热带海表面温度与对流关系分析

通过研究热带海表温度（SST）与地气对外辐射（OLR）关系探讨了热带海表温度与对流强度之间的相关性。结果显示,在温度小于约28℃时,OLR随SST的升高而增大,当SST大于28℃时,OLR随SST升高而减小,28℃左右为SST与OLR的相关关系拐点。OLR的异常反映了对流活动的异常,当对流活动的强弱和分布发生变化,必然会引起热源出现变异,因而影响环流的异常。通过对厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜事件的合成分析得到,OLR与SST之间的关系与厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜期间大气异常环流型的形成是非常密切的。由于OLR和SST之间存在相关性的拐点,使得厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜期间对流的上升或下沉区域位置有所不同,也进一步证实SST是决定对流的一个关键因子。     

气候变化下西北太平洋大海洋生态系海表面温度特征分析

气候变化和气候事件对海洋环境有着重大的影响,其影响存在着时空差异。研究以西北太平洋五个大型海洋生态系统(Large Marine Ecosystem,LME,包括西白令海,鄂霍茨克海,黑潮、亲潮以及日本海)的海表面温度(Sea surface temperature,SST)为研究对象,分析SST的随时空变化趋势及其与太平洋年代际振荡((Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)和厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)、拉尼娜(La Ni?a)事件的影响。研究发现,除了西白令海,其它四个大型海洋生态系统的SST都在1987年左右发生了急剧的上升,呈现出两个变化模态;将SST的长期变化趋势去除后,可以发现,五个LME的SST随着时间上下波动,并没有固定的周期性变化存在,但是与厄尔尼诺拉尼娜事件有着密切联系。水温的空间分布上看,各区域的SST都呈现由北向南逐渐增高的趋势,但是增温趋势不尽相同,在西白令海的整个区域SST都在升高,降温区域围绕在库页岛和日本的北海道附近,这其中相关机制有待后续进一步研究。     

A two-tiered approach to long-range climate forecasting

Long-range global climate forecasts were made by use of a model for predicting a tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature (SST) in tandem with an atmospheric general circulation model. The SST is predicted first at long lead times into the future. These ocean forecasts are then used to force the atmospheric model and so produce climate forecasts at lead times of the SST forecasts. Prediction of seven large climatic events of the 1970s to 1990s by this technique are in good agreement with observations over many regions of the globe.     

我国南方冬季极端降水与印度洋海温的关系

利用我国南方229个站1962～2012年冬季降水量资料和美国国家海洋、大气管理局（NOAA）提供的1961 ～2011年全球逐月扩展重建海表温度（SST）资料,采用EOF分析、合成分析和SVD分解等方法,分析了我国南方冬季极端降水事件的年际异常与印度洋海温的关系.结果表明,我国南方冬季极端降水和印度洋海温均呈上升趋势,且均在1980年左右发生了突变;印度洋存在2个海温关键区（北印度洋、西南印度洋）,影响着我国南方冬季极端降水事件,关键影响时段是前一年12月～当年2月（简称冬季）;北印度洋冬季海温与江南地区、华南地区东部、淮河流域的冬季极端降水量存在显著正相关,西南印度洋冬季海温与江南地区中西部、西南地区东南部、华南地区东部以及江淮地区的冬季极端降水量存在显著正相关.     

The Manson Impact Structure: 40Ar/39Ar Age and Its Distal Impact Ejecta in the Pierre Shale in Southeastern South Dakota

The (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages of a sanidine clast from a melt-matrix breccia of the Manson, Iowa, impact structure (MIS) indicate that the MIS formed 73.8 +/- 0.3 million years ago (Ma) and is not coincident with the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (64.43 +/- 0.05 Ma). The MIS sanidine is 9 million years older than (40)Ar/(39)Ar age spectra of MIS shock-metamorphosed microcline and melt-matrix breccia interpreted earlier to be 64 to 65 Ma. Grains of shock-metamorphosed quartz, feldspar, and zircon were found in the Crow Creek Member (upper Campanian) at a biostratigraphic level constrained by radiometric ages in the Pierre Shale of South Dakota that are consistent with the (40)Ar/(39)Ar age of 73.8 +/- 0.3 Ma for MIS reported herein.     

