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1.
Klingelhöfer G Morris RV Bernhardt B Schröder C Rodionov DS de Souza PA Yen A Gellert R Evlanov EN Zubkov B Foh J Bonnes U Kankeleit E Gütlich P Ming DW Renz F Wdowiak T Squyres SW Arvidson RE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1740-1745
Mossbauer spectra measured by the Opportunity rover revealed four mineralogical components in Meridiani Planum at Eagle crater: jarosite- and hematite-rich outcrop, hematite-rich soil, olivine-bearing basaltic soil, and a pyroxene-bearing basaltic rock (Bounce rock). Spherules, interpreted to be concretions, are hematite-rich and dispersed throughout the outcrop. Hematitic soils both within and outside Eagle crater are dominated by spherules and their fragments. Olivine-bearing basaltic soil is present throughout the region. Bounce rock is probably an impact erratic. Because jarosite is a hydroxide sulfate mineral, its presence at Meridiani Planum is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes on Mars, probably under acid-sulfate conditions. 相似文献
2.
Squyres SW Knoll AH Arvidson RE Clark BC Grotzinger JP Jolliff BL McLennan SM Tosca N Bell JF Calvin WM Farrand WH Glotch TD Golombek MP Herkenhoff KE Johnson JR Klingelhöfer G McSween HY Yen AS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5792):1403-1407
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has spent more than 2 years exploring Meridiani Planum, traveling approximately 8 kilometers and detecting features that reveal ancient environmental conditions. These include well-developed festoon (trough) cross-lamination formed in flowing liquid water, strata with smaller and more abundant hematite-rich concretions than those seen previously, possible relict "hopper crystals" that might reflect the formation of halite, thick weathering rinds on rock surfaces, resistant fracture fills, and networks of polygonal fractures likely caused by dehydration of sulfate salts. Chemical variations with depth show that the siliciclastic fraction of outcrop rock has undergone substantial chemical alteration from a precursor basaltic composition. Observations from microscopic to orbital scales indicate that ancient Meridiani once had abundant acidic groundwater, arid and oxidizing surface conditions, and occasional liquid flow on the surface. 相似文献
3.
Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bell JF Brückner J Cabrol NA Calvin W Carr MH Christensen PR Clark BC Crumpler L Marais DJ d'Uston C Economou T Farmer J Farrand W Folkner W Golombek M Gorevan S Grant JA Greeley R Grotzinger J Haskin L Herkenhoff KE Hviid S Johnson J Klingelhöfer G Knoll AH Landis G Lemmon M Li R Madsen MB Malin MC McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Moersch J Morris RV Parker T Rice JW Richter L Rieder R Sims M Smith M Smith P Soderblom LA Sullivan R Wänke H Wdowiak T Wolff M Yen A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1698-1703
The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water. 相似文献
4.
Bell JF Squyres SW Arvidson RE Arneson HM Bass D Calvin W Farrand WH Goetz W Golombek M Greeley R Grotzinger J Guinness E Hayes AG Hubbard MY Herkenhoff KE Johnson MJ Johnson JR Joseph J Kinch KM Lemmon MT Li R Madsen MB Maki JN Malin M McCartney E McLennan S McSween HY Ming DW Morris RV Dobrea EZ Parker TJ Proton J Rice JW Seelos F Soderblom JM Soderblom LA Sohl-Dickstein JN Sullivan RJ Weitz CM Wolff MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1703-1709
Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets. 相似文献
5.
Bibring JP Arvidson RE Gendrin A Gondet B Langevin Y Le Mouelic S Mangold N Morris RV Mustard JF Poulet F Quantin C Sotin C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5842):1206-1210
The Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Opportunity, showed that layered sulfate deposits in Meridiani Planum formed during a period of rising acidic ground water. Crystalline hematite spherules formed in the deposits as a consequence of aqueous alteration and were concentrated on the surface as a lag deposit as wind eroded the softer sulfate rocks. On the basis of Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) orbital data, we demonstrate that crystalline hematite deposits are associated with layered sulfates in other areas on Mars, implying that Meridiani-like ground water systems were indeed widespread and representative of an extensive acid sulfate aqueous system. 相似文献
6.
