膜分离技术在鱼腥草芩蓝口服液制备工艺中的应用

为了考察膜分离技术对中药鱼腥草芩蓝水提液除杂效果的影响,以鱼腥草芩蓝水提液为研究对象,采用微滤、超滤和纳滤相结合的方式,对鱼腥草芩蓝水提液进行膜过滤除杂及膜浓缩工艺进行研究,并与传统水提醇沉工艺进行比较。结果显示,鱼腥草芩蓝水提液膜过滤除杂初滤、超滤和膜浓缩工艺的最佳孔径分别为:200 nm、50 kd和1.5 kd;膜过滤除杂所制备鱼腥草芩蓝口服液中绿原酸、黄芩苷平均含量分别为1.11、8.53 mg/m L,醇沉除杂工艺所制备鱼腥草芩蓝口服液中绿原酸、黄芩苷平均含量分别为0.95、5.34 mg/m L,且不同批次含量测定的RSD值均3%(n=3);膜过滤除杂工艺制备的样品进行蛋白质检测时未出现浑浊,醇沉除杂工艺制备的样品有浑浊出现;不同工艺制备的鱼腥草芩蓝口服液,稳定性均良好。综上所述,膜分离技术除杂所制备鱼腥草芩蓝口服液工艺稳定可靠、简便易行,且绿色、安全,显著降低生产成本,本文对工业化生产和推广具有指导意义。     

蓝刺头药材总黄酮的高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究

本实验旨在通过建立蓝刺头总黄酮的高效液相色谱指纹图谱，为评价蓝刺头药材的质量提供依据。色谱柱为Apollo C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm），流动相为甲醇-1%甲酸（梯度洗脱），流速为1.0 mL/min，检测波长为331 nm，柱温为30℃，进样量为40μL。采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012A版）、SPSS 22.0统计学软件和SIMCA-P12.0软件对10批蓝刺头所含总黄酮的色谱数据进行化学计量学分析。结果表明：建立的蓝刺头总黄酮的指纹图谱共有模式，共标定了10个共有峰，其中8号峰为芹菜苷峰；10批药材相似度较好，主成分分析和聚类分析均将10批药材分为3类；结合偏最小二乘回归分析得到引起蓝刺头药材批次间总黄酮成分差异的4个色谱峰。综上，所建立的高效液相色谱指纹图谱方法结果准确、稳定，可为蓝刺头药材的质量控制提供依据。     

银翘蓝芩口服液中黄芩苷HPLC含量测定方法的耐用性研究

目的:考察银翘蓝芩口服液中黄芩苷HPLC含量测定方法的耐用性。方法:采用单因素法,考察色谱柱、柱温、流速、流动相比例和pH值等对分离度、理论板数的影响。结果:常用的不同品牌及规格的C_(18)色谱柱以及柱温、流速和pH值发生微小变动时,均能实现样品中黄芩苷的有效分离,符合系统适用性的要求;但当流动相中甲醇的比例提高至50%时,不能实现样品中黄芩苷与其他成分的有效分离,在检测过程中应予以注意。结论:该方法稳定性好,可用于银翘蓝芩口服液中黄芩苷的含量测定。     

鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的毒理学研究

为了评价鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的毒性,为临床安全用药提供依据。以昆明小鼠和SD大鼠为研究对象进行鱼腥草芩蓝口服液急性和长期毒性试验。急性毒性试验中,采用最大给药量试验,以健康小鼠20只,24 h内按68 g/kg体重灌胃给药3次,给药后连续观察10 d,测定其最大给药量。长期毒性试验中,将80只健康大鼠随机分为对照组和高、中、低剂量组,每组雌雄各10只。对照组按20 m L/kg灌服生理盐水,给药组分别按34、17和8.5 g/kg灌服鱼腥草芩蓝口服液,每天一次,连续给药35 d。结果显示,小鼠灌服鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的最大给药量为204 g/kg。鱼腥草芩蓝口服液对试验大鼠的精神状态、脏器指数、生理生化指标均没有影响,且对主要脏器也没有明显的病理组织学损伤。结果表明鱼腥草芩蓝口服液在临床应用是安全的。     

鱼腥草芩蓝口服液抗炎镇痛作用研究

旨在探讨鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的抗炎镇痛作用。采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、醋酸致小鼠毛细血管通透性增加、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应等方法建立炎症及疼痛模型。造模前将昆明小鼠随机分为5组,分别为阴性对照组、阳性对照组和鱼腥草芩蓝口服液高、中、低剂量组,每组10只,雌雄各半。阴性和阳性对照组小鼠分别给予生理盐水和双黄连口服液20mL/kg体重,鱼腥草芩蓝口服液高、中、低剂量组分别灌服34、17、8.5g/kg体重剂量的鱼腥草芩蓝口服液,连续给药5d,观察鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的抗炎镇痛作用。结果表明,高、中、低剂量的鱼腥草芩蓝口服液能不同程度地抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀,降低醋酸诱导的毛细血管通透性增加,减少醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数。说明鱼腥草芩蓝口服液具有良好的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

鱼腥草芩蓝口服液治疗鸡外感风热的临床试验

为考察鱼腥草芩蓝口服液对鸡外感风热的临床疗效,通过在田间养殖场选取自然病例发病鸡进行临床治疗试验,以双黄连口服液作为药物对照,设置不给药对照组,并分别给予各治疗组鱼腥草芩蓝口服液高、中、低三个剂量组,连续给药4d,按照疗效判定标准,记录各组的治愈率、无效率等指标。结果显示,鱼腥草芩蓝口服液治疗后,多数病鸡发热、咳嗽等临床症状消失,病鸡精神状态明显好转,精神、饮食、粪便等很快恢复正常,采食量上升。表明鱼腥草芩蓝口服液对鸡外感发热有较好的治疗效果,值得在临床中推广应用。     

不同产地甘草的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:研究甘草的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,为科学评价及有效控制其质量提供可靠方法。方法:利用HPLC方法,梯度洗脱。色谱条件为:Kromasil C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流速0.8 m L/min,柱温30℃,流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为(pH值3)磷酸溶液,流动相A梯度洗脱(10%~90%乙腈),分析时间为65 min。结果:HPLC指纹图谱分析显示,21个不同批次和产地的甘草样品在276 nm处共获得包括甘草苷(5号峰)在内的10个共有峰,相似度分析结果均在0.99以上。方法学考察表明,精密度、稳定性、重现性均良好。结论:甘草的指纹图谱特征性及专属性强,可用于全面控制甘草的质量,确保每批产品的均一性。     

藏药刺柏HPLC指纹图谱及穗花杉双黄酮含量测定

试验旨在建立藏药刺柏的HPLC指纹图谱,运用2种统计方法分析不同产区的刺柏药材质量差异。采用HPLC-DAD技术,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱,以乙腈为流动相A,0.1%磷酸为流动相B,梯度洗脱,建立刺柏药材的指纹图谱并对指标性成分进行测定含量。对6批不同藏药刺柏进行相似度评价,并运用聚类分析(CA)、主成分分析(PCA)对HPLC指纹图谱进行分类分析。结果表明,刺柏药材HPLC指纹图谱共有峰16个,对14号峰进行指认为穗花杉双黄酮;6批刺柏药材的相似度均0.90;CA将不同产地刺柏药材分为3类,反映了6个不同产区刺柏药材的质量特征;PCA结果显示前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到96.13%,6个化学成分代表刺柏药材质量。说明建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合含量测定、CA、PCA方法可有效控制刺柏的质量,为药材质量控制提供科学依据。     

鱼腥草芩蓝口服液对肉鸡感冒的治疗效果探讨

目的:探讨鱼腥草芩蓝口服液治疗肉鸡感冒的有效性。方法:随机将养殖场内感冒的肉鸡65只分成两组,针对A组32只感冒肉鸡开展常规的药物治疗,针对B组33只感冒肉鸡开展鱼腥草芩蓝口服液治疗,对比两组感冒肉鸡的治疗效果。结果:两组感冒肉鸡治疗后的症状缓解时间、治疗有效性、死亡率及复发率存在显著差异(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论:针对感冒肉鸡开展鱼腥草芩蓝口服液治疗的疗效较为显著,利于肉鸡的康复,减少养殖户的经济损失。     

饲用植物蒲公英水提物HPLC特征图谱研究及聚类和主成分分析

研究旨在运用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）建立饲用植物蒲公英水提物的特征图谱，并用聚类分析和主成分分析对蒲公英水提物进行质量评价。采用Sunfire C18色谱柱，以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相，流速为0.8 m L/min，进样量10μL，柱温35℃，检测波长329 nm，将22批蒲公英水提物色图谱导入中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统软件（2012年版）中，选取分离度、峰型较好的8个峰为特征峰，得到蒲公英水提物特征图谱，并进行相似度评价、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明：试验建立的蒲公英水提物HPLC特征图谱共确定了8个特征峰，指认了单咖啡酰酒石酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸和菊苣酸4个色谱峰，相似度结果为0.869～0.999，说明22批蒲公英水提物质量相对稳定；当欧氏距离为4时，聚类分析将22批不同产地的蒲公英分成3类，S6一类，S4一类，其余批次为一类；主成分分析中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸具有最大的贡献度。通过相似度评价、聚类分析和主成分分析与特征图谱相结合，可为蒲公英水提物质量评价提供参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -