梅县崩岗侵蚀与防治工程

<正> 一、崩岗侵蚀 梅县地处亚热带北缘,年均气温21.2℃,7月最高气温达34.2℃,多年平均年降雨量为1472.9mm。这里在高温多湿的气候条件下,风化作用剧烈,花岗岩风化层深达数十米。花岗岩特别是伟晶花岗岩和沙砾岩风化层,土体沙砾含量高,结构疏松,裂隙多,故易于在水力、重力作用下造成滑塌和崩塌。 梅县水土流失面积277.03km~2,占全县山地面积的13％,其中崩岗侵蚀面积28.14km~2,     

安溪县崩岗侵蚀现状与防治对策

本文分析安溪崩岗的现状与危害,从自然和人为两方面分析其成因,并提出了以预防为主,减少危害,综合治理,加大水土保持的宣传执法力度,多方集资,加大资金投入等相应的防治对策。     

红土坡地崩岗侵蚀过程与机理

崩岗是广泛发育于华南红色风化壳坡地上的各种崩陷地形，其危害性很大。按其形态特征可分为：条形崩网，叉（分支）形崩岗、瓢形崩岗、箕形崩岗和劣地崩岗等几种类型，其形态演变过程经历了前期的水蚀为主阶段，以及后期的重力侵蚀为主阶段，崩网的发生与下述几种情况有关：红土的机械组成特征，以及与水作用发生的变化；风化壳内的各种软弱结构面的存在；大暴雨触发作用以及各种地形要素的影响等。     

崩岗侵蚀研究进展

崩岗是我国南方地区水土流失的一种特殊现象，其侵蚀灾害十分严重，直接威胁着当地和下游工农业生产和群众生命财产安全，已引起人们的广泛关注。从崩岗分类、发展过程、形成机理和综合治理等方面分析了崩岗侵蚀研究的现状与进展，总结了崩岗综合治理和生态恢复的模型，提出了未来崩岗侵蚀进一步研究工作的展望。     

崩岗侵蚀地貌与侵蚀过程

崩岗侵蚀是华南水土流失区最严重的一种土壤侵蚀类型。崩岗由崩壁、崩积堆和洪（冲）积扇３部分组成,其侵蚀过程包括崩壁的崩塌后退、崩积堆的再侵蚀及沟床侵蚀。当把花岗岩风化土体当作均质体看待时,因崩壁失稳而发生的片状崩落,其临界高度干燥时理论上可达８～９ｍ,而饱和状态时则下降到２～３ｍ;风化土体中节理、裂隙等软弱结构面的存在,致使崩壁往往发生滑塌和倾倒,崩壁失稳的临界高度同样降至２～３ｍ。崩积堆的再侵蚀主要是雨滴溅蚀和细沟侵蚀。当侵蚀基面下降时,沟床下切严重并危及崩壁和崩积堆的稳定。     

安溪县崩岗侵蚀防治分区探讨

为弥补以往崩岗侵蚀治理措施布设都是针对单个崩岗而缺少全面防治的不足,以安溪全县域的崩岗侵蚀为研究对象,将安溪县崩岗侵蚀分为强度、中度和轻度侵蚀3个区,并由此建立相应的防治体系:东南部的官桥镇和龙门镇属于强度侵蚀区,应以强化治理为主,实行工程和植物措施相结合、以小流域为单元的综合整治;从东南的城厢往西北延伸到感德及西南的龙涓在内的10个乡镇为中度崩岗侵蚀区,采取以植物措施为主,结合必要的工程措施进行治理;其余的乡镇即西北地区为轻度侵蚀区,总体上以预防保护为主,充分发挥生态系统的自我修复功能,同时加强封禁补植。     