Arvidson RE Anderson RC Bartlett P Bell JF Christensen PR Chu P Davis K Ehlmann BL Golombek MP Gorevan S Guinness EA Haldemann AF Herkenhoff KE Landis G Li R Lindemann R Ming DW Myrick T Parker T Richter L Seelos FP Soderblom LA Squyres SW Sullivan RJ Wilson J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1730-1733
The location of the Opportunity landing site was determined to better than 10-m absolute accuracy from analyses of radio tracking data. We determined Rover locations during traverses with an error as small as several centimeters using engineering telemetry and overlapping images. Topographic profiles generated from rover data show that the plains are very smooth from meter- to centimeter-length scales, consistent with analyses of orbital observations. Solar cell output decreased because of the deposition of airborne dust on the panels. The lack of dust-covered surfaces on Meridiani Planum indicates that high velocity winds must remove this material on a continuing basis. The low mechanical strength of the evaporitic rocks as determined from grinding experiments, and the abundance of coarse-grained surface particles argue for differential erosion of Meridiani Planum. 相似文献
7.
Rieder R Gellert R Anderson RC Brückner J Clark BC Dreibus G Economou T Klingelhöfer G Lugmair GW Ming DW Squyres SW d'Uston C Wänke H Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1746-1749
The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer on the Opportunity rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Meridiani Planum. Chemical compositions differentiate between basaltic rocks, evaporite-rich rocks, basaltic soils, and hematite-rich soils. Although soils are compositionally similar to those at previous landing sites, differences in iron and some minor element concentrations signify the addition of local components. Rocky outcrops are rich in sulfur and variably enriched in bromine relative to chlorine. The interaction with water in the past is indicated by the chemical features in rocks and soils at this site. 相似文献
8.
Christensen PR Wyatt MB Glotch TD Rogers AD Anwar S Arvidson RE Bandfield JL Blaney DL Budney C Calvin WM Fallacaro A Fergason RL Gorelick N Graff TG Hamilton VE Hayes AG Johnson JR Knudson AT McSween HY Mehall GL Mehall LK Moersch JE Morris RV Smith MD Squyres SW Ruff SW Wolff MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1733-1739
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Opportunity investigated the mineral abundances and compositions of outcrops, rocks, and soils at Meridiani Planum. Coarse crystalline hematite and olivine-rich basaltic sands were observed as predicted from orbital TES spectroscopy. Outcrops of aqueous origin are composed of 15 to 35% by volume magnesium and calcium sulfates [a high-silica component modeled as a combination of glass, feldspar, and sheet silicates (approximately 20 to 30%)], and hematite; only minor jarosite is identified in Mini-TES spectra. Mini-TES spectra show only a hematite signature in the millimeter-sized spherules. Basaltic materials have more plagioclase than pyroxene, contain olivine, and are similar in inferred mineral composition to basalt mapped from orbit. Bounce rock is dominated by clinopyroxene and is close in inferred mineral composition to the basaltic martian meteorites. Bright wind streak material matches global dust. Waterlain rocks covered by unaltered basaltic sands suggest a change from an aqueous environment to one dominated by physical weathering. 相似文献
9.
Herkenhoff KE Squyres SW Arvidson R Bass DS Bell JF Bertelsen P Ehlmann BL Farrand W Gaddis L Greeley R Grotzinger J Hayes AG Hviid SF Johnson JR Jolliff B Kinch KM Knoll AH Madsen MB Maki JN McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Rice JW Richter L Sims M Smith PH Soderblom LA Spanovich N Sullivan R Thompson S Wdowiak T Weitz C Whelley P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1727-1730
The Microscopic Imager on the Opportunity rover analyzed textures of soils and rocks at Meridiani Planum at a scale of 31 micrometers per pixel. The uppermost millimeter of some soils is weakly cemented, whereas other soils show little evidence of cohesion. Rock outcrops are laminated on a millimeter scale; image mosaics of cross-stratification suggest that some sediments were deposited by flowing water. Vugs in some outcrop faces are probably molds formed by dissolution of relatively soluble minerals during diagenesis. Microscopic images support the hypothesis that hematite-rich spherules observed in outcrops and soils also formed diagenetically as concretions. 相似文献
10.
Soderblom LA Anderson RC Arvidson RE Bell JF Cabrol NA Calvin W Christensen PR Clark BC Economou T Ehlmann BL Farrand WH Fike D Gellert R Glotch TD Golombek MP Greeley R Grotzinger JP Herkenhoff KE Jerolmack DJ Johnson JR Jolliff B Klingelhöfer G Knoll AH Learner ZA Li R Malin MC McLennan SM McSween HY Ming DW Morris RV Rice JW Richter L Rieder R Rodionov D Schröder C Seelos FP Soderblom JM Squyres SW Sullivan R Watters WA Weitz CM Wyatt MB Yen A Zipfel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1723-1726
The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface. 相似文献
11.
In situ and orbital exploration of the martian surface has shown that acidic, saline liquid water was intermittently available on ancient Mars. The habitability of these waters depends critically on water activity (aH2O), a thermodynamic measure of salinity, which, for terrestrial organisms, has sharply defined limits. Using constraints on fluid chemistry and saline mineralogy based on martian data, we calculated the maximum aH2O for Meridiani Planum and other environments where salts precipitated from martian brines. Our calculations indicate that the salinity of well-documented surface waters often exceeded levels tolerated by known terrestrial organisms. 相似文献
12.
Lemmon MT Wolff MJ Smith MD Clancy RT Banfield D Landis GA Ghosh A Smith PH Spanovich N Whitney B Whelley P Greeley R Thompson S Bell JF Squyres SW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1753-1756
A visible atmospheric optical depth of 0.9 was measured by the Spirit rover at Gusev crater and by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum. Optical depth decreased by about 0.6 to 0.7% per sol through both 90-sol primary missions. The vertical distribution of atmospheric dust at Gusev crater was consistent with uniform mixing, with a measured scale height of 11.56 +/- 0.62 kilometers. The dust's cross section weighted mean radius was 1.47 +/- 0.21 micrometers (mm) at Gusev and 1.52 +/- 0.18 mm at Meridiani. Comparison of visible optical depths with 9-mm optical depths shows a visible-to-infrared optical depth ratio of 2.0 +/- 0.2 for comparison with previous monitoring of infrared optical depths. 相似文献
13.
The composition of sulfur isotopes in sedimentary sulfides and sulfates traces the sulfur cycle throughout Earth's history. In particular, depletions of sulfur-34 ((34)S) in sulfide relative to sulfate exceeding 47 per mil (‰) often serve as a proxy for the disproportionation of intermediate sulfur species in addition to sulfate reduction. Here, we demonstrate that a pure, actively growing culture of a marine sulfate-reducing bacterium can deplete (34)S by up to 66‰ during sulfate reduction alone and in the absence of an extracellular oxidative sulfur cycle. Therefore, similar magnitudes of sulfur isotope fractionation in sedimentary rocks do not unambiguously record the presence of other sulfur-based metabolisms or the stepwise oxygenation of Earth's surface environment during the Proterozoic. 相似文献
14.
Squyres SW Arvidson RE Bell JF Calef F Clark BC Cohen BA Crumpler LA de Souza PA Farrand WH Gellert R Grant J Herkenhoff KE Hurowitz JA Johnson JR Jolliff BL Knoll AH Li R McLennan SM Ming DW Mittlefehldt DW Parker TJ Paulsen G Rice MS Ruff SW Schröder C Yen AS Zacny K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6081):570-576
The rover Opportunity has investigated the rim of Endeavour Crater, a large ancient impact crater on Mars. Basaltic breccias produced by the impact form the rim deposits, with stratigraphy similar to that observed at similar-sized craters on Earth. Highly localized zinc enrichments in some breccia materials suggest hydrothermal alteration of rim deposits. Gypsum-rich veins cut sedimentary rocks adjacent to the crater rim. The gypsum was precipitated from low-temperature aqueous fluids flowing upward from the ancient materials of the rim, leading temporarily to potentially habitable conditions and providing some of the waters involved in formation of the ubiquitous sulfate-rich sandstones of the Meridiani region. 相似文献
15.
