天麻赤砂糖饼干加工工艺优化

在单因素试验的基础上,选择天麻粉添加量、赤砂糖添加量、泡打粉添加量、烘烤时间为自变量,天麻饼干感官品质评分为考察指标,进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,优化天麻赤砂糖饼干的加工工艺。结果表明,天麻赤砂糖饼干的最佳工艺条件为:天麻粉添加量14%,赤砂糖添加量15%,泡打粉添加量2%,烘烤时间10 min,在此工艺条件下,制备的天麻赤砂糖饼干呈棕黄色,表面光滑,组织细密均匀,天麻味适中,酥脆且甜而不腻。     

蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的研制

将蛋壳粉添加到蛋糕中研制蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选出蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕的最佳配方和生产工艺条件为:面粉100 g,鸡蛋4个,蛋壳粉0.7 g,白糖50 g,植物油45 g,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间17 min。制得的蛋壳粉低糖蛋糕色泽自然均匀,形态周正不粘边,口感松软、甜度适中,无异味,蛋壳粉均匀地分散在蛋糕组织中,组织富有弹性,气孔均匀一致,感官品质评分达93分,具有一定的营养保健功能。     

基于正交试验和模糊评价的豆渣膳食面包研制

豆渣中含有丰富的营养物质,其中膳食纤维尤为丰富,具有减少肠道中的胆固醇、降低结肠癌风险、预防便秘等功效。我国每年通过大豆加工产生的豆渣约为800×104 t,大多数被当成废弃物丢弃,因此对豆渣的利用具有现实意义。以大豆豆渣、小麦粉为主要原料,研究豆渣添加量、酵母添加量、发酵时间、烘烤温度对豆渣面包品质的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上通过正交试验确定豆渣膳食面包的最佳工艺条件,以面粉100 g为基准,豆渣15 g,酵母1.1 g,发酵时间110 min,烘烤方法和温度为先以底火120℃,面火120℃的温度烘烤20 min,将面包内部的水分去除,再将底火和面火同时升温至180℃烘烤15 min。豆渣膳食面包的研制,丰富了面包的营养物质,同时豆渣被充分利用,节约了资源,具有良好的市场前景。     

小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干工艺条件的优化

以面粉、小米粉、豆渣粉为主料,木糖醇为甜味剂制作小米豆渣低糖纤维饼干。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验确定各因素的最适条件,通过正交试验确定饼干的最佳配方为小米粉用量15 g,豆渣粉用量15 g,低筋面粉用量26 g,鸡蛋液用量22 g,木糖醇用量20 g,黄油用量22 g,擀压成5 mm厚的面坯后,于上层温度105℃,下层温度115℃的烤箱中烘烤10 min。此条件下可获得色泽焦黄、香味浓郁、口感松脆、硬度适中的小米豆渣饼干。     

酸枣叶保健饼干的研制

以低筋面粉为主要原料,添加不同量的酸枣叶粉、绵白糖、鸡蛋,设置不同的烘烤温度及烘烤时间,以感官品质评价为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验相结合的方法确定酸枣叶保健饼干最佳工艺条件。结果表明,酸枣叶饼干最优工艺为：低筋面粉100 g,酸枣叶粉3 g,绵白糖35 g,鸡蛋50 g,碳酸氢钠0.8 g,泡打粉2 g,淀粉3 g,烘烤温度为145 ℃,烘烤时间为17 min,所烘烤的饼干具有良好的感官品质,色泽均匀,有酸枣叶独特的风味,甜度适中,质地细腻。     

发芽糙米米面包的加工工艺研究

试验以发芽糙米粉和小麦粉为原料,按一定比例采用直接发酵法制成米面包。工艺中通过添加转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)和谷朊粉提高面包品质、增加发芽糙米粉的添加量。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定发芽糙米米面包的最佳配方(质量分数)为:转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)0.15%,谷朊粉12%,发芽糙米粉22%,水55%(以小麦粉和发芽糙米粉的总量为基准);最佳工艺参数为:发酵时间2.5 h,醒发时间60 min,烘烤温度(底火)220℃(180℃),烘烤时间22 min。     

巴旦木原浆制备工艺优化研究

采用单因素和正交试验优化巴旦木原浆制备的去皮和磨浆工艺,试验表明巴旦木最佳的去皮参数为质量分数0.3%的NaOH溶液煮沸3 min;巴旦木最佳的磨浆工艺参数为NaHCO3浸泡液质量分数0.6%,磨浆温度60℃,料液比1∶10,在此工艺条件下巴旦木蛋白质的提取率为86.472 8%,原浆中蛋白质含量为2.39 g/100 mL.     

汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了汤种法制作莜麦吐司面包的最佳原料配方及工艺条件,即以莜麦粉、面包粉总质量为基准(100%),莜麦粉与面包粉的质量比15∶85,汤种添加量35%,水添加量26%,鸡蛋添加量24%,植物油添加量14%,白砂糖添加量10%,酵母添加量3%,食盐添加量1%,二次发酵时间40 min,烘烤温度180℃,烘烤时间30 min,制得莜麦吐司面包的感官品质最佳。在此条件下制备的面包酸度1.6°T,水分35.1%,比容3.83 m L/g,均符合国家质量标准。莜麦吐司面包存放3 d后的硬度低于添加15%杂粮粉的其他杂粮面包,口感松软。     

菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕的研制

将菠萝蜜种子粉加入传统海绵蛋糕中,制成菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕,通过单因素试验结合正交试验对菠萝蜜种子海绵蛋糕配方进行优化,确定该蛋糕最优配方为：菠萝蜜种子粉30 g,低筋粉70 g,鸡蛋180 g,细砂糖90 g,水10 g。烘烤温度为面火200 ℃,底火170 ℃,烘烤时间15 min,按此配方制作出的蛋糕组织均匀,口感柔软,香味浓郁。     

新型烤蛋关键工艺参数的研究

为了研发口感好、风味独特的新型烤蛋制品,对烤蛋采用冷冻、卤制、烘烤、上色4种关键工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明,在-5^-16℃冷冻24 h后的鸡蛋不会出现破裂的现象,冷冻温度为-16℃时蛋黄的弹性最大;最佳的卤制温度和时间组合为70℃,4 h;最佳的烘烤温度和时间组合为190℃,17 min;麦芽糖质量分数5%,其浸泡时间45 min时,成品颜色最佳。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio