吉林玉米机械粒收质量影响因素研究及品种筛选

2013～2017年在吉林省公主岭、梨树、榆树、伊通、德惠、吉林市昌邑区等地开展13组机械粒收玉米品种的筛选与技术集成示范,对8组试验采取机械粒收和收获质量评价。结果表明,机械粒收子粒破碎率均值为6.40%,高于国标≤5%的要求;杂质率均值为1.05%,低于≤3%国标标准;产量损失率均值为4.47%,总体小于≤5%国标标准,但各试验组间表现出较大的差异。子粒含水率总体呈正态分布,均值为26.55%,含水率与子粒破碎率、杂质率均呈极显著正相关,含水率高是导致收获质量差的重要原因。利用子粒含水率和单产两个重要指标按双向平均法作图,遴选出产量高于平均值、含水率低于平均值的品种先玉027、农华205和迪卡517为适宜玉米机械粒收品种。     

陕西春玉米子粒含水率与机械粒收质量的关系分析

选择陕西灌溉春玉米区主栽品种12个,2016～2017年在陕西榆林玉米试验站用约翰迪尔收割机子粒机收,调查分析玉米粒收质量指标与子粒水分的关系。结果表明,机收质量指标品种间差异较大,变异系数在23.52%～109.8%;收获时子粒水分平均26.01%,杂质率1.02%,破碎率7.44%,田间产量损失率3.21%。机械粒收玉米破碎率、田间产量损失率与子粒水分均呈显著正相关。当子粒含水率低于25.4%时,破碎率和损失率分别低于8%和3%,符合国标要求,满足机械粒收质量要求。子粒破碎率高是影响陕西灌溉春玉米区机械粒收的关键质量问题,子粒含水率是影响机械粒收质量的主控因素。通过选择子粒脱水快和含水率低品种、合理安排收获时间能够保证陕西春玉米区机械粒收质量。     

河北夏播区玉米机械粒收质量及影响因素研究

2014~2017年在河北省邯郸、衡水、石家庄、沧州和邢台市共开展16组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,对14组试验采取机械粒收及收获质量评价。结果表明,机械粒收子粒破碎率均值为10.19%,高于国标≤ 5%的要求;杂质率均值为1.99%,低于≤ 3%国标标准;产量损失率均值为3.55%,总体小于≤ 5%国标标准,破碎率高是河北夏玉米区机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。子粒含水率总体呈正态分布,均值为28.69%,收获时含水率低于26.01%的样本仅占25%,含水率与子粒破碎率（r=0.534^**,n=130）、杂质率（r=0.437^**,n=130）均呈极显著正相关关系,含水率高是导致收获质量差的主要原因。     

黑龙江第1～第3积温带玉米机械粒收现状及品种特性分析

2013～2017年在位于黑龙江省第1～3积温带的绥化、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆等10个地点开展15组玉米机械粒收研究,对其中4组试验采取机械粒收及其质量评价。结果表明,215个样本子粒含水率分布范围在10.6%～39.6%;机械粒收子粒破碎率均值为7.52%,高于≤5%的国标标准要求;杂质率均值为1.15%,产量损失率均值为0.76%,分别低于≤3%和≤5%国标标准。子粒破碎率偏高是当地机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。子粒含水率与破碎率呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.560**),含水率高是导致粒收质量差的重要原因。利用子粒含水率和单产两个重要指标按双向平均作图法,初步筛选出适合第1～第3积温带及不同热量条件区域的玉米机械粒收品种。     

皖北地区玉米机械粒收质量及影响因素研究

2014~2017年在安徽省的3个市(县)开展7个点次的机械粒收试验,并对其中5个点次试验进行机械粒收质量评价。结果表明,破碎率均值为9.12%,高于《玉米收获机械技术条件(GB/T 21962-2008)》中规定的子粒破碎率≤5%的标准;杂质率均值为3.37%,略高于≤3%的国标标准;总损失率为1.74%,低于≤5%的国标标准,子粒破碎率和杂质率偏高是目前安徽省皖北夏播玉米机械粒收存在的主要质量问题。破碎率与子粒含水率呈显著正相关,收获期子粒含水率高是造成破碎率高的主要原因之一。推迟收获期至10月10日以后,参试品种中超过90%的品种子粒含水率可以下降至28%以下。     

