参考蒸发蒸腾量测定仪器的研究与开发

分析了现有作物需水量测定方法与计算方法在我国应用于灌溉预报时的局限性。根据土壤的蒸发机制与植物的蒸腾机理,按照参考蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)的定义,利用生物膜技术,研制了1种参考蒸发蒸腾量的测定仪器。该仪器可较好地模拟土壤蒸发与植物蒸腾的自然物理过程,仪器的试验结果显示,仪器的水位变化可与ET0有着很好的线性关系,若以此计算作物需水量,能满足灌溉预报精度要求。仪器使用方便、维护简单、价格低廉,将有良好的商品化开发及广阔的市场应用前景。     

淮北平原冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量与不同土层土壤含水率关系初探

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪测定了冬小麦不同生育期的农田蒸发蒸腾量,分析了冬小麦的蒸发蒸腾变化规律,探讨了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)、土壤含水率与作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET)之间的关系。结果表明,ET0和蒸渗仪实测的ET生育期内变化趋势基本一致;冬小麦ET受0~60cm土层土壤含水率的影响,尤其是0~40cm土层土壤含水率对作物ET影响显著,80cm以下土层土壤含水率基本对作物ET无明显影响。     

蒸渗仪及其应用现状

蒸渗仪是一种测定农田蒸腾蒸发的标准仪器，用于农田水文研究已有100余年历史。当前蒸渗仪的开发应用具有以下趋势：更多的建造大型蒸渗仪，尽可能的消除尺寸影响与边界效应，但并不排斥使用小型蒸渗仪；与先进设备联合使用，如采用电子传感器及数据采集设备，用计算机处理数据等；应用更加广泛，除广泛用于农田水文研究外，还拓展到垃圾填埋场的模拟研究等领域。     

夏玉米蒸发蒸腾及与土壤含水率、叶面积指数关系研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪测定夏玉米不同生育期的农田蒸发蒸腾,分析了夏玉米的蒸发蒸腾变化规律,探讨了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET0、土壤含水率及叶面积指数LAI与作物蒸发蒸腾量ET之间的关系。结果表明:ET0和蒸渗仪实测的ET生育期内变化趋势基本一致;夏玉米ET受0~60cm土层土壤含水率的影响,尤其是0~40cm土层土壤含水率对作物ET影响显著,80cm以下土层土壤含水率基本对作物ET无明显影响;ET与LAI变化趋势在拔节期后期以后基本一致,苗期~拔节期中期无明显关系。     

西北干旱地区葡萄园作物耗水规律研究

通过大田试验,分析土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾和总耗水的变化。结果表明,葡萄园土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾和总耗水平均日变化均呈"钟型"曲线;全生育期葡萄园耗水420 mm,其中土壤蒸发量193 mm,占46%,作物蒸腾量227mm,占54%;日均总耗水、土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾分别为2.32、1.08、1.24mm/d。微型蒸渗仪结合茎流计测定的耗水与涡度相关仪测定的在小时和日尺度上均比较接近,差异不足10%;灌溉和降雨使土壤蒸发加剧,作物蒸腾对灌溉的响应滞后于土壤蒸发,而对降雨无明显响应。     

冬小麦田棵间蒸发的试验研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪和微型蒸渗仪研究了冬小麦生育期间逐日蒸散和蒸发过程 ,分析了蒸发占蒸散的比例及其随叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的变化关系、灌溉后土壤蒸发的变化过程     

冬小麦田棵间蒸发的试验研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪和微型蒸渗仪研究了冬小麦生育期间逐日蒸散和蒸发过程,分析了蒸发占蒸数的比例及其随叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的变化关系,灌溉后土壤蒸发的变化过程。     

冬小麦蒸发系数变化规律研究

作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET)是进行合理灌溉和水资源配置的重要依据。为了更方便地估算作物蒸发蒸腾量,以大型称重式蒸渗仪实测的冬小麦蒸发蒸腾量(ET)为依据,分析了水面蒸发量(E0)与实测蒸发蒸腾量(ET)的相关性,并研究了蒸发系数的变化规律。结果表明:水面蒸发量(E0)和蒸渗仪实测值(ET)呈线性关系,冬小麦全生育期内二者的相关系数R2=0.7708,蒸发系数α=1.37。在冬小麦的整个生育期内α先是由大变小,接着再增大直到在抽穗—灌浆期达到最大值,之后再慢慢减小。     

CERES-Wheat模型中两种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法比较研究

基于CSM-CERES-Wheat模型中Priestley-Taylor(PT)和FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM)2种蒸发蒸腾量估算方法分别模拟了冬小麦2011—2012年和2012—2013年2个生长季的累积蒸发蒸腾量、日蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率、地上干物质以及籽粒产量,并对2种方法的模拟结果进行了评价和比较。对2种方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量值与试验区域内大型称量式蒸渗仪的实测结果进行了比较,结果表明,基于PT和PM方法的CERES-Wheat模型均可以准确地模拟干旱-半干旱地区冬小麦的蒸发蒸腾量,累积蒸发蒸腾量和日蒸发蒸腾量的误差分别小于5.4%和3.4%。同时,模型还可以模拟土壤水分动态情况,在0~20 cm土层,CERES-Wheat模型的模拟值与实测值的标准化均方根误差(RRMSEn)为39.38%,模拟结果较差,但20 cm土层以下,2种方法的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn均小于23.1%,且对40~60 cm土层的模拟结果最好。CERES-Wheat模型基于PT和PM方法对冬小麦在2011—2012年和2012—2013年生长季地上生物量的模拟值与实测值的RRMSEn分别为13.57%和22.76%,产量的RRMSEn分别为11.80%和15.42%,模拟结果均较好。另外,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型基于PT方法模拟的蒸发蒸腾量小于基于PM方法的模拟值,而PT方法对土壤含水率的模拟结果高于PM方法的模拟结果,且PT方法对地上生物量以及产量的模拟结果高于PM方法,用2种方法模拟的成熟期地上生物量及产量的RRMSEn值均在25%以内。总之,CSM-CERES-Wheat模型采用2种方法对蒸发蒸腾量、土壤含水率及干物质和产量的模拟结果均较好,表明该模型在我国干旱-半干旱地区的应用性较好,可为该地区不同水分条件下冬小麦的生长情况提供理论支持。     

夏玉米生育期叶面蒸腾与棵间蒸发比例试验研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪测定夏玉米生育期的总腾发量,用小型蒸发器测定棵间蒸发量,用茎流计测定叶面蒸腾量。通过3种设备实测数据的对比分析,得到夏玉米生育期的总耗水量为436.3 mm,其中叶面蒸腾316.4 mm,棵间蒸发119.9 mm,棵间蒸发占总腾发量的比例达到27.5%。茎流计所测得的蒸腾量与大蒸渗仪和小蒸发器联合测得的蒸腾量相关性良好,从而验证了用茎流计法测定叶面蒸腾方法的可行性。根据茎流计实测数据分析了叶面蒸腾的日变化过程,发现夏玉米叶面蒸腾与净辐射密切相关,呈周期性变化。     

考虑“蒸发悖论”的洱海灌区逐日参考作物蒸散发预测

【目的】为估算参考作物蒸散发(ET₀)和灌溉实时预报调度、区域农业干旱评估提供依据。【方法】以滇中高原上洱海湖滨灌区的大理气象站为例,探究“蒸发悖论”现象出现的时期,采用气象因子线性回归模型、蒸发皿折算系数K_p模型、气象因子+蒸发皿蒸发(E_pan)多元回归模型、Normal Copula模型等4种方法计算逐日ET₀进行预测对比,并与Penman-Monteith公式计算所得的ET₀进行对比。【结果】①1954—2018年大理站20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势,ET₀和气温呈上升趋势,但ET₀的上升趋势更平缓;虽然在长时间序列上ET₀和蒸发皿蒸发量有相反的变化趋势,但在年代际存在显著的差异性,1960年和2000全年以及四季均出现“蒸发悖论”,1970年则是全年以及夏、秋、冬三季出现“蒸发悖论”,1990年仅夏季出现“蒸发悖论”,2010年秋季出现“蒸发悖论”。②在未出现“蒸发悖论”时期,加入E_pan后的气象因子多元回归模型法(ET_0,Epan+Metr)所得逐日ET₀预测结果与标准值的误差最小,其次为单纯的气象因子多元线性回归模型法(ET₀,Metr),最差为K_p模型法(ET₀,K_p);加入E_pan后的气象因子多元回归模型(ET₀,ET_0,Epan+Metr)逐日ET₀预测的相对误差(ERR)小于15%、20%、25%的样本数达到了79.18%~90.16%、89.32%~97.23%、94.79%~98.36%。③出现“蒸发悖论”时,蒸发皿蒸发与ET₀的变化趋势相反,只能采用Copula联合分布函数模型预测,构建T-T_max二维Normal Copula模型的精度更高,ERR小于15%、20%、25%的样本数为73.70%~86.56%,82.51%~92.95%,89.89%~98.52%。【结论】通过M-K检验判别是否处于“蒸发悖论”期,以决策选用加入E_pan后的气象因子多元回归模型,还是T-T_max二维Normal Copula模型,二者均可显著提高逐日ET₀预测模拟的精度。     

