大兴安岭火烧迹地植被恢复中土壤微生物量及酶活性

为了探讨火烧迹地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量及酶活性变化特征,采用时空互代法,以大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同恢复年限落叶松人工林为研究对象,对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)土壤养分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,并在植被恢复过程中呈波动性变化,恢复24a土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷和有机质含量均最高。(2)土壤微生物量碳和氮含量的变化范围分别为267.17~1 764.34mg/kg和23.45~182.14mg/kg,随土层深度的增加而降低。随恢复年限的增加,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量呈上升趋势。(3)植被恢复过程中土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性随土层深度的增加而降低,其中,恢复24a落叶松人工林4种土壤酶活性均显著高于重度火烧迹地。(4)相关分析表明,土壤微生物量与土壤全磷、有效磷和有机质含量均极显著正相关,土壤酶活性与土壤全氮、全磷、水解氮和有机质含量极显著正相关,土壤生物学指标能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。火烧迹地经过24a的恢复,土壤微生物量及酶活性得到了较好的改善。     

纳板河自然保护区土壤酶对不同海拔、坡向的响应

在纳板河自然保护区内分海拔和坡向采集土样,测定分析了尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性和主要养分指标的变化。结果表明:土壤有机质、水解氮含量随海拔升高显著增加;阳坡全氮含量随海拔升高呈现由中间向两端减小的趋势,阴坡全氮含量随海拔升高波动增加;土壤速效磷含量随海拔呈现由中间向两端减小趋势;蛋白酶活性高海拔 > 低海拔,海拔对表层过氧化氢酶活性影响较小,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随海拔呈现波动。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量阳坡 > 阴坡;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性阴坡 > 阳坡,各土层土壤脲酶活性阳坡 > 阴坡。各养分含量及酶活性表层 > 中下层。土壤酶活性与各肥力因子间相关关系显著,各土壤酶活性间相关性显著。有机质、全氮、全磷是影响蛋白酶活性的主导因子,速效磷和水解氮为次要因子;全磷、速效磷、水解氮为影响脲酶活性的主要因子,有机质、全磷、速效钾为次要因子。主成分分析结果表明蛋白酶和脲酶活性作为保护区土壤肥力指标具有可行性。     

陕北黄土高原植被恢复区土壤酶活性研究

为了解陕北黄土高原不同植被恢复类型对土壤酶活性的影响,采用完全随机区组设计田间试验的方法,以陕北黄土高原恢复19年的杏树林、沙棘林、刺槐林和草地为研究对象,以农田土壤为对照,研究不同植被恢复类型、土层和季节对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性的影响,并对酶活性与土壤理化性质关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性差异在不同人工林草地间均达到显著水平。杏树林蔗糖酶活性最高(71.15 mg g-124 h-1),沙棘林脲酶活性最高(52.29mg g-124 h-1),刺槐林过氧化氢酶活性最高(3.33 ml g-1h-1)。随着土层加深,人工林草地土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均显著降低。过氧化氢酶活性则表现为0～10 cm最低,10～20 cm土壤过氧化氢酶活性最高。蔗糖酶、脲酶以及过氧化氢酶活性表现出显著的季节性差异,蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性夏季最高,脲酶冬季最高。土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾是影响酶活性的主要因素,其他各因子的影响相对较弱;蔗糖酶、脲酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈正相关关系,过氧化氢酶与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等呈负相关关系。土壤酶活性是表征...     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤酶活性

调查了宁夏御马酿酒葡萄基地不同栽培年限下土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,并与土壤的基本理化性质进行了回归分析。结果表明,供试土壤为强碱性反应,耕作施肥对土壤pH和全盐含量影响不显著;土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、阳离子代换量大都处于最低的六级水平,但肥力随耕种年限的延长显著增加;随栽培年限的延长,表层土壤磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著增加;蔗糖酶、脲酶活性随剖面深度的加深而显著减小;表土过氧化氢酶活性随栽培年限的延长而显著下降,但不同土地利用下表层以下各层次土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体上高于表层,且差异显著。磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;四种酶之间,磷酸酶与脲酶之间存在极显著相关关系,脲酶与蔗糖酶之间存在极显著相关关系。由此表明,磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的大小可以代表宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培区土壤肥力的高低。     

宁南山区不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性特征研究

试验研究不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性特征结果表明,天然草地表层土壤酶活性较高,灌木林地和人工草地次之,果园和农地较低;20~40cm土层果园和农地土壤酶活性稍高;天然草地和灌木林地对土壤酶活性改良效果显著,而果园和农地则较差;土壤蔗糖酶活性在剖面上变化明显,脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性变化趋势大多一致,过氧化氢酶活性在不同土地利用类型和剖面层次上均无明显差异。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性互呈极显著正相关,且均与速效氮及有机质呈极显著正相关。土壤酶活性可作为较理想的土壤肥力指标。     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用方式土壤养分、酶活性及微生物特性研究

新疆艾比湖地区在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有典型性和较高研究价值,通过对不同土地利用方式土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性及微生物特性(土壤微生物量和微生物数量)。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成不尽一致,黏粒含量占主导地位,粗砂粒含量相对较低,土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用方式对土壤养分具有较大影响,不同土地利用方式下土壤养分(有机碳、全氮、全磷)和有效养分(有效磷、有效氮、有效钾、有效锌、有效铁含量)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,土壤全磷在不同土地利用方式下差异均不显著(p0.05);与耕地相比,土壤微生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌),土壤酶活性(土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性)均有明显的增加,大致表现为:林地草地耕地未利用地;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳和氮、细菌、放线菌和真菌数量、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均呈显著或者极显著的负相关(p0.05,p0.01);土壤有机质和全氮与蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶和细菌数量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),土壤有效养分与土壤微生物量碳、细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关(p0.05,p0.01),说明土壤微生物量碳仍是有效养分的主要来源,其中土壤容重对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为负,土壤养分对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为正,这是造成不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性差异的重要原因,其中有机质和全氮是土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性的主要养分来源。     

澜沧江上游不同土地利用类型土壤氮含量与土壤酶活性研究

通过对地处澜沧江上游滇西北山区大理洱源县炼铁乡的6种不同土地利用类型土壤氮含量与土壤酶活性变化进行分析,探讨他们的变化及其相互关系,为退化山地土壤的恢复与可持续利用提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)不同土地利用类型下土壤氮含量、土壤酶活性均存在较大差异.旱冬瓜林地聚积了丰富的养分,土壤生态环境良好,土壤氮含量、土壤酶活性均大于其他土地利用类型.不同土地利用类型土壤氮含量、土壤酶活性的差异,能比较客观地反映出退化程度的不同.(2)无论是哪一种土地利用类型均表现出土壤氮含量越高,土壤酶活性越高.在氮素循环转化的过程中,氮素营养逐渐衰减,土壤酶活性也随之降低,土壤发生不同程度的退化.(3)从土壤垂直剖面上看,土壤氮含量与土壤酶活性均随土层加深呈明显下降趋势,可以看出土地利用类型、人为活动对土壤氮含量与土壤酶活性的影响主要集中在表层(A层).(4)土壤氮含量与土壤酶活性存在一定相关.土壤氮含量和土壤酶活性的降低均会导致土壤退化程度的加深.     