天津玉米机械粒收初步研究

为明确天津玉米子粒脱水特征及影响机械粒收的主要因素,2015年和2018年在天津武清区开展春玉米和夏玉米田间试验,调查不同玉米品种的子粒含水率和机械粒收后的破碎率、杂质率及田间损失率。结果表明,春玉米收获时子粒含水率为16.4%～23.2%,破碎率为1.5%～3.2%,符合国家机械粒收标准。在本地区10月初播种冬小麦之前完全可以实现机械粒收。夏玉米在传统收获季子粒含水率为27.2%～42.2%,含水率过高导致的高破碎率是限制机械粒收的主要因素。当前种植的主要夏播品种无法满足玉米机械粒收的熟期与水分需求,需筛选早熟、脱水快的品种,或延迟冬小麦播种及采取冬小麦改种春小麦的种植制度调整,实现夏玉米机械粒收。     

内蒙古玉米机械粒收质量及其影响因素研究

2013～2017年在内蒙古开展9组机械粒收品种筛选与技术集成示范,共获得97个品种/组合139个品次样本数据。收获时采取机械粒收测产方式对其中6组试验进行产量和收获质量测试,结果表明,收获时子粒破碎率均值为9.89%,产量总损失率均值为5.77%,高于国标(GBT-21961—2008)规定≤5%的要求。子粒含水率均值为26.78%,含水率与破碎率、杂质率呈显著正相关。按子粒含水率和单产水平2个指标采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类,对97个供试品种/组合进行初步筛选,吉单66等15个品种表现出子粒含水率低、单产水平高的特点,适合机械粒收。     

玉米机械收获子粒破碎率与含水率关系的品种间差异

基于2012～2017年在北疆大田机械粒收条件下获取的收获质量评价数据,分析当地主栽的9个品种机械粒收过程中子粒破碎率和含水率的关系。调查范围内,不同品种收获期子粒含水率平均值分布范围为19.6%(KX9384,KWS1568)～28.2%(联创808),破碎率平均值分布范围为2.8%(新引M753)～8.5%(KWS2564),收获时品种间子粒含水率和破碎率均存在显著差异。分析显示,虽然131个样本子粒含水率(y)与破碎率(x)之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.302**),符合二次曲线(y=ax~2+bx+c)关系,但不同品种破碎率对子粒含水率的响应程度具有一定差异。在相同含水率条件下不同品种耐破碎性能存在较大差异,相应满足国标破碎率≤5%和≤8%要求适宜收获的子粒含水率范围也不同。筛选出新引M751、新引M753、KX9384、登海618和先玉335等耐破碎性能较好的品种。     

北京春玉米机械粒收质量影响因素研究及品种筛选

2014～2016年在北京密云区和延庆区开展4个点次7组机械粒收试验。结果表明,破碎率均值为8.81%,高于《玉米收获机械技术条件(GB/T 21962-2008)》中规定子粒破碎率应≤5%的标准;杂质率均值为1.25%,总损失率为1.10%,分别低于≤3%和≤5%的国标标准。延迟10 d收获,供试6个品种玉米子粒含水率均值由25.9%降低到20.9%,下降了5个百分点,玉米收获质量得到显著改善,其中破碎率由5.71%下降到3.68%,降低了2.03个百分点。按双向平均作图法筛选出宁玉524,MC703,真金8号,登海9号和联创808等5个适宜机械粒收候选品种,其子粒含水率平均为23.27%,较对照郑单958低4.71个百分点;平均单产1 4921.7 kg/hm2,较郑单958对照高出14.87%。     

山西玉米子粒含水率与机械粒收收获质量的关系分析

2013～2014年在山西忻州开展适宜机械粒收品种的筛选和机械粒收技术示范,探讨玉米不同品种子粒含水率与子粒破碎率、杂质率以及产量损失率之间的关系。结果表明,破碎率、杂质率以及产量损失率均与子粒含水率存在显著正相关,子粒水分是影响机械粒收质量的重要因素。筛选子粒含水率低、产量水平高的瑞普959、德美亚3号、瑞普908和M753推荐为当地适宜粒收品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.