河西绿洲灌区主要作物需水量及作物系数试验研究

利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了甘肃张掖绿洲主要作物各生育期参考作物蒸散量,利用农田水量平衡方程及土壤水分胁迫系数计算了作物实际蒸发蒸腾量,并计算比较了充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下不同生育期作物需水特征,确定了非充分灌溉条件下主要作物的作物系数。结果表明,非充分灌溉条件下,主要作物各生育期需水规律和充分灌溉具有一致变化趋势。非充分灌溉条件下,小麦、玉米、马铃薯全生育期作物系数平均值分别为0.81、0.7和0.73。在全生育期当中,随生育期的延续,主要作物叶面蒸腾比例逐渐增大,棵间蒸发逐渐减少。     

GREENSPAN茎流法测定茄子植株蒸腾的精度分析

通过盆栽试验和理论计算,对GREENSPAN茎流法在测量作物蒸腾方面的精度及有效性进行了验证。结果表明,GREENSPAN茎流法具有与称重法、P M法相似的测试效果,可以较灵敏地反映不同天气状况下作物蒸腾量的变化规律。与称重法、P M法相比,测值相对误差分别为1.07%~12.78%和 0.5%~19.1%,绝对误差分别为 0.13~1.56 g/(株·h)和0.08~2.20 g/(株·h);且与称重法、P M法的测值均呈极显著直线相关,R2 系数在0.9以上。     

Estimation of banana (Musa sp.) plant transpiration using a standard 20 cm pan in a greenhouse

An experiment was carried out in a naturally ventilated greenhouse to study the relationship between banana (Musa sp.) plant transpiration (Tr) measured with load cells, reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) calculated with five widely used models (i.e. the Priestley-Taylor, FAO radiation, Hargreaves, FAO Penman and FAO Penman-Monteith models) and pan evaporation (E_pan) measured with a standard Chinese 20 cm pan. Microclimatic conditions were measured inside the greenhouse. Results show that vapor pressure deficit and air temperature had good linear correlations to banana Tr with R² of 0.67 and 0.62, respectively. Among the five models tested, banana Tr and ET_o calculated with the FAO-Penman model yielded the highest determination coefficient (R² = 0.67), followed by the FAO-PM model (R²=0.63), the FAO radiation model (R²=0.52), the Hargreaves model (R²=0.49) and the Priestley-Taylor model (R²=0.47). Banana transpiration Tr vs. E_pan yielded an R² of 0.83, which is higher than the five models tested. In conclusion, the 20 cm pan can be useful for estimating banana Tr in greenhouses.     

参考作物腾发量计算方法在玛纳斯河流域的应用比较

基于玛纳斯河流城4个气象站莫索湾、炮台、石河子、乌兰乌苏1961-2005年的日观测气象数据,采用SWAT2000模型里引入的Penman- Monteith, Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor方法计算每日参考作物腾发量(ETo),比较计算结果之间的差异性.结果表明,莫索湾站与炮台站Hargre...     

