4种薰衣草属植物抗旱性综合评价

采用负水头供水控水装置控制盆土体积含水量,对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫0、10、20、30 d和40 d后4种薰衣草属植物叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SSC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT) 5个抗旱生理指标的变化规律开展研究,旨在对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明：随干旱胁迫强度和时间的增加,4种薰衣草的RWC均呈下降趋势,且轻度干旱胁迫的RWC显著高于中度和重度干旱胁迫（P＜0.05）,其中,干旱发生至重度胁迫时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的RWC最高,为56.56%,孟士德薰衣草仅为39.02%;而MDA和SSC则呈上升趋势,且随胁迫程度的增强而增加,其中,胁迫至40 d时,普罗旺斯薰衣草的MDA较0 d（CK）各处理水平增加幅度达118.67%, 而其SSC含量显著高于其它3种薰衣草。4种薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,均于胁迫至20 d时达到最高值,且轻度干旱胁迫下的SOD和CAT活性高于中度和重度胁迫,其中,孟士德薰衣草的SOD和CAT活性最低。根据模糊数学隶属函数法综合评价分析得出,4种薰衣草抗旱性强弱依次为：狭叶薰衣草＞普罗旺斯薰衣草＞蝴蝶薰衣草＞孟士德薰衣草。     

外源一氧化氮对干旱胁迫下苜蓿幼苗抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

外源一氧化氮(NO)处理苜蓿幼苗,进行不同土壤含水量条件的干旱胁迫,探讨外源NO对提高苜蓿幼苗抗旱性的作用,结果表明:0.1 mmol/L硝普钠(SNP)减缓干旱胁迫下苜蓿幼苗细胞膜透性的增加,使过氧化氢酶(CAT)先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性持续升高,减缓叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo的降低,表明外源NO处理提高了苜蓿的抗旱性。     

铅胁迫下干旱对国槐和紫穗槐幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了阐明铅胁迫下国槐和紫穗槐对干旱的生理响应机制,进而对比两者在铅胁迫下的抗旱性,为西北矿区耐铅型抗旱植物鉴选提供依据。通过盆栽试验,以1年生的国槐和紫穗槐幼苗为材料,以土壤相对含水量(SRW)100.00%的无铅处理为对照,其余处理外源铅浓度统一设为2 000 mg·kg~(-1),测定不同水分胁迫强度(土壤相对含水量87.84%,70.00%,52.16%,40.00%)国槐和紫穗槐幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。结果表明:单一铅胁迫(2 000 mg·kg~(-1))下国槐和紫穗槐抗氧化酶活性高于对照;铅和干旱复合胁迫下,SRW 87.84%、SRW 70.00%、SRW 52.16%的处理,随着干旱胁迫强度的升高,国槐幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈先升高后降低趋势且高于对照,紫穗槐SOD和POD活性呈先升高后降低趋势且高于对照,而CAT活性呈先降低后升高趋势;SRW为40%的处理下,国槐的SOD和CAT活性显著低于对照,POD活性略高于对照;紫穗槐SOD、POD和CAT活性均高于对照。铅胁迫(2 000 mg·kg~(-1))对国槐和紫穗槐的抗氧化酶有激活作用;铅胁迫下,紫穗槐对干旱的抗性强于国槐。     

脱落酸和水杨酸对干旱胁迫下芝麻幼苗生理特性的影响

以芝麻品种"中芝10号"为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究了脱落酸(ABA)和水杨酸(SA)处理的芝麻幼苗在干旱胁迫(聚乙二醇浓度为0、20%、25%和30%)下的几项生理指标的变化。结果表明,芝麻幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都比对照组(CK)高,脱落酸和水杨酸都能延缓干旱胁迫时芝麻叶片含水量的降低,丙二醛(MDA)的含量明显升高、可溶性糖(SS)的含量总体先升高后降低,芝麻幼苗的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,而chla/chlb和car/chl逐渐上升。脱落酸与水杨酸之间表现出一定的差异,说明脱落酸和水杨酸在不同干旱胁迫下提高植物抗逆性的程度不同。     

干旱胁迫对紫穗槐幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为揭示紫穗槐幼苗在干旱胁迫下的生理生态特性和适应性,以盆栽当年生紫穗槐幼苗为材料,通过人为控制土壤含水量,研究干旱胁迫对其生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)逐渐下降,水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、水分利用效率(WUE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活...     

燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温交叉适应的生理响应及其综合评价

为探讨干旱能否诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性,采用20%聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱预处理定莜6号幼苗3 d,以未经PEG预处理的幼苗作对照,恢复2 d后进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别在低温处理的0、1、3、5、7天采取幼苗叶片,测定超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量及相对含水量(RWC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等14项生理指标及处理7d后植株株高增量和生物量增量,采用主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温的交叉适应能力。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱预处理显著提高了低温胁迫下燕麦幼苗株高增量和生物量增量,O_2~-和H_2O_2等14项生理指标值也发生了不同程度改变。对14项生理指标值离差标准化后进行相关性分析表明,不同变量间存在显著相关性。进行主成分分析提取了5个主成分因子,其方差贡献率依次为38.881%、18.219%、11.238%、9.616%和8.809%,累积方差贡献率达86.763%。第1主成分因子对SS、AA、Pro、O_2~-、H_2O_2、RWC、SOD和APX有较大载荷;第2主成分因子对POD、MDA和GSH有较大载荷;第3主成分因子主要包括CAT和GSH;第4主成分因子主要包括SP和Pro;第5主成分因子主要包括APX和ASA。隶属函数分析5个主成分因子得分值显示,除第1天外,干旱预处理在整个低温处理期间的综合评价值显著高于对照。研究表明干旱能够诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性。     

