提高海湾扇贝孵化率的措施

提高海湾扇贝的孵化率是育苗生产的关键技术之一，莱州市水产研究所的有关技术人员通过生产实践，总结出以下提高海湾扇贝孵化率的技术措施：一、亲贝的选择与越冬１．选择生殖腺饱满，个体大，外观完整的亲贝。亲贝入车间后先稳定２天，水温为自然温度３℃，；暂养密度为９０～１００个／米３。２．建议采用室内越冬，每天换入１／３或１／２的自然海水，５～６天吸污一次。二、亲贝的暂养促熟亲贝的培养是基础，亲贝生殖腺发育的成熟程度直接影响获卵质量的高低。１．注意有效温度的积累，控制水温升降的速度。亲贝前期每天水温提高１℃，…     

海湾扇贝的加温育苗技术

海湾扇贝的加温育苗包括亲贝促熟、采卵、受精与孵化、幼虫培育、采苗和稚贝培育，均在人工控制温度下进行。１ 亲贝入池前的准备工作与亲贝入池 每年１～２月份，是培养饵料（单胞藻）的时期。同时，要清池、消毒，为引进种贝作准备工作。亲贝的引入需在春季繁殖期前移入室内，控温促熟，以达到早育苗，延长生长期的目的。一般３月上、中旬引入种贝。 尽量选择壳高 ５～６ｃｍ个体大的１龄贝作亲贝。清除附着生物，洗去浮泥，在水体中密度一般为８０～１００个／ｍ３，利用网笼吊挂在池中或者置于浮动网箱中蓄养。蓄养初期采用网笼吊养或浮…     

海湾扇贝人工育苗的几个问题

１ 亲贝室内越 在自然海区越冬的亲贝受海区条件影响很大，室内越冬则可以有效避免风浪。温差的急剧变化对亲贝成活率和体质造成的影响。室内越冬应注意以下问题： １）水温 越冬时的水温一般保持在３～６℃。有条件的单位可以利用地下温井水调温。没有条件的单位可在加满水的育苗池或饵料池上盖塑料薄膜，利用太阳辐射能升温。一般情况下，１℃左右的自然海水，３～５天可达到３℃以上。 ２）管理 亲贝密度 １２０～１５０个／ｍ３，每天充气４～６次，每次２０分钟，５～７天倒池１次。 ３）饵料 人工培养的单细胞藻、自然海水繁殖的优势…     

栉孔扇贝控温促熟产卵时间预报

自然海区水温自4℃始，亲贝暂养20-23天，有效积温达160-190℃，栉孔扇贝性腺便已成熟，大量产卵。在亲贝促熟培育中，如果制订升温计划，可用上述有效积温预报产卵时间，误差仅为1天左右。     

室内蓄养青蛤亲贝促熟实验

人工促熟青蛤亲贝是青蛤早繁的关键,模拟自然环境室内蓄养青蛤亲贝,亲贝成活率达90%以上;采取控温、控光、强化投喂饵料等技术措施,成功促熟青蛤亲贝,获得优质受精卵7.27亿粒,较当年青蛤自然繁殖期提早产卵一个月。孵化D型幼虫6.73亿粒,培育出壳长0.5 mm稚贝2.83亿粒。实验结果表明:通过亲贝的强化促熟,突破青蛤自然繁殖期对人工育苗的制约,为北方地区青蛤早繁进行了有益的探索,缩短了苗种到商品贝的培育时间。     

关于养殖品种越冬技术之二海湾扇贝亲贝浅海越冬需注意的几个问题

近两年山东省日照市东港区任家台村凭借地处鲁东南冬暖夏凉优越的地理位置和水质清新的自然条件，逐步成为海湾扇贝亲贝浅海越冬的重要基地，每年为各育苗场过渡大量的亲贝，效果非常理想。但也有个别的单位因经验不足等原因造成了不必要的损失，现将近两年的经验总结如下供育苗单位参考。 １．亲贝的选择 海湾扇贝亲贝的选择直接关系到浅海越冬成活率和育苗效果。海湾扇贝亲贝应来自无污染养殖海区、个体较大且均匀、无杂贝藻等附着物。养殖海区污染则亲贝性腺发育不良，个体差异大则性腺发育不同步，杂贝藻过多则洗刷时宜造成机械损伤。 …     