Crop coefficients and water use for cowpea in the San Joaquin Valley of California

To improve irrigation planning and management, a modified soil water balance method was used to determine the crop coefficients and water use for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in an area with a semi-arid climate. A sandy 0.8-ha field was irrigated with a subsurface drip irrigation system, and the soil moisture was closely monitored for two full seasons. The procedure used was one developed for cotton by DeTar [DeTar, W.R., 2004. Using a subsurface drip irrigation system to measure crop water use. Irrig. Sci. 23, 111-122]. Using a test and validate procedure, we first developed a double sigmoidal model to fit the data from the first season, and then we determined how well the data from the second season fit this model. One of the results of this procedure was that during the early part of the season, the crop coefficients were more closely related to days-after-planting (DAP) than to growing-degree-days (GDDs). For the full season, there was little difference in correlations for the various models using DAP and GDD. When the data from the two seasons were merged, the average value for the crop coefficient during the mid-season plateau was 0.986 for the coefficient used with pan evaporation, and it was 1.211 for the coefficient used with a modified Penman equation for ET₀ from the California Irrigation Management and Information System (CIMIS). For the Penman-Monteith (P-M) equation, the coefficient was 1.223. These coefficients are about 11% higher than for cotton in the same field with the same irrigation system. A model was developed for the merged data, and when it was combined with the normal weather data for this area, it was possible to predict normal water use on a weekly, monthly and seasonal basis. The normal seasonal water use for cowpea in this area was 669 mm. One of the main findings was that the water use by the cowpea was more closely correlated with pan evaporation than it was with the reference ET from CIMIS or P-M.     

Soil and plant water status under sprinkling and trickling

In a comparison of methods of irrigating tomatoes on the sand dunes of northern Sinai (El-Arish region), yields obtained by trickling were higher than those by sprinkling. The present study attempts to explain these results from a physical point of view. Before each irrigation and during a complete irrigation cycle measurements were made of soil moisture content, moisture tension in the root zone, and plant water potential. The amount of water applied was based on Class A pan evaporation. At 24 h after the end of an irrigation the soil moisture content was 4% by weight, regardless of the quantity of water applied. The soil moisture tension and the plant water potential were similar for both methods during the first 24 h after irrigation, but the values rose gradually and were higher at the end of the sprinkle irrigation cycle which lasted 3 days, than at the end of the daily trickle irrigation cycle. These differences in soil moisture tension affected the plant water potential and in turn plant development and yield.     

Sugarcane response to irrigation and straw mulch in a subtropical region

In Northern India, insufficient soil moisture and excessively high soil temperatures are reported to restrict growth of crops during the hot, dry months of April–June. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of three irrigation schedules based on ratios of 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 times pan evaporation, and two levels of paddy straw mulch of 0 and 6 tons/ha on yield and quality of sugarcane for a sandy loam. The differential irrigations were restricted to 10–12 weeks before the monsoon season.Both irrigation and straw mulching had favourable effects on plant height and yield. Cane yield increased by an average of 13.8% for the 1.00 over the 0.50 times pan evaporation. Similarly, yield averaged 13.8% higher with mulch than without it. Interestingly, the pan evaporation ratio of 0.50 with mulch gave a higher yield than the ratio 1.00 without mulch. For the same yield, irrigation under mulching averaged 34 cm less than under no mulch. These beneficial effects were attributed to better soil moisture and temperature regimes with mulching. Irrigation and mulching had no effect on the quality of cane juice. These results indicate that straw mulching and early season irrigation to sugarcane based on 1.00 times pan evaporation is a promising practice for increasing sugarcane production in subtropical areas.     

The dual crop coefficient approach using a density factor to simulate the evapotranspiration of a peach orchard: SIMDualKc model versus eddy covariance measurements

The dual crop coefficient approach accounts separately for plant transpiration and soil evaporation by using the basal crop coefficient and the evaporation coefficient, respectively. The SIMDualKc model, which performs the soil water balance simulation with estimation of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) with the dual crop coefficient approach, was applied to a drip-irrigated peach orchard under Mediterranean conditions. Orchard ET was obtained with the eddy covariance technique, which was subsequently correlated with tree transpiration estimated from sap flow measurements and soil evaporation determined with microlysimeters, thus providing ET for the whole irrigation season. Two years of field observations were used for model calibration and validation using those ET measurements and taking into account the fraction of ground covered by trees through a density factor which adjusts the basal crop coefficient. Model fitting relative to ET observations during calibration and validation provided indices of agreement averaging 0.90, coefficients of regression close to 1.0, root mean square errors around 0.41 mm and average absolute errors of 0.32 mm. Model fitting relative to transpiration and to soil evaporation produced similar results, so showing the adequateness of modelling.