Foraging site fidelity shapes the spatial organisation of a population of female western barbastelle bats

Information about the spatial distribution of individual foraging habitats, which determines the space required by a population to be viable, is vitally important for the conservation of bats. Detailed knowledge of this kind is crucial for the design of nature reserves and management plans. Recent field studies that examined habitat use and home range distribution of bats largely ignored factors like traditional range use vs. intra- and interspecific competition, which may be responsible for the spatial organisation of a population home range. We investigated the home range sizes and distribution of a maternity colony of the western barbastelle bat via radio telemetry in four consecutive tracking sessions (2004-2007). Based on 19 data sets with a total of 2737 fixes obtained from 12 females, we examined (i) how colony members partition the population home range (home range overlap analysis), and (ii) if individuals tracked over several years exhibit site fidelity. Home range sizes ranged from 125 to 2551 ha (median: 403 ha), with a median number of 2 core areas (range: 1-5 core areas per individual per year). The core area sizes ranged from 5 to 285 ha (median: 67 ha). A home range and core area overlap analysis showed that site fidelity across years seems to be more important for home range distribution than competition among colony members. This allows researchers to combine information from several years to get a deeper insight into the population’s spatial requirements.     

6个野鸭群体的遗传多样性及其与绍兴麻鸭的亲缘关系分析

为了探讨野鸭的遗传多样性和与家鸭的亲缘关系,本研究利用短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat,STR)分型技术对绿头野鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、西湖野鸭(A.platyrhynchos)、奉化野鸭(A.platyrhynchos)、斑嘴野鸭(A.poecilorhyncha)、针尾野鸭(A.acuta)和赤嘴潜鸭(Netta rufina)6个野鸭群体(共计269只),以及家鸭品种绍兴麻鸭(A.platyrhynchos domestic)60个个体在11个位点上的遗传多样性进行了检测.结果表明,在7个群体中共检测到了141个有效等位基因(effective number of alIeles,Ne),平均有效等位基因为12.821,期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)为0.856,多态信息含量(polymorplism information content,PIC)为0.845.11个位点均为中高度多态位点,适用于鸭的遗传多样性分析.7个群体的遗传多样性丰富,PIC在0.310～0.960之间.F-统计量分析显示,所有位点的Fst在0.047～0.469之间,平均为0.171,表明群体间的遗传变异较大.Nei氏遗传距离分析及系统发育树显示,绿头野鸭、西湖野鸭、奉化野鸭和绍兴麻鸭遗传距离较近,与赤嘴潜鸭、斑嘴野鸭和针尾野鸭的遗传距离较远,同时这3个群体间的遗传距离也较远,并且赤嘴潜鸭单独聚为一类.此外,绍兴麻鸭与绿头野鸭遗传距离远小于其与斑嘴野鸭的遗传距离,提示绍兴麻鸭起源于绿头野鸭的可能性更大.本研究通过对6个野鸭品种的遗传多样性及与绍兴麻鸭的亲缘关系分析,进一步完善了野鸭与家鸭的遗传结构.     

Catabolic and genetic microbial indices,and levels of nitrate,ammonium and organic carbon in soil from the black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Robinia pseudo-acacia</Emphasis>) and tulip poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Liriodendron tulipifera</Emphasis>) trees in a Pennsylvania forest

Soil samples were collected from the upper soil horizon within 4 m of black locust ( Robinia pseudo-acacia) and tulip poplar trees ( Liriodendron tulipifera) from the same mixed forest in south-central Pennsylvania. The soil samples were analyzed for organic C levels, pH, NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, catabolic diversity (Shannon diversity index; catabolic H), catabolic evenness (Simpson-Yule index; catabolic E), genetic H, and genetic E. The catabolic H and genetic H of microbes in these soils were found to correlate well with the levels of mineralized N, organic C, and pH. Significant variations in these parameters were found between the soils from near black locust and tulip poplar trees. Conditions in the soil near the black locust trees were more favorable to nitrification as indicated by the elevated pH, organic C, NO₃ ^-, and total mineral N levels, along with lower NH₄ ⁺ levels. The microbial genetic H and E were greater and the catabolic H and E were lower in the black locust soils than in the tulip poplar soils. This suggests that a more specialized environment exists in the soil near the black locust trees which selects for enhanced nitrification and the use of fewer, but preferred catabolic pathways by a more genetically diverse group of microbes that grow to a greater biomass. Conversely, the soils from near the tulip poplar trees are such that they do not select for some dominant catabolic pathways, rather they allow for the use of a greater variety of catabolic pathways by a less diverse microbial population, which appear to grow to a lower biomass. We believe that the combined application of the microbial genetic and catabolic diversity analyses, microbial biomass estimates, and traditional physico-chemical characteristics in soil studies provides information not easily available that can be useful during assessment of soil processes in different terrestrial habitats.     