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件下西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地时空分布差异

柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartarmii）是短生命周期头足类,其栖息地受气候和环境因子的调控。本文基于2006—2015年9—11月西北太平洋36o—48oN,150o—170oE海域内柔鱼的生产捕捞数据结合关键环境因子海表温度（SST）和海面高度距平（SSHA）,构建了SISST和SISSHA（suitability index,SI）各月不同权重的栖息地指数模型（HSI）,按照模型性能验证并筛选出每月最优模型。此外,利用最优模型预测柔鱼栖息地适宜性,并比较不同ENSO事件下柔鱼栖息地时空分布的差异性,评估生境质量与柔鱼资源丰度与分布的关系。结果显示,9-11月对应最优HSI模型的SISST和SISSHA权重比例分别为：9月为[0.9 0.1],10月为[0.7 0.3],11月为[0.8 0.2],可以看出SST各月贡献最高,表明水温对柔鱼栖息地时空分布的影响最为关键。基于最优模型对比分析厄尔尼诺年份（2009和2015年）与拉尼娜年份（2007和2011年）柔鱼的生境质量、资源丰度和渔场纬度重心,可知,相对于厄尔尼诺事件,拉尼娜事件的发生有利于柔鱼的生存,促使其适宜生境范围扩大,产量提升,柔鱼偏好的水温向北移动驱使渔场位置同样北移。     

Synchronous tropical South China Sea SST change and Greenland warming during deglaciation

The tropical ocean plays a major role in global climate. It is therefore crucial to establish the precise phase between tropical and high-latitude climate variability during past abrupt climate events in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of global climate change. Here we present alkenone sea surface temperature (SST) records from the tropical South China Sea that show an abrupt temperature increase of at least 1 degrees C at the end of the last glacial period. Within the recognized dating uncertainties, this SST increase is synchronous with the B?lling warming observed at 14.6 thousand years ago in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core.     

Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratios

Seasonal records of tropical sea-surface temperature (SST) over the past 10(5) years can be recovered from high-precision measurements of coral strontium/calcium ratios with the use of thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The temperature dependence of these ratios was calibrated with corals collected at SST recording stations and by (18)O/(16)O thermometry. The results suggest that mean monthly SST may be determined with an apparent accuracy of better than 0.5 degrees C. Measurements on a fossil coral indicate that 10,200 years ago mean annual SSTs near Vanuatu in the southwestern Pacific Ocean were about 5 degrees C colder than today and that seasonal variations in SST were larger. These data suggest that tropical climate zones were compressed toward the equator during deglaciation.     

2005—2016年中国东海鲐鱼渔场的时空分布及与海表面温度的关联

根据2005—2016年7—9月中国远洋渔业数据中心提供的我国东海鲐鱼捕捞数据,结合关键因子海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST),计算各年鲐鱼渔场经纬度重心,量化鲐鱼渔场重心的时空变化。进一步分析捕捞努力量在经度、纬度以及SST上的分布规律,并基于聚类法筛选出代表年份,评估异常气候事件对鲐鱼渔场内SST及渔场重心时空分布的影响。研究结果显示,鲐鱼渔场重心具有明显的年际和月间变化,7—9月渔场逐渐向东北方向移动,且主要分布渔场SST为25～28℃。聚类分析将各月份渔场重心分为4类,其中2007和2015年渔场分布具有显著差异。此外,鲐鱼渔场内SST与尼诺指数具有显著的正相关关系,且代表年份2007和2015年分别对应拉尼娜事件和厄尔尼诺事件,当拉尼娜事件发生时,渔场内SST上升,渔场重心逐渐北移;而厄尔尼诺事件发生时,渔场内SST下降,渔场重心主要分布在南部海域。研究表明,中国东海鲐鱼渔场时空分布受到厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜调控的海表面温度变化的显著影响。     

Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the holocene warm period

A faunal record of sea-surface temperature (SST) variations off West Africa documents a series of abrupt, millennial-scale cooling events, which punctuated the Holocene warm period. These events evidently resulted from increased southward advection of cooler temperate or subpolar waters to this subtropical location or from enhanced regional upwelling. The most recent of these events was the Little Ice Age, which occurred between 1300 to 1850 A.D., when subtropical SSTs were reduced by 3 degrees to 4 degrees C. These events were synchronous with Holocene changes in subpolar North Atlantic SSTs, documenting a strong, in-phase link between millennial-scale variations in high- and low-latitude climate during the Holocene.     

Unraveling the mystery of Indian monsoon failure during El Niño

The 132-year historical rainfall record reveals that severe droughts in India have always been accompanied by El Ni?o events. Yet El Ni?o events have not always produced severe droughts. We show that El Ni?o events with the warmest sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific are more effective in focusing drought-producing subsidence over India than events with the warmest SSTs in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The physical basis for such different impacts is established using atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced with idealized tropical Pacific warmings. These findings have important implications for Indian monsoon forecasting.     

Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the subtropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D

We present a 271-year record of Sr/Ca variability in a coral from Rarotonga in the South Pacific gyre. Calibration with monthly sea surface temperature (SST) from satellite and ship measurements made in a grid measuring 1 degrees by 1 degrees over the period from 1981 to 1997 indicates that this Sr/Ca record is an excellent proxy for SST. Comparison with SST from ship measurements made since 1950 in a grid measuring 5 degrees by 5 degrees also shows that the Sr/Ca data accurately record decadal changes in SST. The entire Sr/Ca record back to 1726 shows a distinct pattern of decadal variability, with repeated decadal and interdecadal SST regime shifts greater than 0. 75 degrees C. Comparison with decadal climate variability in the North Pacific, as represented by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (1900-1997), indicates that several of the largest decadal-scale SST variations at Rarotonga are coherent with SST regime shifts in the North Pacific. This hemispheric symmetry suggests that tropical forcing may be an important factor in at least some of the decadal variability observed in the Pacific Ocean.     

近百余年来北大西洋海表温度的季节特征及变化趋势

利用来自英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的HadlSST海温资料,对北大西洋海域的SST（Sea Surface Temperature）季节特征及整体变化趋势进行研究.研究表明,该海域的SST在8和10月相对较高,2和5月相对偏低,8和10月的SST比2和5月高出5℃左右;SST由低纬向高纬递减,在北极达到最低,等值线呈东西带状分布;在中低纬海域,同一纬度的SST大洋西岸高于大洋东岸,在高纬度海域,同一纬度的SST则是大洋东岸高于大洋西岸;1870 ～ 2009年期间,北大西洋海域逐年、逐夏季、透冬季的SST均呈显著性线性递增,递增趋势分别为0.003 4、0.0048、0.002 7℃/a,逐夏季的递增趋势明显强于逐冬季的递增趋势;北大西洋海域的SST逐年、逐夏季、逐冬季均存在共同的2.09 ～2.25、2.73 ～3.00、3.46 ～3.75年的显著性变化周期以及45年以上的长周期震荡.     

Direct Radiometric Observations of the Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect Over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Airborne radiometric measurements were used to determine tropospheric profiles of the clear sky greenhouse effect. At sea surface temperatures (SSTs) larger than 300 kelvin, the clear sky water vapor greenhouse effect was found to increase with SST at a rate of 13 to 15 watts per square meter per kelvin. Satellite measurements of infrared radiances and SSTs indicate that almost 52 percent of the tropical oceans between 20°N and 20°S are affected during all seasons. Current general circulation models suggest that the increase in the clear sky water vapor greenhouse effect with SST may have climatic effects on a planetary scale.     

The mid-Pleistocene transition in the tropical Pacific

A sea surface temperature (SST) record based on planktonic foraminiferal magnesium/calcium ratios from a site in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool reveals that glacial-interglacial oscillations in SST shifted from a period of 41,000 to 100,000 years at the mid-Pleistocene transition, 950,000 years before the present. SST changes at both periodicities were synchronous with eastern Pacific cold-tongue SSTs but preceded changes in continental ice volume. The timing and nature of tropical Pacific SST changes over the mid-Pleistocene transition implicate a shift in the periodicity of radiative forcing by atmospheric carbon dioxide as the cause of the switch in climate periodicities at this time.     

