中药抗炎作用及其机制研究进展

20世纪后，人们对炎症的研究逐渐转移到了炎症发生、发展的机制和药物抗炎机制方面，从而开拓了一个十分重要的研究领域，为防治畜禽疾病提供了新的策略。目前。临床治疗中除肾上腺皮质激素类与非甾体类抗炎药物（NSAID）以外，部分中药也逐渐应用于抗炎。由于许多化学合成药物具有较强毒副反应，人们更加重视从天然药物中开发毒副作用较小的抗炎药物，用现代科学方法研究中药抗炎机制与临床应用是当今世界新药开发的热点。     

解热镇痛抗炎药的基本知识

解热镇痛抗炎药是一类具有抑制前列腺素合成而退高热、减轻局部钝痛,抗炎、抗风湿作用,因与甾体类糖皮质激素不同,故又称非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs).该类药物在临床应用较多,但由于种类较多,各有侧重且有不良反应,本文将对其分门别类进行介绍.     

非甾体抗炎药在犬病治疗中的应用

<正>非甾体抗炎药是一类不含有甾体结构的抗炎药,因与糖皮质激素有相似的作用,但不含有甾体结构而得名。该类药物具有抗炎、抗风湿、止痛、退热和抗凝血等作用,故又称解热镇痛消炎药,在临床上广泛应用于风湿性疾病、类风湿性疾病、炎性疾病、疼痛、软组织和运动损伤及发热的治疗,是全球使用最多的药物种类之一,在犬病治疗中也广泛应用,并发挥着巨大的作用。     

兽医药理知识系列讲座(七) 解热镇痛抗炎药的基本知识

解热镇痛抗炎药是一类具有抑制前列腺素合成而退高热、减轻局部钝痛,抗炎、抗风湿作用,因与甾体类糖皮质激素不同,故又称非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)。该类药物在临床应     

解热镇痛抗炎类药物

解热、镇痛及抗炎药是一类具有解热和减轻局部慢性钝痛作用的药物 ,其中大多数还具有抗炎、抗风湿作用。它们的共同作用机制是抑制环加氧酶 ,减少前列腺素 (Ｐｒｏｓｔａｇｌａｎｄｉｎ ,ＰＧ)的生物合成。由于其化学结构和抗炎机制与糖皮质激素甾体抗炎药 (ｓｔｅｒｏｉｄａｌａｎｔｉ ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏｒｙｄｒｕｇｓ,ＳＡＩＤＳ)不同 ,故称为非甾体类抗炎药 (ｎｏｎｓｔｅｒｏｉｄａｌａｎｔｉ ｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｔｏ ｒｙｄｒｕｇｓ,ＮＳＡＩＤＳ)。常用解热镇痛药按化学结构可分为水杨酸类 ,苯胺类 ,吡唑酮类及其他有机酸类等四…     

抗炎药物及作用机理最新研究进展

抗炎药主要包括非甾体类抗炎药、甾体类抗炎药和中药。由于传统的抗炎药选择性较差,副作用明显,临床应用受到很大限制。近年来,随着人们对炎症机制认识的不断深入及分子生物学技术的广泛应用,一些疗效好、副作用小的新型抗炎药相继问世,应用于临床。作者主要对上述3种抗炎药物及其作用机理在近几年来的研究进展作一探讨分析。     

猪附红细胞体病的敏感药物筛选试验

选取贝尼尔（血虫净）、土霉素、盐酸四环素、新砷凡纳明（914）、咪唑苯脲、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶6种药物,进行猪附红细胞体的体内和体外对照治疗,结果 6种药物均有较好的疗效。猪附红细胞体病的治疗药物较多,临床上可以根据当地的流行情况灵活选用,其中盐酸四环素可以作为治疗猪附红细胞体病的首选药物。     