47份水稻品种资源的ISSR遗传多样性分析

为研究广东省惠州市种植的常规水稻品种的遗传多样性,本实验利用ISSR标记对47份水稻品种资源进行遗传多样性检测。从49条引物中筛选出5条重复性好,条带清晰的引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出53条带,每个引物可以扩增出9～13条带,平均为10．6条,其中47条具有多态性,比率为88．7％。不同水稻品种间遗传相似系数变幅为0．319～0．936,平均达0．691,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性。通过聚类,从分子水平对水稻品种资源的遗传关系进行分析,并对47份水稻品种资源进行分类,ISSR标记能将47份水稻品种完全区分开,为水稻品种资源的研究利用提供参考。     

利用ISSR标记分析福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）的遗传多样性和亲缘关系

福鼎大白茶和云南大叶茶是茶树育种中的骨干亲本,利用这两个亲本选育了许多优良的品种（系）。本研究利用ISSR标记技术分析了40个福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）的遗传变异水平和亲缘关系。14个ISSR引物在供试品种（系）间共扩增出251条谱带,多态性条带的比率为96.4％。引物的PIC值平均为0.94,Rp值平均为29.35,表明引物扩增位点的高多态性和对品种的强辨别能力。40份供试品种（系）的基因多样性指数（H）为0.35,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.52。按母本来源和育种机构对供试品种（系）进行分组分析,结果表明不同品种（系）组间的遗传多样性水平比较接近,遗传变异主要存在于组内品种（系）的个体之间,不同组间基因交流明显。供试品种（系）间的相似系数介于0.52-0.75,根据相似系数矩阵按UPGMA法对40个供试品种（系）进行聚类分析,构建了不同品种（系）间的亲缘关系树状图。福鼎大白茶在树状图中形成单独的分支,在树状图的根基处,其它品种（系）根据遗传距离聚类成不同的类群。来源于同一育种单位的部分茶树品种（系）聚类在同一类群中,但未发现按母本来源区分的独立类群。总之,通过ISSR标记分析,可在基因组水平上进一步了解福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）间的遗传变异水平,并进一步明确其亲缘关系,为今后福云（半）同胞系在茶树育种上的有效利用提供依据。     

利用SRAP标记分析30份油茶种质资源的遗传多样性

本研究利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记技术,选用分辨力强、多态性较高的7对引物组合对30份油茶种质资源的进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,7对引物共扩增出60条带,多态性条带为54条,多态性频率为90%。30份油茶种质资源间的遗传相似性变化范围为0.655-0.985,其中凤凰油茶2号和凤凰油茶3号遗传相似性最高,为0.985,红皮糙果茶和新兴红花油茶遗传相似性最低,为0.655。构建的聚类图表明,当遗传相似性为0.72时可将30份资源分为5大类,部分地理来源相同、遗传背景相似的资源能较好的聚类在一起,呈现出地理分布的特征,但其他资源均未按其地理区域分布特征或遗传背景相似特征进行聚类,说明油茶资源亲缘关系的复杂性。     

硬叶兜兰SRAP-PCR体系建立及亲缘关系研究

采用CTAB法对硬叶兜兰叶片总DNA进行提取,通过正交实验设计,用SRAP正向引物me1（5＇-TGAGTCCAAACCGGATA-3＇）和反向引物em2（5＇-ACACACACACACACACT-3＇）对反应体系进行优化;并应用其进行种群遗传差异分析。结果表明：优化的20μL的PCR反应体系中DNA模板为90 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶1.6 U,dNTPs 0.30 mmol/L,MgCl22.0 mmol/L和引物各0.50μmol/L,经重复电泳验证适合进行硬叶兜兰的SRAP分析;利用该体系对7个不同种源的167份硬叶兜兰进行SRAP-PCR扩增,对筛选的10个引物扩增,共得到288条条带,其中多样性条带234条,多态位点百分率（PPB）为81.25%;种群的遗传距离值在0.065 9～0.191 6,UPGMA聚类结果显示供试种群在遗传相似度为0.863时,可以分为2支,即第一分支由马固、斗咀和杨柳井居群组成,第二支由古林箐、夹寒箐、小坝子和田坝居群组成。SRAP标记可较好地适用于硬叶兜兰种群遗传差异的鉴定。     