基于DPSIR模型的崩岗侵蚀风险评价及时空特征

崩岗是中国南方红壤区最为严重的土壤侵蚀形式之一,不仅具有突发性且危害巨大,对其进行全方面的风险评价有利于崩岗综合整治。该研究引入驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应模型（driving force-pressure-state-impact-response, DPSIR）,并结合自然灾害风险理论,根据崩岗侵蚀过程从易发性、脆弱性、暴露性和防灾减灾能力等方面构建了较为综合的崩岗侵蚀风险评价体系,然后对安溪县官桥镇2010、2015和2020年的崩岗侵蚀风险进行了评价。结果表明：1）基于DPSIR的崩岗侵蚀风险评价模型精度结果良好,ROC曲线下方的面积AUC（area under curve, AUC）均大于0.59;其中沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀强度和人口密度指标权重较大,分别为0.217、0.182 和 0.174。2）3个年份的官桥镇崩岗侵蚀风险主要为低风险等级（占总面积57.49%～62.90%）,在空间上呈中部高、四周低的分布特征;风险变化主要分布在中西部和东部地区,且中风险、高风险和极高风险主要向低一级的风险等级转变,但在2015—2020年该区域的空间变化速度放缓。3）与崩岗侵蚀易发性风险评价结果相比,二者的空间分布趋势大致相似,但综合性风险评价结果的空间变异性更大,即综合性崩岗侵蚀风险的描述更为全面,更能体现崩岗侵蚀风险体系中不同指标产生的影响。研究结果不仅提供了一种综合的崩岗侵蚀风险评价思路和方法,并且可以为崩岗预警、防治与管理工作提供更为全面的参考。     

基于三维激光扫描的崩岗侵蚀的时空分析

崩岗侵蚀过程及其侵蚀量的精准量化分析,是研究崩岗发育机理及其发展演化的基础,也是测算崩岗流域产沙输沙的前提,对崩岗预防和治理以及水土保持和生态建设具有理论和现实意义。本研究应用三维激光扫描技术,大致以半年为周期,在6次定位监测基础上,以广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例,对崩岗侵蚀过程进行了定量分析。研究表明,莲塘岗崩岗年平均侵蚀量为833 m3,其中雨季平均侵蚀量为499 m3,干季平均侵蚀量为291 m3,侵蚀模数高达222 408 t/(km2·a)。24 h降雨量大于等于50 mm的暴雨、特别是大于等于100 mm的大暴雨对崩岗侵蚀影响很大,暴雨总量与崩岗侵蚀量具有正相关关系。崩壁之下的崩积锥部位侵蚀量最大,占总侵蚀量的55.6%。40°~60°坡面的侵蚀量最大,占总侵蚀量的49%。最大侵蚀强度(单位面积侵蚀量)位于50°~60°和70°~80°的两个坡度区间。最为剧烈的侵蚀区为主沟与支沟两侧及沟头部位,侵蚀深度均大于1 m,最大深度可达2.5 m。前3个监测周期,沟道以快速下切、侧蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,兼有小规模崩塌;后2个监测周期,以重力崩塌为主,沟道侵蚀减弱。崩岗地形变化导致其水力与重力作用交替进行,使崩岗侵蚀呈现出波动式变化。     

基于RS和GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟侵蚀地形特征研究

为了解黄土高原浅沟侵蚀地形特征,基于Qucickbird高分辨率遥感影像和数字高程模型,提取了坡面浅沟及其地形参数,并对浅沟侵蚀的地形特征参数和分布规律进行了统计分析,结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区,坡面坡度、长度、坡向以及上坡长度是影响坡面浅沟数量的主要地形要素,而浅沟侵蚀地形特征主要由坡面坡度、坡面长度、上坡长度和汇流面积共同决定;坡面长度与浅沟平均长度呈显著线性关系,坡面坡度与浅沟频度、浅沟坡度与其上坡长度间则均满足二次曲线;发生浅沟侵蚀的上限与下限临界坡度分别介于26～27°和15～20°,临界坡长介于50～80 m;由浅沟坡度的正弦值与汇流面积确定出浅沟分布的临界曲线;阳向坡面的平均浅沟长度小于阴向坡面。基于RS和GIS技术能有效确定浅沟侵蚀地形特征,为黄土区坡面水土流失治理提供了技术支撑。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟系统切沟侵蚀数值模拟

切沟侵蚀过程既是侵蚀输沙发生变化过程,也是其侵蚀地貌的发展演变过程,为了说明切沟形态随时空演化过程,应用质量守恒原理和理论分析方法,论述切沟侵蚀过程与形态发育模型实现的原理和过程,建立切沟侵蚀输沙微分方程、下切方程,并进行数值模拟.通过模拟计算,得到不同时刻和不同坡长下的切沟底部高程变化数据;经过与坡沟系统模型试验观测结果进行比较检验,沟深平均相对误差在15％以内,取得了较高的模拟精度.这表明建立的模型合理,模拟结果与实际切沟下切的动态变化过程相符,可以用于模拟切沟下切发育过程.     