犬椎间盘疾病概述

椎间盘疾病 (IVDD)主要是指椎间盘突出症 ,是因椎间盘变性、纤维环破裂 ,髓核向背侧突出压迫脊髓而引起的 ,以运动障碍为主要特征的脊椎疾病。目前 ,我国在人医方面对于 IVDD的研究较多 ,也较深入。而在兽医领域 ,对于 IVDD的认识还不是很深。本文旨在回顾国内外早期和近期的关于犬颈部和胸腰部 IVDD的病理生理学、诊断和治疗的文章 ,并且参考了一些人医相关方面的知识 ,以便日后对犬的IVDD做进一步的研究。1　发展历史关于犬的椎间盘疾病的报道早在 1881年就由Janson报道。 1896年 Dexler报道了犬由于椎间盘疾病造成的慢性压迫性…     

犬·椎·间·盘·疾·病·的·X·线·诊·断

犬椎间盘疾病（Intervertebral disc disease，IVDD）是由犬脊椎椎间盘的退化和脱出引起的疾病。IVDD主要指椎间盘突出症，是因椎间盘变性、纤维环破裂，髓核向背侧突出压迫脊髓而引起的，以运动障碍为主要特征的脊椎疾病，多犬种都可发病。临床上晚期X线检查可确诊，但早期和中期病变不明显时，X线诊断确诊有一定难度。为了对本病有更清楚的认识，以便及早确诊，我们对23例本病患犬进行X线诊断和X光片对比研究，为该病的诊断提供资料。     

产蛋鸡马杜霉素中毒的处理

１．联合用药后，治疗效果提高，不良反应减弱或消除，这种结果称为协同作用。如：（１）喹诺酮类和林可霉素同时使用能够起协同作用，特别适用于治疗鸡霉浆体病合并大肠杆菌病。（２）磺胺类药物和土霉素联合应用时，其结果相当于它们原有作用的相加。（３）磺胺类药物和TMP合用时，由于两种药物可分别阻断病原微生物叶酸合成代谢中前后两个不同环节，所以疗效能够增加数倍。２．联合用药后出现疗效减弱或消失，毒性增加等现象，这种情况就是配伍禁忌。（１）硫酸粘菌素和氨基糖苷类药物联用可导致神经系统中毒而产生肌无力和呼吸暂停的…     

犬特应性皮炎及其治疗药物的研究进展

犬特应性皮炎是一种具有遗传倾向的过敏性皮肤病。由于近年来我国养犬数量不断增加,犬特应性皮炎成为宠物临床上的常见疾病,严重危害了宠物犬的身体健康。该病病因复杂,大致可概括为遗传因素、环境因素、皮肤屏障功能失调、免疫功能失调和微生物菌群失调五个方面,且由于其临床症状与其他过敏反应、炎症反应相似,难以确诊,需要通过多种临床反应共同判定。随着小动物诊疗的不断发展,犬特应性皮炎治疗在以往基础疗法上又增加了使用抗炎止痒药物、JAK通路抑制药物、生物制品药物和PED-4 选择性抑制剂等治疗方式。本文综述了近年来犬特应性皮炎的病因、临床症状、诊断方法和治疗方法方面的研究进展,以期为犬特应性皮炎的治疗提供借鉴和参考。     

The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XIX): general principles of therapy.

The treatment of canine atopic dermatitis is multifaceted and consists of a combination of actions that include the use of allergen avoidance, anti-inflammatory agents, allergen-specific immunotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. The importance and order of these treatment steps vary from patient to patient. General recommendations for each of the therapeutic steps are highlighted in this paper. Specific details are covered in other papers of this issue.     

