苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维的理化性能及其结合酚提取工艺优化

分别采用酸法、碱法、酶法对苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维（F-IDF）进行提取,并评价了其理化性质,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化了苦荞麦壳不溶性膳食纤维结合酚（F-DFPP）的提取工艺。结果表明：采用α-淀粉酶-木瓜蛋白酶复合酶法提取F-IDF,得率可达59.45%±0.87%;采用不同方法获得的F-IDF理化性质差异显著,酶法和酸法提取的F-IDF具有较高的持油性;碱法提取的F-IDF持水性和膨胀性最佳;提取F-DFPP的最佳工艺参数为料液比1∶20（g/mL）,纤维素酶添加量8%,超声功率180 W,提取时间2 h,按此工艺提取的结合酚含量为（7.45±0.05）mg/g;纤维素酶可使膳食纤维结构变得疏松多孔,从而利于结合酚的提取和制备。本研究为苦荞麦壳的综合利用提供了数据支持。     

超声波辅助酸法提取蕨菜水溶性膳食纤维

以蕨菜为试验材料,研究超声波辅助酸法提取蕨菜中水溶性膳食纤维的影响因素,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定提取的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,影响蕨菜中水溶性膳食纤维得率的因素主次顺序为提取温度超声功率料液比柠檬酸质量分数,最佳提取的工艺条件为提取时间60 min,料液比1∶19 (g∶mL),超声功率180 W,柠檬酸质量分数2%,提取温度60℃,实际测得水溶性膳食纤维得率为5.76%。     

莴苣皮中膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

以新鲜莴苣皮为原料,采用化学方法制备水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）和水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）。分析了莴苣皮中的常规营养成分,研究了浸提温度、浸提时间、pH值及浸提水量对SDF产率的影响。结果表明,莴苣皮中的蛋白质、脂肪含量较高。在温度100℃、pH值5.0、用水量25mL/g原料、浸提时间20min条件下,SDF产率高达6.96%;在料液比1∶17,碱液浓度0.50mol/L,温度65℃,浸提时间2.0h条件下,IDF产率高达47.62%。     

芋头苗膳食纤维提取的研究

通过正交实验法确定了芋头苗水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取工艺条件为:温度80℃,pH值6.0,时间30min,提取液用量35mL·g-1,此条件下提取水溶性膳食纤维的产率达32.15%。同时分别采用化学法、酶法、酶与化学结合法从芋头苗中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,并且对3种方法得到的水不溶性膳食纤维产品进行了分析比较。结果表明,采用酶与化学结合法得到的水不溶性膳食纤维产品纯度最高,生理活性最好,产率为38.23%,持水能力和膨胀能力分别为8.18,10.27mL·g-1。     

光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取工艺的研究

采用化学法从光皮木瓜渣中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,对液料比、Na OH浓度、提取温度、提取时间4个因素进行单因素试验,利用正交试验确定最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明:光皮木瓜渣中水不溶性膳食纤维提取的最佳工艺条件为:液料比20∶1(m L/g),Na OH浓度0.75 mol/L,提取时间70 min,提取温度60℃,在此工艺条件下的提取率为25.229%。     

响应面法优化残次枣中不溶性膳食纤维提取工艺

以残次哈密大枣为原料,采用酶重量法提取不溶性膳食纤维,在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理,以不溶性膳食纤维得率为响应值,设计三因素三水平响应面分析试验,优化残次枣中不溶性膳食纤维的提取工艺参数,同时建立并分析各个因素与对应变量的数学模型。结果表明,提取残次枣不溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为:α-淀粉酶添加量0.5%,中性蛋白酶添加量0.6%,液料比27∶1,酶解温度50℃,酶解40 min。在此条件下,残次枣中不溶性膳食纤维得率可达13.04%。     

茶叶水不溶性膳食纤维脱色试验研究

为了改善茶叶水不溶性膳食纤维的色泽及品质,在单因素试验基础上,采用均匀试验设计法开展H2O2对茶叶水不溶性膳食纤维脱色的研究。建立了H2O2漂白茶叶水不溶性膳食纤维的数学模型。影响水不溶性膳食纤维脱色因素的主次顺序为:H2O2质量分数>NaOH质量分数>脱色时间>脱色温度;确定的其最佳脱色工艺条件为:H2O2质量分数为5.5%,NaOH溶液质量分数为1.2%,脱色温度为45℃,脱色时间3.5h,此条件下脱色的茶叶水不溶性膳食纤维享低白度为76.62。通过比较40目~150目的水不溶性膳食纤维脱色前后的活性,经脱色使水不溶性膳食纤维的持水能力和膨胀能力均明显提高,提高幅度分别为96%~172%,3.47~4.27mL/g。     

白萝卜不溶性膳食纤维的酸法提取及其理化性质研究

以白萝 卜为原料,通过酸法提取不溶性膳食纤维,并对其抗氧化性和理化性质进行研究.结果表明:以0.1％柠檬酸为提取溶剂,液料比30∶1(mL/g),50℃水浴30 min,不溶性膳食纤维的DPPH·清除率最高,为65.33％.此提取条件下,不溶性膳食纤维得率为39.72％,且理化性质优良:持水力6.48 g/g,膨胀力4.4 mL/g,持油力2.12 g/g.     

酶法制备芋头不溶性膳食纤维的研究

为了避免芋头制成饮料后膳食纤维作为废弃物被浪费,采用酶法提取芋头不溶性膳食纤维,对酶解温度、料液比、pH值、加酶量进行单因素试验及正交试验分析。结果表明,酶法提取芋头不溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为酶解温度60℃,料液比1∶10,pH值6.0,淀粉酶用量0.18 g。经验证试验,得到芋头不溶性膳食纤维的平均提取率为4.125%。经60℃烘干的芋头不溶性膳食纤维呈淡黄色,可以直接用作食品配料。     

超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中水溶性膳食纤维

采用超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中的水溶性膳食纤维(SDF),通过单因素试验探讨料液比、超声功率、碱液质量浓度、提取温度4个因素对SDF得率的影响,再通过正交试验对提取工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,超声波辅助碱法提取蕨菜中的SDF最佳工艺条件为氢氧化钠质量浓度0.06 g/mL,超声功率120 W,料液比1∶30(g∶mL),提取温度65℃,实际测得SDF得率为36.01%。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.