Silver LT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):468-471
The lead isotopic compositions and uranium, thorium, and lead concentrations have been measured on six samples of material from the Sea of Tranquillity. The leads are moderately to very radiogenic; the initial lead concentrations are very low; the uranium and thorium levels are 0.26 to 0.88 and 0.87 to 3.35 parts per million, respectively. The Th/U ratios cluster about a 3.6 value. Apparent ages calculated for four rocks are 4.1 to 4.2 x 10(9) years. Dust and breccia yield apparent ages of 4.60 to 4.63 x 10(9) years. The uranium-lead ages are concordant, or nearly so, in all cases. The lunar surface is an ancient region with an extended record of events in the early history of the solar system. discrepancy between the rock ages and dust ages poses a fundamental qusestion about rock genesis on the moon. 相似文献
16.
The size of the marine sulfate reservoir has grown through Earth's history, reflecting the accumulation of oxygen into the atmosphere. Sulfur isotope fractionation experiments on marine and freshwater sulfate reducers, together with the isotope record, imply that oceanic Archean sulfate concentrations were <200 microM, which is less than one-hundredth of present marine sulfate levels and one-fifth of what was previously thought. Such low sulfate concentrations were maintained by volcanic outgassing of SO2 gas, and severely suppressed sulfate reduction rates allowed for a carbon cycle dominated by methanogenesis. 相似文献
17.
Replication in plastic of three-dimensional fossils preserved in indurated clastic sedimentary rocks
A new technique for replicating in plastic the fossils preserved in clastic rocks should now make available reliable morphologic and frequency data, comparable in quality to those derived from acid-prepared silicified faunas, for a major segment of the fossil record. The technique involves three steps: the dissolution of carbonate in fossiliferous rocks with hydrochloric acid, impregnation of resulting voids with liquid plastic, and dissolution of the rock matrix with hydrofluoric acid, leaving a concentrate of plastic-replaced fossils. 相似文献
18.
Arvidson RE Poulet F Bibring JP Wolff M Gendrin A Morris RV Freeman JJ Langevin Y Mangold N Bellucci G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5715):1591-1594
The Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activité (OMEGA) hyperspectral image data covering eastern Terra Meridiani indicate the ubiquitous presence of molecular water in etched terrain materials that disconformably overlie heavily cratered terrains and underlie the hematite-bearing plains explored by the Opportunity rover. Identification of crystalline water in kieserite (MgSO4.H2O) is linked to materials exposed in a valley and plateau to the north of hematite-bearing plains. The mineralogical similarities between the etched terrain deposits examined with OMEGA data and the layered rocks examined by Opportunity imply that the ancient aqueous environments inferred from analyses of the rover data extend over regional scales. 相似文献
19.
The isotope record of sedimentary sulfides can help resolve the history of oxygen accumulation into the atmosphere. We measured sulfur isotopic fractionation during microbial sulfate reduction up to 88 degrees C and show how sulfate reduction rate influences the preservation of biological fractionations in sediments. The sedimentary sulfur isotope record suggests low concentrations of seawater sulfate and atmospheric oxygen in the early Archean (3.4 to 2.8 billion years ago). The accumulation of oxygen and sulfate began later, in the early Proterozoic (2.5 to 0.54 billion years ago). 相似文献
20.
Czaja AD Johnson CM Yamaguchi KE Beard BL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6068):538; author reply 538
Guilbaud et al. (Reports, 24 June 2011, p. 1548) suggest that the geologic record of Fe isotope fractionation can be explained by abiological precipitation of pyrite. We argue that a detailed understanding of the depositional setting, mineralogy, and geologic history of Precambrian sedimentary rocks indicates that the Fe isotope record dominantly reflects biological fractionations and Fe redox processes. 相似文献