卵形鲳鲹生长抑素家族基因的全基因组鉴定及组织表达特征分析

【目的】明确卵形鲳鲹生长抑素（SST）家族基因的种类及其组织表达特征,为进一步揭示SST家族基因在其生长发育过程中的作用机制打下基础。【方法】采用HMMER 3.1对卵形鲳鲹全基因组数据进行搜索,然后通过Pfam、SMART及NCBI CDD等数据库确认搜索获得的基因是否属于SST家族基因;采用ProtParam和PSORT等在线软件进行生物信息学分析,并以实时荧光定量PCR检测SST家族基因在卵形鲳鲹不同组织中的表达情况。【结果】从卵形鲳鲹全基因组中共鉴定出4个SST家族基因（SST1、SST3、SST5和SST6）,分别编码122、127、106和110个氨基酸残基,对应的编码蛋白分子量介于12249.3~14316.1Da,理论等电点（pI）介于6.51~7.43,均定位于细胞外。4个卵形鲳鲹SST基因结构较简单且相似,均包含2个外显子和1个内含子;SST1和SST3基因位于7号染色体上,SST6和SST5基因则分别位于8号和23号染色体上;4个卵形鲳鲹SST氨基酸序列相似性的平均值为33.42%,以SST5氨基酸序列与SST6氨基酸序列的相似性最高（39.78%）,SST3氨基酸序列与SST5氨基酸序列的相似性最低（28.16%）。SST家族基因在卵形鲳鲹脑、胃、性腺和肌肉等组织中均有不同程度的表达,SST1、SST3和SST6基因在脑组织中显著高表达（P<0.05,下同）,而SST5基因在性腺和肌肉组织中显著高表达;此外,SST3、SST5和SST6基因在卵形鲳鲹卵巢中的相对表达量均显著高于在精巢中的相对表达量。【结论】从卵形鲳鲹基因组中鉴定出4个SST家族基因（SST1、SST3、SST5和SST6）,其表达分布存在组织特异性和种属特异性,可能介导卵形鲳鲹的神经调节、性腺发育及性二型性等多种生理功能,且不同物种的SST基因功能可能存在差异。     

ENSO对湘西地区洪水的影响

利用中国气象局公布的日降水资料建立湘西地区5～9月2、3、5d最大降水的3种极端降水指数,发现ENSO对其后雨季湘西地区的极端降水有显著影响,其中前年7月至当年2月的相关系数都达到0.4以上,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.而1910 ～ 1981年洪水的统计显示,极端降水与湘西暴发洪水河流的条数有着很好的相关关系,而且在时间上也有较好的对应,表明极端降水是造成湘西洪水的主要原因.进一步分析发现,Nino3区海温与极端降水及洪涝之间都存在显著正相关关系,表明在El Nino年湘西地区暴发洪水灾害的可能性更大.     

热带海温的时空变化及其与我国降水的关系

利用1979—2014年的NOAA/NASA海表温度延长重构数据和国家台站的观测数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法,从赤道年平均海温出发,分析热带海温的时空变化特征以及印度洋—太平洋海温对我国年降水量的影响。结果表明,1979—2014年热带地区年平均海温为26℃,海温暖区主要集中在印度洋和西太平洋的赤道地区。热带海温距平时空变化特征:第1特征向量场在印度洋海温表现为全区一致型,太平洋海温表现为弱El Nio(La Nia)现象,时间系数与年降水量主要在新疆、西藏、青海、甘肃和河套地区为显著的正相关关系;第2特征向量场在太平洋海温表现为El Nio(La Nia)现象,印度洋海温表现为偶极子型,时间系数与年降水量在西藏和黄河中游地区为显著的正相关关系,在东北东部和长江以南地区为显著的负相关关系;第3特征向量场在太平洋海温表现为弱El Nio(La Nia)现象,印度洋海温表现为南北型,时间系数与年降水量在西藏、新疆、福建和东北西北部为显著的负相关关系。     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼CPUE的时空分布研究

为了初步掌握西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场的变动规律,利用"欧亚1号"渔船2014年5月至11月的渔捞数据以及遥感手段获取的海洋表面温度(SST)数据,分析了秋刀鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的月份变化以及各月的CPUE空间均值分布与SST的关系。结果表明:11月份月平均CPUE值高于其他月份,达到3.18 t/h;9月至11月份的各月平均CPUE均高于5月至8月;产量分布在SST为9.5~17℃范围内,主要集中在12.5~14.5℃范围内,其比重约占62.5%,且不同季节的适宜作业温度有所差异;月平均CPUE最高值出现在7月份的160.5°E、46.5°N区域内,为5.90 t/h;各个月份中心渔场位置变化较大,呈现东北向逐渐偏移,再西南向逐渐偏移。     

Climate impact of late quaternary equatorial pacific sea surface temperature variations

Magnesium/calcium data from planktonic foraminifera in equatorial Pacific sediment cores demonstrate that tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were 2.8 degrees +/- 0.7 degrees C colder than the present at the last glacial maximum. Glacial-interglacial temperature differences as great as 5 degrees C are observed over the last 450 thousand years. Changes in SST coincide with changes in Antarctic air temperature and precede changes in continental ice volume by about 3 thousand years, suggesting that tropical cooling played a major role in driving ice-age climate. Comparison of SST estimates from eastern and western sites indicates that the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient was similar or somewhat larger during glacial episodes. Extraction of a salinity proxy from the magnesium/calcium and oxygen isotope data indicates that transport of water vapor into the western Pacific was enhanced during glacial episodes.