栉孔扇贝人工育肥促熟的初步试验报告

提前为人工育苗提供亲贝,和缓育苗后期温度高、饵料供应发生困难的矛盾,提前育出大规格的苗贝,以缩短养成期,从而降低生产成本。本文根据今年初试资料写成,着重介绍栉孔扇贝亲贝的育肥促熟方法和催产效果。作者通过小水体高密度培育的方法,在栉孔扇贝自然繁殖季节到来之前,将处于性腺分化期阶段的成贝饲养成成熟亲贝,并用人工育苗的方法培育出苗贝。培养过程中,亲贝几无死亡,繁殖期比自然海区最少提前五天,雌性亲体排卵量比自然育肥亲贝提高数十万乃至百万以上,催产反应也较快,幼体的发育正常。作者认为:继续开展试验,进一步改进和完善亲贝的培育方法,扩大培育规模,可     

海湾扇贝秋季全人工育苗技术

一、亲贝培育 (一)亲贝来源 1993年9月28日,从平潭县竹屿港养殖区中,挑选壳高5cm以上的优质扇贝亲贝1000个,蓄养在1700m~2室外虾池中,进行强化培养。 (二)亲贝培养 培养海湾扇贝,主要抓住生物饵料的培养和水质条件的控制等管理措施。 1.培养饵料: 由于培养池饵料生物的丰欠至关重要。为此,要采取定期施肥繁殖单细胞藻类,促进其密度达到10—30万个/ml。 2、控制水质:     

利用地下海水进行海湾扇贝越冬的效果研究

把5cm以上海湾扇贝亲贝按43-50个／m^3密度吊养于水泥沉淀池,利用附近井水调温：使池水温度达4℃以上。越冬两个半月,成活率84％以上,而自然海区越冬贝成活率仅70％．升温促熟后．亲贝产卵孵化率60％以上,而自然海区越冬贝仅为15．1％。地下海水越冬贝的单位水体出苗量为505万粒／m^3和544万粒／m^3,而自然海区越冬贝出苗量仅有209万粒／m^3．证明利用地下海水调温,在沉淀池进行海湾扇贝亲贝越冬,效果明显,完全可行．     

虾夷扇贝育苗中的亲贝促熟技术

笔者结合多年从事虾夷扇贝苗种生产的实践,围绕亲贝培育期间的相关问题作一探讨。一、亲贝的选择1.注意亲贝的产地,要在水清、水流大、无污染、饵料生物丰富的养殖海区挑选亲贝。2.成贝要健壮、无病害,养殖与越冬期间死亡率低。3.壳高10～15厘米,2～3龄,外观完整、无损伤、壳上     

海湾扇贝骨料不同替代率对人工鱼礁物理性能影响及碳汇作用分析

本研究在抗压强度为C25的普通混凝土配合比的基础上,采用粗、细扇贝壳对混凝土中的天然骨料部分替代,并对扇贝壳混凝土配合比进行了研究,比较了粗、细扇贝壳替代天然骨料混凝土的工作性能和基本力学性能,并根据山东省2016~2020年的投礁计划,对利用扇贝壳替换人工鱼礁混凝土中天然骨料的固碳潜能及可清理的废弃扇贝壳堆积面积进行估算。结果显示,随着扇贝壳替换天然骨料比例的增加,混凝土的塌落度呈降低趋势。粗扇贝壳替换天然粗骨料混凝土较细扇贝壳替换天然细骨料混凝土的塌落度降幅大;粗扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然石时,扇贝壳混凝土的抗压性能与基准混凝土基本接近,粗扇贝壳的最佳替代率为40%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了7.3%。用细扇贝壳替代混凝土中的天然砂时,可使混凝土的抗压性能较基准混凝土提高幅度较大,最佳替代率为60%,28 d抗压强度较基准混凝土提高了33.5%;以细扇贝壳替换混凝土天然细骨料替换率为50%~70%估算,山东省2016~2020年计划新建的2043万空方人工鱼礁均用此种混凝土制作,可实现礁体固碳量27.54~38.56万t,可减少废弃贝壳陆地堆积面积5.89~8.24 km2,具有很高的生态潜能。     

虾夷扇贝天然苗种中间育成技术研究

自然海区采集的虾夷扇贝苗种比人工苗种晚2个月,为了实现当年采苗,当年培育成3 cm以上增养殖用苗种,2006—2008年,就虾夷扇贝中间育成技术开展了试验研究。育成密度为90~110个/层,密度对中间育成率影响不显著。密度为70~90个/层,平均壳高达到3.28 cm,群体组成中≥3 cm个体比例为83.33%;密度为120~130个/层,平均壳高3.08 cm,群体组成中≥3 cm个体比例为61%;密度为160~170个/层,平均壳高2.77 cm,群体组成中≥3 cm个体比例仅为22%,密度对苗种生长影响显著。分苗时间早晚对苗种生长有一定影响,分苗时间早,天然苗可充分利用7-8月快速生长期快速生长,提高3 cm以上个体的育成率。中间育成期间的水温对育成率有一定影响,23℃以上水温持续时间较长时,育成率下降。     

不同规格虾夷扇贝捕后耐干露特性比较

为探究商品虾夷扇贝规格与其活品耐藏特性之间的关联,对春季上市虾夷扇贝的规格及质量进行分组,再将各组置于4 ℃下湿布覆盖进行3 d冷却干露贮藏,分别于0、1、2 d和3 d采样进行生化代谢指标分析。试验结果显示,市售春季虾夷扇贝依据壳长大致可分成(105.8±1.5) mm、(98.4± 2.3 ) mm及(90.5±1.7) mm 3个规格组,各规格单贝质量相差20~30 g;(98.4±2.3) mm组扇贝的肥满度及闭壳肌出成率较其他两组高,(90.5±1.7) mm组三磷酸腺苷初始含量最高,表明其捕后胁迫耐力好于较大规格扇贝,(90.5±1.7) mm组扇贝同样表现出更好的耐干露特性,干露3 d 三磷酸腺苷含量和核苷酸能荷均明显优于其他两组;糖原含量各组无明显差异。此外,各组扇贝冷却干露2 d后存活率均为100%,干露至第3 d各组开始出现死亡,其中(90.5±1.7) mm组扇贝耐干露特性最好;各组闭壳肌pH与体腔液pH差异不显著;氨基酸分析结果发现,甘氨酸和精氨酸是扇贝闭壳肌游离氨基酸中含量最丰富的氨基酸,其余游离氨基酸变化趋势不明显;体腔液含氮物中,氨含量较高,其余氨基酸含量均较低并在干露期间无明显变化趋势。     

珍味贝丝的研制报告

本试验利用扇贝加工时大量废弃的裙边,制作调味焙烤品珍味贝丝,经1％冰醋酸软化处理15s,150℃焙烤6min,较好地解决了艮韧问题,并对工艺路线和主要工艺参数进行了选择。制品档次较高,保质期达6个月以上。     

栉孔扇贝大规模死亡致病病原的研究

对2000-2002年山东沿海6个疫区患病栉孔扇贝进行电镜观察，在消化腺、外套膜、肾和肠的结缔组织细胞和间质细胞中发现一种球形病毒．并引起相直的病理学变化。该病毒具囊膜，直径为130～170nm，核衣壳直径为90～140nm。病毒分离纯化后．观察到的病毒囊膜表面覆有长20nm的纤突。病毒在细胞质中的囊泡样结构内完成装配，其内未发现包涵体存在。从发病疫区栉孔扇贝组织中分离出病毒毒种对键康扇贝进行人工感染。结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝表现出与自然海区发病扇贝相同的临床症状。病毒注射组死r二率为?5％，病毒浸浴组死亡率为68．7％．灭活病毒注射组和空白对照组死亡率皆为12．5％。病毒注射、浸浴组与灭活病毒注射组、空白对照组死亡率差异显著。电镜复检结果显示，各感染实验组发病扇贝组织中分布有大量病毒粒子，与自然海区发病扇贝组织所观察到的病毒粒子在形态特征和病理学特征上完全一致。以上结果证明，病毒是导致栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的直接病原。     

Suspension-feeding aquaculture systems: Effects of phytoplankton concentration and temperature on growth of the bay scallop

The growth rate of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians was studied in relation to temperature and phytoplankton concentration. Results suggest that normal variations in phytoplankton concentration do not influence the growth rate of scallops in their natural habitat. Increasing the concentration of phytoplankton above natural levels did not result in increased growth rates while decreasing the phytoplankton concentration resulted in a decrease in growth rate of the scallops. Under extremely low phytoplankton concentrations, such as those that characterize ‘clean water’ effluent from a culture system, the animals ceased growing. A mathematical model of scallop growth rate as a function of phytoplankton concentration is proposed as a tool for comparing the functioning of different suspension feeders in aquaculture systems.     