生物耕作对土壤理化特性、酶活性及青花菜生长和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究生物耕作(接种蚯蚓)对土壤理化性质、酶活性及青花菜生长和产量品质的影响。试验设置了传统机械旋耕(CK)、免耕(T1)以及生物耕作(T2)3个处理。研究结果表明:(1)生物耕作能有效提高耕层不同部位的土壤养分含量和含水量,其中尤以5～20 cm土层较为明显,生物耕作处理土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及含水量依次比传统机械旋耕(CK)增长58.33%、68.93%、67.06%和16.19%;与传统机械旋耕(CK)相比,生物耕作处理大大提升了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶以及蔗糖酶的活性,其中脲酶、蔗糖酶与CK之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)生物耕作处理下青花菜的株高、开展度、叶长、叶宽等指标与CK和T1之间差异显著(P<0.05);各处理间青花菜的叶绿素相对含量差异不大,生物耕作处理增强了青花菜在各生长期的净光合速率。(3)生物耕作处理大幅提高了青花菜品质,生物耕作处理下的青花菜Vc含量是CK的1.2倍,硫代葡萄糖苷含量分别比T1处理和CK高1.05 mol·g-1和3.29 mol·g-1,差异均达到显著水平;各处理间可溶性糖含量差异不显著。因此,在传统的农业生态系统中,培育土壤有益动物的生物数量(生物耕作)可提高土壤养分和酶活性,对改善农田土壤肥力有着重要意义。     

宁夏黄土区不同植物群落土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

本文研究了宁夏南部山区典型植物群落土地不同利用方式下土壤质量的变化。结果表明:（1）典型长芒草群落土地,开垦地比封禁地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量明显降低,降低幅度分别为19.5%、20.1%、17.6%、13.0%、77.8% 和47.5%。脲酶活性为开垦地封禁地,蔗糖酶则表现为封禁地开垦地,中性磷酸酶差异不明显。（2）铁杆蒿群落土地三种利用方式下:放牧地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾等养分含量较封禁地与开垦地有一定幅度的增加;放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁地的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶活性高于封禁地。脲酶活性在土层之间变化较小,最高为放牧地表层177.6 mg/(kg.h),最低为开垦地表下层114.5 mg/(kg#8226;h),蔗糖酶活性层次之间变化明显,其中放牧地表层为表下层的3倍左右。长芒草群落土壤表层各级微团聚体表现为封禁地远大于开垦地,铁杆蒿群落土地不同利用方式下各级微团聚体表现不同,结构系数表现为表层表下层,保持率则为表层表下层。结构系数与保持率均表现为封禁地放牧地开垦地。（3）在轻度放牧条件下,土壤养分状况、酶活性有所提高,但土壤微团聚体中的结构系数与保持率则明显降低。     

生物炭对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响

以一年生“弗雷”葡萄幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,根据生物炭施用方式与炭土质量比,设置 5个处理,研究了生物炭不同施用方式及施用量对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与不施生物炭(CK)相比,生物炭混施(HA、HB)和穴施(JA、JB)增加了土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性,但小幅度降低土壤容重和 pH。同一施用方式下,生物炭施用量越高土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性越高;同一施用量下,混施处理土壤有机质和速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性优于穴施处理,其中 HB(混施 5%生物炭)处理土壤有机质和速效养分含量及蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性增加幅度最大,分别比 CK高73.7%、19.2%、42.3%、20.8%、10.5%、8.6%。土壤细菌 Alpha多样性分析表明 HB处理可以提高细菌丰度,但对细菌群落多样性影响甚微。穴施处理下硝化螺旋菌属菌群数量高于混施处理,而混施处理下节细菌属和假单胞菌属菌群数量高于穴施处理。UPGMA聚类分析及RDA冗余分析表明混施处理引起根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构发生较大变化,土壤碱解氮、有机质、速效钾及pH对细菌群落结构影响较大。综上,生物炭混施对葡萄幼苗根际土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响优于穴施,其中 HB处理效果较优。     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

土壤不同形态钾含量与土壤颗粒的关系

土壤含K矿物同其他矿物颗粒一起均分布在不同粒级的土粒中,这些土粒在不同的土壤中构成了不同的配合比例,形成不同的土壤质地的属性。统计表明,<0.05mm与<0.01mm粒级间呈极显著线性相关(r=0.896**,n=92),相关分析表明,不同粒级的土粒与不同形态K间呈显著线性或曲线显著相关,而全K只与<0.05mm粒径的土粒呈极显著相关(r=0.234**,n=73),全K与速效K的数量关系通过全K、<0.05mm、<0.01mm粒级与速效K系统相关组合的算式以数学的方法计算速效K含量。     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。