不同区域土地利用与土壤侵蚀空间关系研究

在总结土地利用与土壤侵蚀空间关系一般研究方法的基础上,引入并修正了土壤侵蚀强度综合指数和区域土壤侵蚀强度综合指数,对整个中国境内、辽河中下游地区、南水北调丹江口水库水源区湖北部分和广东省惠东县4个区域土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀强度空间关系进行了定量比较分析。结果表明:不同区域土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀序列各不相同,而同一区域不同时期土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀序列不确定;新出现的难利用地比长期闲置的难利用地土壤侵蚀发生率高;草地土壤侵蚀发生率偏高;耕地中旱地的土壤侵蚀发生率高;建设用地建设时土壤侵蚀强度大,而建成后土壤侵蚀强度小。     

Unearthing the role of biological diversity in soil health

The soil provides a great variety of microhabitats for myriad organisms of different size, physiological activity, behavior and ecosystem function. Besides abundance of participating soil organisms, their species diversity facilitates maximum exploitation of the resources available in the different habitats. At various levels of resolution, species can be categorized into classes performing ecosystem functions and, within each functional class, into guilds of species with similar life course characteristics. Measurement of the diversity and abundance of species within a functional class provides insights into the nature of ecosystem functions and services and to the health of the soil. At higher resolution, species diversity within guilds of a functional class may infer the degree of exploitation of available resources and the complementarity of an ecosystem service; diversity among the guilds of a functional class may indicate successional complementarity of the services. A diversity of guilds within a functional class expands the range of conditions over which ecosystem services are performed while species diversity within a functional class and its guilds contributes to the magnitude of the services. Consequently, diversity of species within functional classes is a key element of the biological component of soil health. In the context of ecosystem services and soil health, the biomass or metabolic activity of species are more useful measures of their abundance than numbers of individuals. Thus, understanding of soil health and ecosystem function requires, besides knowledge of species diversity within functional classes, assessment of the range of functions currently performed in the system and the abundances of organisms by which they are performed. We propose a diversity-weighted abundance product for comparison of the functional magnitude of different assemblages of like organisms.     

水土保持与绿水资源保护

绿水概念是由瑞典斯德哥尔摩国际水资源研究所水文学家Falkenmark于1995年首次提出的,它拓宽了传统水资源的范畴,更新了水资源的思维,引起科学界对水资源概念和水文功能的重新思考。在水资源越来越匮乏的严峻情况下,从绿水概念出发,可以看出"水土保持"概念的全面性,也更加明确了保水的思路和方法,为全面做好水土资源保护提供了理论基础。水土保持中"保水"的对象就是绿水,水土保持工程措施可以增加绿水比例,林草措施可以储蓄绿水,耕作措施可以提高绿水利用效率。应完善保水评价体系,加强绿水资源管理,发展保水技术,完整地宣传水土保持概念,树立完整的水土保持意识。     

A mathematical model of energy budgets of forest humus of the mull,moder and mor types in Poland

A mathematical solution is proposed of the long-discussed problem of accumulation and decomposition of forest humus, and a generalized form of a dynamic mathematical model of energy budgets of a forest humus layer with any number of subhorizons differing in degree of decomposition is presented. Methods of taking measurements of the relevant parameters for the model are also indicated.The model in question has been applied in analysing the results of detailed studies of energy budgets of forest-floor layers in examples of three climax forest ecosystems with three different types of forest humus (mull, moder, mor).     

东北农牧交错带种植苜蓿与玉米综合效益研究

研究表明种植苜蓿当年干物质量仅为玉米干物质量的48.8%,而粗蛋白质量较玉米高66.3%,其投入及产出均低于种植玉米,其净产值与种植玉米接近;0~30cm土层内苜蓿根干物质量为玉米的3.06倍,苜蓿地土壤容重、孔隙度分别为玉米地的95.53%和104.81%,pH较玉米地下降0.1;0~20cm土层内苜蓿地土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量均低于玉米地,速效钾含量则高于玉米地;春季苜蓿地土壤风蚀量仅为玉米地的41.81%。     