外源亚精胺对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片生理及根系特征参数的影响

采用营养液水培法,以两种不同耐旱类型玉米品种先玉335(抗旱性强)和丰禾1号(抗旱性弱)为试验材料,研究了利用20%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟的干旱胁迫下根施外源亚精胺(Spd,0.1 mmol/L)对玉米幼苗干(鲜)重、根系特征(根长、根表面积、根体积)、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量及细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明:正常条件下,外源Spd处理可显著提高两个玉米品种的干(鲜)重、株高、根长及根表面积,但对根体积、根平均直径、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量及细胞膜透性的影响较小。干旱胁迫下,外源Spd处理可显著提高玉米幼苗干(鲜)重、叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量;增加根系数量,且随0~1.0 mm径级比例根系数量的增加,其根系长度增加幅度相应加大,随0.5~1.5 mm径级比例根系数量的增加,其根系表面积增加幅度相应加大;使玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性显著降低;对抗旱性弱的丰禾1号影响更为明显。因此,适宜浓度的外源Spd可以减轻干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,并能更好地缓解干旱胁迫对抗旱性弱的玉米品种生长的抑制作用。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期植株生长和保护酶活性的影响

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种云瑞47(抗旱性强)和云瑞88(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置轻度干旱胁迫(LS)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)、重度干旱胁迫(SS)3个干旱处理和正常灌水(CK),研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种苗期株高、叶面积、生物量、根冠比和保护酶活性的影响,以探讨干旱胁迫对玉米苗期生长发育及其生理过程的影响机制。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫抑制2个玉米品种苗期植株生长,导致植株株高降低、叶面积减少、整株生物量显著下降,根冠比增加,且抗旱性弱的品种云瑞88对干旱胁迫的敏感性高于抗旱性强的品种云瑞47。(2)干旱胁迫下2个玉米品种叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现为先升高后降低趋势,在MS处理下达到最高。与CK相比,云瑞47叶片SOD、POD和CAT分别增加了27.04%、16.95%和19.13%;云瑞88叶片SOD、POD和CAT分别增加了22.55%、11.20%和12.64%;(3)干旱胁迫增加了2个品种叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,云瑞47(耐旱性强)叶片MDA变化幅度小于云瑞88(耐旱性弱),尤其SS处理下云瑞88的MDA积累量是云瑞47的1.31倍。云瑞47的各生理参数比云瑞88受旱影响小,干旱胁迫下仍具有较强的保护酶活性和较低的MDA含量,是云瑞47适应干旱环境的主要生理原因。     

海洋生境棘孢木霉TCS007缓解蚕豆干旱胁迫的研究

木霉属真菌(Trichoderma spp.)是一类有益微生物，不仅能促进植物生长，还能诱导植物对生物和非生物胁迫产生耐受性。实验室前期分离获得一株来自南极海洋沉积物的菌株TCS007，并鉴定其为棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum，研究表明，TCS007可显著提高植物抗盐、抗寒能力。本文以蚕豆为试材，从生理生化水平上研究了TCS007在诱导植株抗旱性方面的作用。采用温室盆栽法对不同处理条件下蚕豆的各项生理生化指标进行了测定。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下，经TCS007孢子悬浮液处理的蚕豆幼苗的株高、株重、根鲜重和总叶绿素含量相较于空白对照(CK)分别增加了28.7%、42.9%、34.2%和26.2%；叶片中的总糖、总蛋白含量和相对含水量在不同的时间点分别增加了11.1%～106.0%、38.0%～68.8%和7.0%～19.0%；蚕豆根、茎和叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别增加了28.8%、13.3%和8.0%，过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加了10.8%、22.4%和14.8%，丙二醛(MDA)含量分别降低了37.2%、14.7%和12.1%；此外，蚕豆根、茎和叶中...     

19份高燕麦草种质材料苗期抗旱性评价

将从11个国家收集到的19份高燕麦草(Arrhenatherum elatius(L.)J.et C.Pressl)种质材料,置于温室采用苗期模拟干旱胁迫-复水法进行抗旱性评价试验.于停水当天(CK)、持续干旱胁迫7、14、21、28、35、42 d和复水后7 d分别取样测定叶片的相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(RE...     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Identification and pathogenicity of Pythium species causing damping-off of kidney bean

Five Pythium species (Pythium irregulare, P. mamillatum, P. myriotylum, P. spinosum and P. ultimum var. ultimum) were isolated from the hypocotyls and roots of kidney bean plants with damping-off from a commercial field and from experimental plots that have undergone either continuous cropping with kidney bean or rotational cropping with arable crops. In inoculation tests, all five Pythium species were pathogenic to kidney bean. This is the first report of damping-off of kidney bean caused by Pythium species; we named this disease damping-off of kidney bean. The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB291811, AB291944 and AB291945.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.