Concentrations of 15F2t isoprostane in urine of dogs with intervertebral disk disease

OBJECTIVE: To measure 15F(2t) isoprostane concentrations in the urine of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE) and dogs undergoing surgery because of intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) and to assess relationships between urinary concentrations of 15F(2t) isoprostanes and neurologic score in dogs with IVDD. ANIMALS: 11 dogs undergoing OHE and 32 dogs with IVDD undergoing hemilaminectomy. PROCEDURES: Paired urine samples were obtained at induction of anesthesia and approximately 1 hour after OHE (controls) and were collected from dogs with IVDD at induction of anesthesia (28 samples) and approximately 1 hour after hemilaminectomy (31 samples); 26 paired urine samples were obtained from dogs with IVDD. Urinary isoprostane concentrations were measured by use of a commercial ELISA, and results were adjusted on the basis of urinary creatinine concentrations. Differences in the mean isoprostane-to-creatinine ratio were analyzed. Neurologic score was determined in dogs with IVDD by use of the modified Frankel scoring system. RESULTS: Urinary isoprostane-to-creatinine ratios were significantly higher in dogs with IVDD than in control dogs before and after surgery. There was no significant difference between values before and after surgery for either group. There was a significant correlation of neurologic score and urinary isoprostane-to-creatinine ratio because dogs that had higher neurologic scores (ie, less severely affected) generally had higher isoprostane-to-creatinine ratios. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Urinary isoprostane-to-creatinine ratios were higher in dogs with IVDD before and after surgery. Analysis of these data suggests that dogs with IVDD are in a state of oxidative stress and that preemptive treatment with antioxidants warrants further investigation.     

The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXII): nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy.

The pharmacotherapy of canine atopic dermatitis has relied primarily on the use of glucocorticoids and anti-histamines. During the last decade, other anti-inflammatory drugs have been investigated in clinical trials. This paper will review the studies using misoprostol, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, capsaicin, leukotriene inhibitors and serotonin-reuptake inhibitors for treatment of dogs with atopic dermatitis. For each drug the mechanism of action, the rationale for use in atopic dermatitis, the clinical efficacy, reported adverse effects and strength of recommendation for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis are described. At the time of this writing, there is fair evidence to support the recommendation for using cyclosporine, misoprostol and pentoxifylline for treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. This recommendation can be strengthened by the performance of additional blinded randomized controlled trials with larger number of dogs. In contrast, there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against treatment with tacrolimus, leukotriene inhibitors, serotonin-reuptake antagonists and capsaicin.     

兽用非甾体抗炎药的应用现状

动物疼痛和炎症可影响其健康状况、养殖场经济效益等,预防和治疗动物疼痛、炎症具有重要意义。非甾体抗炎药可以减少动物疼痛和炎症的发生。近几年对非甾体抗炎药在动物中的应用研究越来越多,同时非甾体抗炎药的一些新功能被发现。论文对兽医常用非甾体抗炎药物的应用研究进展做一综述,以期为非甾体抗炎药在动物中的合理使用以及进一步研究提供参考。     

The ACVD task force on canine atopic dermatitis (XXI): antihistamine pharmacotherapy.

Antihistamines frequently are recommended by veterinary dermatologists for symptomatic treatment of pruritus associated with canine atopic dermatitis (AD), perhaps because of their moderate success in some human patients with AD. A critical review of the literature describing antihistamine use in canine AD reveals that the majority of published, peer-reviewed studies are open, uncontrolled or partially-controlled trials. Such studies vary widely in reported efficacy, from perhaps 0 to 75% of patients, even using the same drug. The few blinded placebo-controlled trials available have failed to confirm efficacy of these drugs to relieve the pruritus of canine AD. Some studies indicate that synergistic effects could occur with concurrent use of essential fatty acid supplements. Consequently, at the time of this writing, there is insufficient evidence to conclude for or against the efficacy of antihistamines for treatment of canine AD. Additional blinded, randomized and controlled trials with larger numbers of patients are necessary to establish which of the antihistamine drugs currently available, if any, are truly efficacious for canine AD. Nevertheless, present clinician consensus suggests that several different antihistamine drugs should be evaluated in sequence, for 7-14 days each, in canine patients with AD.     