我国省级粮食局网站域名使用现状调查

我国省级粮食局网站域名缺乏规范,国家粮食局官网搜集的省级粮食局域名共有26个。实证分析了它们在域名层级和域名命名等方面的混乱现状,并提出域名规范措施：域名层级统一为以＂.gov.cn＂为后缀的国内二级域名;＂粮食局＂英文缩写统一为＂ag＂,拼音缩写统一为＂lsj＂;域名中省名拼写方式统一为＂[省名第一字拼音全拼]＋[其后几字的拼音首字母缩写]＂或＂[省名的独特简称全拼]＋[连字符＂-＂]＋[省名拼音首字母缩写]＂。     

收获开沟埋草一体机双圆盘开沟机构设计与参数优化

为提高己研制的稻麦联合收获开沟埋草多功能一体机免耕播种时的开沟播种质量,设计双圆盘开沟机构与一体机相结合.为获取影响双圆盘开沟机构作业质量因素的最优参数,以机器前进速度、开沟器入土深度、开沟器排种管固定装置固定孔中心点至排种管出口中心点横向距离为试验因素,以种子入沟率、各行播种量稳定性变异系数、播种均匀性变异系数为试验指标,进行三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验.试验结果表明:各试验因素对于种子入沟率与各行播种量稳定性变异系数影响程度从大到小皆依次是:固定孔横向距离、开沟器入土深度、机器前进速度;各试验因素对于播种均匀性变异系数的影响程度从大到小依次是:机器前进速度、开沟器入土深度、固定孔横向距离.优化所得双圆盘开沟机构开沟播种作业最佳参数组合为机器前进速度为0.46 m/s;开沟器入土深度为3.25 cm;固定孔横向距离为16.16 mm,验证试验表明各指标试验结果与理论优化结果相对误差均小于4％,验证了所建模型与优化参数的合理性.     

黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区界定研究中粗泥沙界限的确定

针对黄河粗泥沙界限问题,介绍了粗泥沙界限0.05 mm的由来,利用下游河床质钻孔资料分不同时段研究主槽淤积物粒径组成,利用输沙率平衡法计算下游河道不同时段的区间淤积比和排沙比,利用小浪底水库运用以来下游河床质淤积物钻孔资料分析淤积物粒径变化。依据1960年以前天然情况下、对长系列资料分析结果显示、小浪底水库运用以来的黄河下游主槽淤积物中d≥0.10 mm的泥沙淤积特点,确定应以0.10 mm作为黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区界定研究中的粗泥沙界限。     

苏北沿海滩涂盐土上油葵盐肥效应研究

2008年在江苏沿海海涂进行田间试验研究了不同盐分含量土壤上油葵盐肥耦合效应.结果表明:①土壤盐分含量在2.9 ～ 3.6 g/kg时对油葵籽粒产量影响不大,但随着土壤盐分含量的增加,在5.9 ～ 6.8 g/kg时,油葵籽粒产量显著下降.随土壤盐分含量的增加,茎叶生物产量、根生物产量、株高与籽粒产量变化趋势相似.随着N肥和P肥使用量的增加,油葵籽粒产量显著增加,油葵茎叶和根生物产量与株高随着N肥和P肥使用量增加的变化趋势与籽粒产量变化相似.②随着土壤盐分含量的增加,N和P效应越明显,油葵茎粗、盘直径、盘重、茎叶重和根重在不同土壤盐分含量下,随着施N、P量的增加,其变化趋势与油葵主茎高度的变化趋势相似.③各处理措施均能影响油葵籽粒产量,经方差分析,土壤盐分含量、N肥施用量、P肥施用量、盐肥交互作用、NP肥交互作用均呈极显著关系,从处理间区别看,影响油葵产量的主要因素是土壤盐分含量,N肥和P肥次之.     