Strategies for enhancement of natural bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians, populations; A case study in the Niantic River estuary, Connecticut, USA

We investigated strategies to enhance populations of bay scallops,Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck, 1819), in a presumablyrecruitment-limited natural habitat. At present, the Niantic Riverestuary supports only a minor bay scallop population that is harvestedrecreationally. Three enhancement strategies were evaluated; (1)collection and redistribution of natural spatfall, (2) introduction andover-wintering of hatchery-reared stock into natural habitat to providenew spawning stock, and (3) over-wintering of hatchery-reared stock insuspension culture for creation of mobile spawner sanctuaries. Anassessment of natural bay scallop recruitment in the Niantic Riverconducted in 1997 indicated that few spat were found, they were widelydispersed within the river, and peak spawning occurred in late July1997. Direct re-seeding was evaluated as an enhancement measure byplanting hatchery-reared scallops ( 38 mm shell height) insmall-scale, 100-m² plots at different times and densities.Time of planting and the inferred predation intensity were major factorsaffecting survival; whereas, planting density had no significant effect.Approximately 9,000 scallops (35–45 mm shell height), broadcastwithin an eelgrass bed in November 1997, had high over-winter survivaland underwent gametogenesis and spawning during 1998. Of 26,000 bayscallops ( 45 mm shell height) over-wintered in suspensionculture from 1998–1999, approximately 60–80%survived, and these scallops spawned in mobile sanctuaries, during thesummer of 1999. There is good potential for using aquacultural methodsfor enhancement of bay scallop populations when natural recruitment ispoor and habitat and environmental conditions are not limiting.     

Management of the Peruvian bay scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) metapopulation with regard to environmental change

1. This paper sets out to: (1) review previous ecological studies and analyse recent trends of the Peruvian bay scallop fishery in order to better understand and to model the species’ temporal and spatial (meta) population dynamics along the South Pacific coast; (2) develop a fisheries model to protect the stock from overexploitation and optimize the annual yield of the pulse fishery in Independence Bay, the centre of the scallop diving fishery in Peru. 2. Natural stock fluctuations are very pronounced in this species and are positively correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During such an event, habitat conditions for the Peruvian bay scallop are improved either regionally or locally, such that populations proliferate and larval production and dispersal are greatly increased. Extinct beds and new habitats are recolonized during these periods (producing a strong pulse of metapopulation biomass), although most become extinct very shortly thereafter. 3. For management purposes, two considerations are fundamental: (1) heavy overfishing or extinction of the main scallop source populations would endanger the metapopulation as a whole; (2) rates of growth and survival greatly increase (and with them the potential yield of the scallop stock) locally over an El Niño cycle in a way that can be roughly estimated from past experience, including the most recent El Niño event (1997–1998). 4. We suggest a fisheries management regime capable of adapting to natural changes and propose a procedure for calculating both the optimal yield and the respective fishing effort under normal upwelling and El Niño scenarios, considering changes in the size at first capture (Lc) and fishery mortality (F). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selection and realized heritability for growth in the scallop,Euvola ziczac (L.)

Specimens taken from natural populations of the scallop, Euvola ziczac (L.), were mass spawned in order to produce an initial stock of parents for a selection experiment. The purpose of the present study was to improve scallop shell growth and to calculate the degree of heritability of this characteristic. At one year of age, the top 10‰ of the stock (i.e. the larger scallops) were segregated to create the selected line. An equal number of mean-sized scallops was used to create the control line. In the second generation, after 294 days in culture, the heritability values of the scallops were calculated. Heritability estimates fluctuated between 0.47 and 0.54 depending on the character investigated, i.e. shell length or shell height. The selected line was 5.5‰ longer and 4.5‰ higher than the control line, and 7.3‰ longer and 9.4‰ higher than the parental line.     

微酸性电解水对活品虾夷扇贝存活率的影响及杀菌效果

以活品虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)为实验对象,用不同理化性质的微酸性电解水(slightly acidic electrolyzed water,SAEW)处理受试扇贝,并用副溶血性弧菌人工浸染经微酸性电解水处理过的扇贝,检测其存活率、微酸性电解水杀菌效果、副溶血性弧菌的变化规律,以及虾夷扇贝在不同电解水处理阶段的菌相。结果显示,微酸性电解水处理1 min、2 min、4 min,扇贝存活率均为80%,处理8 min存活率为82%,均高于染菌组和对照组;电解水处理时间与细菌总数和大肠菌群呈显著负相关(P0.05),与处理时采用的电解水有效氯浓度没有显著性关系(P0.05)。采用电解水处理8 min后,活品虾夷扇贝体内染上的副溶血性弧菌数量从1 100 MPN/g降至28 MPN/g。扇贝初期主要菌群为假单胞菌和弧菌,在经过微酸性电解水处理后,其体内的菌群趋于复杂化,优势菌群有所改变,细菌总数有所下降。24 h后经电解水处理或者未处理的虾夷扇贝体内优势腐败菌均为假单胞菌。研究表明,SAEW在虾夷扇贝净化中具有一定的应用潜力。