Ephemeral gully erosion in northwestern Spain

This study aimed to describe types of ephemeral gullies and to determine their origin, evolution and importance as sediment sources in A Coruña province (northwest Spain). Ephemeral gullies and/or rills have been measured in a representative sample of medium-textured soils, most prone to crusting, developed over basic schist. This sample consisted of 11 small sites, ranging from 0.63 to 7.34 ha. A case study of concentrated (rill+gully) erosion in a 0.47-ha catchment with coarse-textured soils developed over granite was also reported. The mean slope of the sites studied ranged from 6.1% to 16.8%. Main periods when soil surface was poorly covered were late spring (maize seedbeds) and late autumn–early winter (grassland and winter cereal seedbeds). Case studies where fields were left bare in winter were also investigated. Soil incision and channel formation were observed even with relatively low rainfall intensities when the soil surface was sealed, but also after a single short intense rainfall event on recently tilled surfaces. Concentrated erosion took place mainly on seedbeds and newly tilled soils in late spring and by autumn or early winter, but gullies also appeared in other seasons when the soil surface was left bare. In most of the cases studied, ephemeral gully erosion caused significant soil losses, ranging between 2 and 5 m³/ha for a single season to locally, over 25 m³/ha. Gully development was significantly affected by agricultural operations, such as lineal elements often acting as initial axes of concentrated erosion. Main gullies tended to reappear at the same position.     

Time and scale of gully erosion in the Jedliczny Dol gully system, south-east Poland

Key catchments of the Roztocze loess area in south-east Poland have a great potential of revealing the history of long-term soil erosion and changes in land use. The knowledge of how and when soil erosion took place in the past helps one understand the impact of land use changes on the landscapes [Bork, H.-R., 1989. Soil erosion during the past Millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. Catena 15, 121–131]. The Jedliczny Dol gully system near the town Zwierzyniec in south-east Poland was investigated by using detailed field stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and wood.In connection with new settlements which were established between the 14th and 16th centuries, arable land was cultivated and forests were used much more intensively. As a consequence, the loess soils were strongly eroded during heavy rainfalls. Up to 4 m of colluvial sediments were deposited in the gully system during the 15th and/or 16th centuries. The thickness of the colluvial sediments indicate severe erosion which might be related to excessive timber exploitation for the local glass and iron production. With the foundation of the so-called Ordinariat Zamoyski at the end of the 16th century, some parts of the area were presumably reforested. High pressure on the land at the beginning of the 19th century enabled a second main phase of gulling before 1900.Since 1890 at the latest, almost the whole catchment is used as a forest, however, concentrated runoff on compacted forest roads can still be high after heavy rainfalls.In loess areas soil erosion caused by intensive land use, triggered by heavy rainfalls, can change the landscape drastically. These changes will continue to influence how catchments react, even if land use gets less intensive again. This knowledge should be considered regarding future, sustainable land use and recent changes in land use in the south-eastern Polish loess regions.     

根系密度对黄土塬沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响

为明确根系密度对黄土塬沟壑区沟头溯源侵蚀产沙和形态演化过程的影响,采用野外"人工模拟降雨+放水冲刷"试验方法,以裸地试验小区(CK)为对照,研究冰草根系密度试验小区(株行距:20 cm×20 cm,C1;15 cm×15 cm,C2;10 cm×10 cm,C3)的沟头溯源侵蚀产沙过程、沟头溯源距离、沟道下切深度及发育面积等特征。结果表明:1)与对照小区相比,草被小区(C1~C3)产沙量分别降低64.32%、70.31%、69.92%;冰草株行距为15 cm×15 cm时,减沙效益最大。2)对照小区沟头溯源侵蚀过程主要包括沟口形成、贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和沟岸崩塌等;而草被小区沟头溯源侵蚀则由贴壁流侵蚀、跌水侵蚀和根土复合体崩塌导致,崩塌是草地沟头溯源的主要原因;各根系密度下沟头溯源距离与时间均呈极显著幂函数关系;与对照相比,草被小区沟头溯源距离缩短75.61%~78.87%。3)对照小区侵蚀沟纵断面呈阶梯形,存在缓冲平台,沟头近似矩形;草被小区则呈梯形和圆弧状。与对照相比,草被小区沟道平均下切深度加深1.64~1.92倍;沟道面积随根系密度增加而缩小,草被小区沟道面积较裸地缩小68.0%~74.0%。结果可为该区"固沟保塬"工作的实施提供科学参考。     

Study of ephemeral gully erosion in a small upland catchment on the Inner-Mongolian Plateau

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important soil erosion process on the Inner-Mongolia Plateau in North China, and although its damage is very intense, little research on the area has been published. In this paper, a global positioning system (GPS) is used to measure the morphology of ephemeral gullies in a small catchment, the Inner-Mongolia Autonomous Region. First, this paper presents the characteristics of ephemeral gullies and soil loss due to ephemeral gully erosion. The network of ephemeral gullies takes on the shapes of tree branches, and there are 16 hole-ephemeral gullies in the middle of the ephemeral gullies. An average gully length of about 19.6 m ha⁻¹ and an average soil loss of 8.8 m³ ha⁻¹ due to ephemeral gully erosion were measured. Second, soil erosion influences crop production in cropland and combinations of vegetation in fallow. The difference between vegetation in the middle of ephemeral gullies and in other places is very obvious. Third, this paper discusses hole-ephemeral gullies that are holes locating in the middle of ephemeral gullies whose widths and depths are more than 0.5 m (Fig. 6) for the first time. The relationship between local hill slope gradient S (m m⁻¹) and upslope contributing area A (ha) can be expressed as S = 0.064A^−0.375 and may be a key indicator for determining the position of existing hole-ephemeral gully heads and for predicting where hole-ephemeral gullies could form in the small watershed on the Inner-Mongolian Plateau.     

基于统计学模型的沟道侵蚀敏感性评估的研究进展与展望

侵蚀沟的发生通常会造成区域严重的环境破坏和经济损失。开展沟道侵蚀敏感性评估有助于相关部门采取合理有效的措施抑制并降低沟蚀的发生,对改善区域环境、维持粮食生产能力,保障经济健康发展具有重要意义。该文从沟道侵蚀敏感性评估流程、数据基础以及统计学模型的应用3个方面,系统地介绍了该方向的研究进程,列举了各分类下统计学模型的优缺点,分析了该方向的相关研究进展,对比了不同研究之间的应用条件,并指出,未来研究还需实现迁移学习和时间序列模型在沟道侵蚀敏感性评估中的应用,以及深度学习模型与侵蚀沟发育物理机制相互融合,从而为改进和加强统计学模型与沟道侵蚀敏感性评估之间交叉应用,推动土壤侵蚀学科发展,为区域发展规划奠定理论与技术基础。     

基于降雨量和降雨时间的月降雨侵蚀力简易算法——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

 降雨侵蚀力简易算法是较大尺度应用USLE/RUSLE进行土壤侵蚀评价研究的必要内容。基于降雨量和降雨时间建立月降雨侵蚀力计算模型,并以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例,进行模型的拟合。结果表明:随着自变量中降雨量和降雨时间表示方式的改变,模型的拟合优度表现出明显的差异;对于不同因变量而言,以ΣEI30(或lg(ΣEI30))和以ΣEI10(或lg(ΣEI10))为因变量的模型拟合优度在整体上比较接近甚至相同,而以ΣE60I10(或lg(ΣE60I10))为因变量的模型拟合优度在整体上略低;就尺度效应而言,在时间尺度上,整个汛期的模型拟合优度低于1个月份或多个月份模型的拟合优度,在空间尺度上,区域模型中的拟合优度低于至少1个流域的模型拟合优度;在实际应用中,可以选择以ΣEI30为因变量的月降雨侵蚀力公式对该区域进行土壤侵蚀评价。     

基于CA-Markov模型的藉河流域土地利用变化动态模拟

为了探讨黄土丘陵沟壑区藉河流域的土地利用变化规律及驱动力,基于1995和2008年两期遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据,通过土地利用动态度模型和空间测算模型对藉河流域土地利用类型的动态变化程度进行分析,并运用CA-Markov模型对2022年土地利用空间格局进行预测.结果表明,空间分析测算模型由于同时考虑了各土地利用类型的空间转移及新增过程,能更为准确地测算出各种土地利用类型的动态变化程度与速率;CA-Markov模型预测结果表明,整个流域总体的Kappa系数为0.9515,预测结果可信;除草地和未利用地外,2008-2022年期间其他土地利用类型继续原有的变化趋势,到了2022年表现出坡耕地、草地、水域和未利用地面积减少趋势,梯田、林地和居民地面积呈增加趋势.黄土丘陵沟壑区水土流失严重,此研究有助于加强土地资源的保护和实施退耕还林还草等措施,为当地土地利用规划管理提供参考.