Short-term survival and dispersal of translocated European wild rabbits. Improving the release protocol

Translocation of European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. is one of the most frequent management tools to increase rabbit density in Spain, both as prey of several predators that are threatened with extinction and for sport hunting. Nevertheless the elevated short-term mortality by predation makes translocations unsuccessful and increases their biological cost. Information on the factors affecting the short-term survival and dispersal of translocated rabbits is required to improve release management and increase performance of translocated rabbits, and to avoid the use of non-selective lethal methods for predator control. In this study we tested electric fencing and night-shooting as alternative to traditional release protocols, and the effects of vegetation cover and warren fencing on short-term survival and dispersal of rabbits. Night shooting performed during the first nights after release increased significantly the survival of rabbits, by hindering the activity of carnivores in the release area. The use of an electric fence enclosure also increased the performance of rabbits, but was not efficient to constraint rabbit dispersal. Rabbits released in areas with low vegetation cover showed higher mortality and dispersal distances than rabbits released in high cover areas. Warren fencing decreased both the dispersal of rabbits and the adverse impact of predation in low cover areas, but had no effect in high cover areas. Selection of high cover areas or warren fencing in low cover areas seem to be the most advantageous release conditions to decrease the short-term predation impact, reducing the biological cost of rabbit translocations and the risks for endangered predators derived from the use of traditional predator control practices during translocations.     

Dynamics of Rubus ulmifolius Schott var. anoplothyrsus Sudre and other cultivated blackberries in Italy

In Italy, the following important blackberries are cultivated: Rubus ulmifolius, R. armeniacus and R. laciniatus. Italy is proposed as a possible place of origin of R. ulmifolius and its spineless race var. anoplothyrsus. The other two species are introduced. All of them show a characteristic differentiation and migration.     

菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种遗传关系的ISSR分析

为进一步明确菊属野生种与栽培品种的遗传关系和多样性,本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种之间的遗传关系进行比较分析。从75个ISSR引物中筛选出了14个引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共获得142条清晰可辨的谱带,多态位点比率为95.1%;菊属野生种的平均有效等位基因数（effective number of alleles,Ne）、平均Nei＇s基因多样性指数（Nei’s gene diversity,H）及Shannon信息指数（shannon’s information index,I）均高于栽培菊花,说明各野生种间基因差异比较显著,多态性强于栽培品种。UPGMA聚类结果表明：菊属野生种呈现由低倍向高倍进化的趋势;栽培菊花之间遗传关系复杂,大体可以推断出平瓣是菊花的基本瓣形;菊花脑与栽培菊花亲缘关系最近,小红菊、龙脑菊、若狭滨菊与栽培菊花关系亦较近,神农香菊与其它材料关系最远。本研究的结果表明菊属野生种与栽培品种之间遗传关系比较复杂,而ISSR分子标记技术可以较好地从分子水平上揭示出菊属植物间的遗传关系。     

Assessment of genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 29 populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis> A. Juss. using RAPD markers

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was employed to assess genetic divergence among 29 neem accessions collected from two agro-ecological regions of India (11 agro-climatic sub-zones), which cover three states, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Out of 24, 10-mer random primers used for studying genetic divergence, 14 were polymorphic, generating a total of 73 amplification products with an average of 5.21 products per polymorphic primer and estimated gene diversity of 0.49. Genetic relationships among accessions were evaluated by generating a similarity matrix based on Jaccard’s coefficient, ranging from 0.70 to 0.96. The phenetic dendrogram generated by UPGMA analysis grouped accessions into five clusters. RAPD performed within accessions (individual seedlings collected from the same mother plant) showed no variation indicating homogeneous population within accessions. Primers OPA-18, OPC-08 and OPI-03 were found most informative based on their resolving power. The degree of genetic variation detected among the 29 accessions with RAPD analysis suggests that RAPD can be used for studying genetic diversity in neem. The study also demonstrated that neem germplasm collected from northwestern plains of India shows no eco-geographical isolation based on sub-zones because accessions collected from different sub-regions are grouping together in the genetic tree.     