电针配合药物治疗犬椎间盘突出

近年来,犬椎间盘突出症在宠物临床上越发的常见。由于本病的发病原因较为复杂、发病过程多为慢性,在诊断时难于判断,同时在治疗时以手术疗法为主治愈率较低。临床实践表明应用电针配合药物对该病进行治疗,治愈率大大提高。作者对犬椎间盘突出的病因与诊断进行了阐述,并说明了电针复合药物对该病的治疗机理,为该病的诊断提供系统的理论指导,为电针配合药物治疗方案的推广打下坚实的基础。     

Canine epilepsy: what can we learn from human seizure disorders?

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in both dogs and humans. It is refractory to therapy in approximately one-third of canine patients, and even with the advent of new antiepileptic drugs for humans, appropriate treatment options in dogs remain limited. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of epilepsy is being studied extensively in both human patients and rodent models of experimental epilepsy at the cellular and molecular level, but very little is known about the aetiologies of epilepsies in dogs. In this review, canine epilepsy will be discussed with reference to the human epilepsies and experimental epilepsy research. There is much work to be done in order to classify canine seizure types and breed-specific epileptic syndromes, particularly with reference to electroencephalographic abnormalities and possible genetic abnormalities. The review considers the appropriate use of antiepileptic drugs: phenobarbitone and potassium bromide are effective in most canine patients, although dosing regimes need to be carefully tailored to the individual, with serum concentration measurement. However, a significant proportion of patients remains refractory to these drugs. Work is currently underway to test the efficacy of newer antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of canine epilepsy, and preliminary data suggest that human drugs such as levetiracetam and gabapentin are of benefit in dogs with refractory epilepsy.     

1例犬细小病毒病继发肠套叠的诊断与治疗

犬细小病毒病会导致幼犬严重腹泻，甚至便血，往往会继发肠套叠。肠套叠的症状与犬细小病毒病较为相似，也会导致病犬精神沉郁、食欲废绝、呕吐等，宠物医生往往会误认为该症状是由犬细小病毒病所致，误诊不仅治疗无效，还延误治疗的最佳时间。采用X射线和B型超声2种影像学相结合的方法对1例由犬细小病毒病导致肠梗阻的幼犬进行诊断，确诊为肠套叠后对其进行手术治疗，术后7d，该犬手术切口未发生感染并愈合良好。主要对该病的诊治经过作一介绍，以期为兽医临床诊治幼犬肠套叠提供参考。     

Inhibitory effects of 22-oxa-calcitriol and all- trans retinoic acid on the growth of a canine osteosarcoma derived cell-line in vivo and its pulmonary metastasis in vivo

Pulmonary metastasis is a major cause of death and a major obstacle to the successful treatment of canine osteosarcoma. However, the residual capacity of the neoplasia for differentiation and its susceptibility to undergo apoptosis may be used to suppress its growth and metastatic properties. The highly metastasizing POS (HMPOS) canine osteosarcoma cell line which preferentially metastasize to the lungs was used to test the possible efficacy of 22-oxa-calcitriol (OCT) and all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to inhibit growth and pulmonary metastasis of the subcutaneously grown osteosarcoma in nude mice. Treatments in vitro, morphologically elongated and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and staining of cells. Tumour growth in vivo was inhibited significantly and the combination treatment of OCT and ATRA (OCT + ATRA) exerted a synergistic and stronger suppression at concentration of 1.0 microg kg(-1)body weight when given subcutaneously three times a week for 5 weeks. The subcutaneous tumours of the control mice consisted of osteoblast-like cells and isolated chondroblast-like cells, but formed several areas of osteoid and increased amount of collagen tissue in all treated mice. Pinpoint macrometastatic nodules developed only in all control mice. Micrometastatic nodule developed only in two of six mice treated with ATRA. However, nodule size and number, and lung wet weight were all reduced significantly. Metastasis were not seen in the mice treated with OCT or OCT + ATRA. This study demonstrated that inhibition of growth and pulmonary metastasis was induced by subcutaneous treatment with these drugs and suggest that both its differentiating and apoptotic inducing activities may be responsible for the antitumour effects. These drugs may be useful in the clinic as an adjunct for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma.