, Australia

The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km². Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m⁻³ to 1 m⁻³ over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed.     

Effects of the host, the pathogen, the environment and their interactions, on fusarium wilt in carnation

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi causes severe wilting in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) worldwide. The pathogen is present in the soil profile in which carnation roots are distributed and may infect the plants at any time during the growing season. To minimize the losses induced by Fusarium wilt, growers use carnation cuttings free ofFusarium spp. and fumigate the soil with methyl bromide prior to planting. The severity of epidemics and the resulting losses are governed by the main and interacting effects of the three components of the disease syndrome: the host, the pathogen and the environment. Host variables include the type and the degree of cultivar resistance (i.e., complete, partial or tolerance); pathogen variables include the race, its virulence and infectivity, and the amount of initial inoculum; environmental variables include solar radiation intensity, photoperiod, temperature and the growth substrate. In the present review the information available on the effect of the host, the pathogen and the environment, and their interactions, on Fusarium wilt in carnation is summarized.     

和田慕士山区苔藓植物区系

和田慕士山区苔藓植物有10科32属70种(含2变种),其中有5种(含1变种)是新疆新记录种。其区系基本特征是地理成分单调;区系成分以北温带成分为主,占总种数的68.83%;东亚成分占13.72%;东亚-北美成分占9.80%,具有东亚色彩,与北美区系有联系。根据主成分和聚类分析结果可知,和田慕士山区苔藓植物区系位于青藏区和蒙新区交汇处。     

Metabolic aspects of the toxicology of diazinon. I. Hepatic metabolism in the sheep,cow, pig,guinea-pig,rat, turkey,chicken and duck

The phosphorothionate insecticide diazinon was incubated with liver microsomes from the sheep, cow, pig, guinea-pig, rat, turkey, chicken and duck. Metabolism by liver slices of most of these species was also examined. Hydroxydiazinon, isohydroxydiazinon, dehydrodiazinon, their oxons and diazoxon were identified and determined quantitatively or semi-quantitatively. An eighth metabolite was tentatively identified as the 6-aldehyde analogue of diazinon. Yields and rates of production of these metabolites varied greatly between species. Production of oxons was not generally correlated with susceptibility to diazinon poisoning, although it was lowest in the least susceptible animal, the sheep. The degradation of oxons by liver slices was too slow to explain the low toxicity of diazinon to the mammals. The relative importance of hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism in determining toxicity to vertebrates is discussed.     

Effect of the ecdysone agonists,RH-2485 and tebufenozide,on the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella

The effect of the ecdysone agonists RH-2485 (proposed name methoxyfenozide) and tebufenozide (RH-5992), was examined on eggs and larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar. Both compounds exhibited a concentration-dependent ovicidal activity. More than 95% of eggs died when egg masses were dipped in solutions of 100 or 200 mg liter^-1 of either compound in acetone+distilled water (1+1 by volume). Although some eggs treated with 1 or 10 mg liter^-1 of the compounds hatched, the survival rate was low. Newly hatched larvae were fed for seven days on an artificial diet containing RH-2485 or tebufenozide. The LC₅₀ values were 0·049 mg kg^-1 for RH-2485 and 0·185 mg kg^-1 for tebufenozide, showing that RH-2485 was about four times more active than was tebufenozide. Although increasing the time of exposure to either compound decreased the LC₅₀ value significantly, the relative potency of RH-2485 versus tebufenozide was not changed. Newly ecdysed 4th-instar larvae fed with diets containing 0·125, 0·25 or 0·5 mg kg^-1 RH-2485 or tebufenozide ceased feeding approximately 8 h after exposure, indicating that larvae had prematurely entered a molting cycle. Larvae treated with RH-2485 ecdysed earlier and died more quickly than those treated with tebufenozide. Ingestion of sublethal concentrations of RH-2485 (0·005 and 0·01 mg kg^-1) or tebufenozide (0·03 and 0·06 mg kg^-1) retarded larval growth, and decreased pupal weight and adult emergence. Increasing exposure time to tebufenozide tended to increase the larval mortality, significantly retarded larval growth, and decreased the mean weights of male and female pupae and adult emergence. RH-2485 (0·125 and 0·25 mg kg^-1) and tebufenozide (0·25 and 0·5 mg kg^-1) were lethal to newly hatched larvae, even after diets containing these compounds were held for 20 days at 30°C under long days (16 h light: 8 h dark). Our results suggest that field trials to assess the potential of RH-2485 and tebufenozide to control D. grandiosella are warranted. © 1998 SCI     

Effects of the invasive shrub,Lantana camara,on soil properties in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

Lantana camara L. is an invasive alien shrub of worldwide significance due to its impacts on biodiversity. It can alter the soil properties of invaded ecosystems and, as a result, affect management outcomes. However, knowledge on the impacts of L. camara on soil properties is scanty, especially in South Africa, despite the pervasive presence of the plant in the country. In this comparative study, the soils underneath L. camara were assessed in order to determine if they had different properties (soil physico‐chemical properties, penetration resistance, infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and water repellency) in comparison to the soils in adjacent natural sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Soil samples were collected from the top soil beneath the canopy of both L. camara‐invaded and adjacent natural sites in five different locations over three summer months. The soils that were collected from underneath L. camara had a significantly higher total C, total P, gravimetric soil moisture (in November and December) and were repellent, compared to the soils in the adjacent natural sites. Soil penetration resistance was significantly higher in the natural sites than in the L. camara‐invaded sites. The soil hydraulic conductivity, soil infiltration rate, soil pH, exchangeable cations and total N showed no significant difference between the invaded and the natural sites. It appears that the soils underneath L. camara have a high total C and total P, soil moisture and are repellent, thus influencing nutrient cycling, potentially making the soil properties underneath it ideal for its own growth. This could contribute to the success of L. camara as an invasive species.     

草地螟幼虫取食量、头宽、体长及体重的测定

研究了草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)幼虫的取食量、头宽、体长及体重增长的变化。草地螟的幼虫历期约为13 d,取食量635 mg,其中前3龄的取食量仅为幼虫总取食量的30%,而4、5龄的取食量分别占24%和46%。幼虫头宽增加的数值从1龄的0.31 mm增加到5龄的1.51 mm,增加的数值随幼虫龄期的增加而增大,增加倍数则随龄期的增加而缩小。幼虫体长从1龄的2.3 mm增加到5龄的18.9 mm,增加了约7倍。体重则由1龄期的0.2 mg增加到5龄时的43.6 mg,增加了约240倍。3龄前幼虫体重增长缓慢,4龄后增长量达到10 mg以上,到5龄第2天达到最大值68.94mg后下降。幼虫的总取食量约为本身体重的15倍。本文还讨论了以上结果在了解草地螟幼虫危害特征和规律及监测、防治中的作用。     

International Symposium on the Evaluation of Biological Activity,Wageningen, April, 1975

Abstract

A method was devised for estimating large populations of cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cowpea. The densities of the aphid on stem, leaves and pod were first estimated in the laboratory for use in the field later. The densities were estimated in three arbitrary classes of infestation, viz. heavy, medium and low, determined visually based on the intensity of colonization. The densities of the aphid per cm² on stems were 108.50, 49.77 and 2503, while on pods they were 80.68, 44.46 and 23.20, in the three classes of infestation respectively. The aphid did not show any preference for the thickness of stems whereas young pods were preferred to old pods for colonization. The mean aphid densities on leaflets of topmost leaves were 62.10, 36–35 and 18–50, while on leaflets of top 2nd and 3rd leaves they were 124–60, 69–35 and 38.20, in the three infestation classes respectively. Comparisons made between the aphid densities on different parts of cowpea plant showed that the aphid colonized them in descending order of preference as stem > pod > top most leaf > top 2nd and 3rd leaves.