普通植物病理学的教学内容需紧跟学科发展步伐

植物病原是普通植物病理学的重要内容之一，掌握植物病原生物分类的变化有助于正确认识和鉴定植物病害。本文介绍在普通植物病理学的教学内容中，植物病原菌物分类地位的变迁，植物病原细菌的类群组成变化、分类单元的变迁及部分种类学名的更替，植物病原病毒的分类变化和种名的书写格式．保持课程教学内容紧跟学科发展步伐。     

不同钾肥对烤烟叶片钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响研究

采用盆栽试验研究了不同种类钾肥对烤后烟叶的钾和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的影响,以及钾含量与中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量的关系。结果表明,施用钾肥提高了烤后烟叶的钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸总量,降低了亚麻酸、亚油酸和柠檬酸的含量。钾含量和中性致香物质总量以K2SO4增施生物钾肥处理最高,非挥发性有机酸总量以单施KNO3处理最高,钾含量和中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量均以单施生物钾肥处理最低。烤后烟叶钾含量与中性香气成分含量呈显著正相关,与非挥发性有机酸含量呈极显著正相关,说明提高烤后烟叶钾含量能够提高烟叶的中性香气成分及非挥发性有机酸含量。     

太湖县耕地钾素亏缺及补钾途径

通过对太湖县耕地主要土壤类型的取样化验 ,分析了全县不同土种供钾状况 ,与第二次土壤普查数据相比较 ,速效钾由 70mg/kg下降到 5 0mg/kg ,缺钾面积增加了 2 0个百分点。钾素亏缺的原因是钾素投入总量不足 ;氮磷钾投入比例不当 ;以及淋失损失等。补钾的途径是充分利用有机钾源 ;充分挖掘土壤潜在钾源 ;科学施用无机钾肥     

On the centennial anniversary of the birth of N.I. Bazilevich: Her contribution to the development of soil science

An analysis of the scientific heritage of N.I. Bazilevich is given, and her contribution to the development of soil science in Russia and in the world is appraised. The works of Bazilevich in the field of the genesis of soils concerned the essence of the processes of solodization, takyr formation, solonetzization, salinization, and sodification in the soils of Western Siberia. Many works of Bazilevich were devoted to the geography, cartography, and classification of salt-affected soils. She was an author and an editor of the map of the chemistry of the soil salinization in the Soviet Union. Her investigations into the fields of the biological productivity of ecosystems, biogeochemistry, the biological turnover of elements, and the evolution and dynamics of organic matter and its role in soil formation were of particular significance and brought her international fame. The scientific heritage of Bazilevich is highly acclaimed by modern science. Her students and followers continue to develop her ideas in their works.     

中国湖泊底泥的重金属污染评价研究

本文根据相关研究,搜集了中国不同区域湖泊底泥重金属含量及其某些湖泊底泥中重金属含量背景值,对数据进行处理和分析,统计了中国湖泊底泥中重金属含量的范围,分析了不同湖泊底泥重金属的浓度情况,对几个重点湖泊底泥重金属污染程度进行了评价,提出了防治湖泊底泥重金属污染的措施。     

Assessment of erosional disturbance of Vertisols in Israel by SAR values

An analysis of the spatial distribution of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values in the upper subsurface horizons of Vertisols made it possible to estimate the degree of sheet erosion on the dissected coastal plain composed of the sodium-bearing montmorillonite clay in Israel. The depth of the appearance of slickensides in the profile of the Vertisols was used as an additional criterion of the disturbance of these soils by erosion. The approximate rates of erosional dissection of the local landscapes after the deposition of montmorillonite clay are discussed.     

华北土石山区天然森林植被演替中群落结构和物种多样性变化的研究

基于华北土石山区潮关西沟流域天然森林植被调查的基础上．对森林植被群落演替中群落树种组成、胸径结构和生物多样性变化进行了研究。结果表明，随着演替的进行．群落的乔灌木树种数先升高后降低，趋于稳定。而乔木密度呈增加趋势，而灌木密度和乔木树种的最大株数比例的胸径范围呈不断降低趋势。群落的乔木、灌木和乔灌木的物种多样性、丰富度随着演替的进行先升高后降低。除了栎树林乔木和平榛灌丛的乔灌木的均匀度较低外，乔木、灌木和乔灌木其他群落的均匀度变化不明显。     