甘蓝SSR标记在近缘种青花菜的通用性及其应用

本研究对50条甘蓝SSR引物在其近缘种青花菜中的通用性进行了分析,结果表明,38对引物在青花菜上可有效扩增,扩增产物分子量在100～1500bp,有效扩增比率为76%,其中18%具有较好的多态性,揭示了两种作物基因组间存在一定的相似性。同时利用获得的多态性较好的9对引物对青花菜进行基因型鉴定和遗传多样性分析,20份青花菜基因型中共检测到51个基因位点,平均每个引物组合可扩增出5.67个条带,多态性为66.7%。多引物组合可鉴别出所有青花菜基因型。聚类分析结果表明同一来源的基因型间具有相近的遗传基础,且聚类与熟性具有一定的相关性。本研究为今后青花菜种质资源的收集、利用及分子标记辅助育种提供了新的SSR标记和参考。     

AFLP分析江西省4个斑点叉尾鮰养殖群体遗传多样性

本文运用AFLP分子标记技术,对江西省4个斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)养殖群体(GZ、XJ、PYA和PYB)进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在64对引物组合中,E3/M2、E4/M7、E3/M8和E5/M5引物从4个群体72个体中共扩增出179个位点,其中多态位点为109,占60.89%。其中,PYA、GZ、XJ和PYB群体的多态位点比例(P)分别为56.54%、56.47%、56.32%和56.14%。Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.2890、0.3003、0.2896和0.2852,平均杂合度(H)分别为0.1935、0.2027、0.1938和0.1898。4个群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.1314,说明群体间发生了一定程度的遗传分化,但分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,群体的遗传变异90.98%来源于群体内的个体间,9.02%来源于群体间。聚类分析也表明,4个群体所产生的遗传分化主要也来源于群体内。本研究为斑点叉尾鮰种质资源的调查和保护提供参考,为斑点叉尾鮰优良品种的选育提供科学依据。     

我国甘蔗亲本遗传多样性的AFLP标记分析

采用15对多态性较好的AFLP引物对我国自育的78个甘蔗亲本材料遗传多样性进行分析,结果表明,每对引物的多态性位点平均为65．67,多态陆位点率为82．55％。78个甘蔗亲本的遗传相似系数在0．4535～0．8927之间,平均为0．6821。相同组合后代的遗传相似系数较高,平均为0．7656。以遗传相似系数阈值约为0．700划分,聚类分析把78个亲本分为7大类,系谱记录中亲缘关系密切的亲本品系,大多数都能归为同一类。遗传多样性指数分析显示,不同年代亲本多样性指数差异明显,20世纪80年代最高,为0-3185,70年代最低,为0．2645;不同省区的亲本遗传多样指数变化更显著,在0．1952～0．2999之间,广东最高,云南最低。     

利用mtDNA D-loop区研究中国10个绵羊品种的遗传多样性与起源

中国家绵羊的起源目前还不清楚,存在双起源说和三起源说,争论较大。为了进一步研究绵羊的起源和遗传多样性,根据已知家养绵羊(Ovis aries)线粒体基因组序列,利用 Primier premier5.0 设计引物,对我国 10 个家养绵羊品种 133 只个体的 mtDNA D-loop 区进行测序并利用 Laser Gene、MEGA4、Clustalx1.83 等软件对结果进行分析 ,结果标明,整个 D-loop 区为 1 106~1 182 bp,共检测到 103 种单倍型,155 个多态位点,表明我国家养绵羊品种遗传多样性丰富。通过构建 NJ 网络进化树,得出中国家养绵羊分为两个分支,羱羊(O. ammon)(AJ238300)与盘羊(O. vignei)(AY091490)聚为一类,而摩佛伦羊(O.musmon)(AY091487)与一个分支聚为另一类。说明,摩佛伦羊对中国家养绵羊起源与进化的贡献更大。本研究所测定的中国家养 10 个品种分为 A、B 两大支系表明家养绵羊至少有两大母系起源,且单倍型以亚洲 A 型为主。本研究从物种水平上评价了我国家养绵羊品种的遗传多样性,指出了中国家养绵羊分为两个分支,为确立中国家养绵羊种群关系和保护种质资源提供了理论依据。