Monitoring glycation of lysozyme by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to study the glycation of lysozyme by D-glucose (LZM-G) and by D-fructose (LZM-F) under dry heating conditions in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. ESI-MS proved to be a precise method for monitoring protein glycation with respect to following the extent of glycation and changes in the glycoconjugate profile with time. The ESI-MS spectrum of glycated LZM revealed a heterogeneous distribution of glycoforms of LZM at different reaction stages. D-Glucose showed a higher level of reactivity with the amino groups of LZM than D-fructose, both in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. The presence of oxygen in the reaction system induced oxidative side reactions, which competed with and slowed the initial rate of formation of Amadori or Heyns products. The more reactive glycoxidation products formed during the initial stages of incubation in the presence of oxygen accelerated the rate of glycation during the later stages of incubation and increased the involvement of arginine residues of LZM in the glycation reaction. The interaction between the initial glycoxidation product(s) of the reducing sugars and intact lysozyme during the later stages of incubation was observed by the appearance of a different cluster of glycoconjugates in the mass spectrum during the latter stages of incubation. The molecular weight differences between the molecular ions of the new cluster of glycoconjugates are consistent with the formation of D-glucosone from the autoxidation of D-glucose or from the oxidative cleavage of the glucose-lysozyme imine adduct in the lysozyme-glucose system. The effect of oxygen-induced glycoxidation on the glycation reaction was also more pronounced in the LZM-G system compared with that in the LZM-F system.     

不同种植模式背景下栽植生姜对紫色土细菌多样性的影响

为了解栽植生姜对岷江下游紫色丘陵区不同种植模式背景下典型紫色土微生物多样性的影响,采用PCR-DGGE与DNA序列分析方法,研究了紫色丘陵区玉米+红薯间作、大豆单作、生姜连作、水稻-紫云英轮作等4种典型种植模式背景下栽植生姜前后土壤细菌多样性变化特征。PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱结果表明,同一种植模式下栽种生姜前后DGGE条带数目、位置和亮度差异明显。栽种生姜均降低了各模式下土壤细菌群落丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数,明显改变了土壤细菌群落结构,其中生姜连作模式背景下土壤细菌丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数下降幅度最大,玉米+红薯间作模式下降幅度最小,但栽植生姜后4种种植模式之间土壤细菌群落结构相似度明显增加。DGGE特征条带的序列分析表明,栽植生姜后,土壤细菌中的部分绿弯菌门类群消失,部分硝化螺旋菌门类群仅在水稻-紫云英轮作模式中发现、玉米+红薯间作模式中出现了短波单胞菌门的细菌。这些结果为了解栽植生姜对土壤环境的影响以及生姜种植模式的优化提供了一定的科学依据。     

Micromorphological features of the fine earth and skeletal fractions of soils of West Antarctica in the areas of Russian Antarctic stations

Micromorphological features of the fine earth and skeletal fractions of soils of West Antarctica forming under different conditions of pedogenesis have been studied in the areas of Russian Antarctic stations. The processes of mineral weathering and alteration of rock fragments are more pronounced in the Subantarctic soils with better developed humification and immobilization of iron compounds under conditions of surface overmoistening. The biogenic accumulative processes in the soils of King George Island result in the appearance of initial forms of humic plasma that have not been detected in the Antarctic soils in the areas of the Russkaya and Leningradskaya stations. Humus films on mineral grains are present in the soils of King George Island, and organic plasmic material is present in the ornithogenic soils under penguin guano on Lindsey Island. High-latitude Antarctic soils may contain surface concentrations of organic matter; rock fragments are covered by iron oxides and soluble salts. The formation of amorphous organic plasma takes place in the ornithogenic soils of Lindsey Island. The microprobe analysis indicates the presence of local concentrations of organic matter and pedogenic compounds not only on the surface of rock fragments but also in the fissures inside them. This analysis has also proved the translocation of guano-derived organic substances inside rock fragments through a system of fissures in the soils of Lindsey Island and the development of a network of pores inside rock fragments in the soils of King George Island.     

Assessment of the migration of heavy metals in soils

Qualitative and quantitative studies of the kinetics and dynamics of technogenic migration of heavy metals (HMs) have been performed in laboratory experiments. It is shown that the redistribution of HMs applied into soils in neutral form has an impulsive pattern. Soil texture does not have a decisive influence on the migration capacity of metals. An important feature of the technogenic migration of HMs is the effect of the polymetallic contamination, upon which the migration capacity of a set of heavy metals is higher than that of separate metal compounds. An index characterizing the ratio of absolute values of migration rates of ionic forms of metals estimated from electrical conductivity values to the rate of infiltration of the soil solution (v_m/v_f) is suggested to estimate the kinetics of HM migration in soils.