Reduced Plant Uptake of 137Cs Grown in Illite-amended Sediments

Trace metal levels in the otoliths of the juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta were examined by means of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Life history transect analyses showed that all otoliths had a central region with low Zn/Ca ratios (mean, 0.35–0.68 × 10^?4), and thereafter the ratios increased abruptly in the freshwater growth zone (mean: 1.72–1.90 × 10^?4) toward the edge of otolith. In regard to otolith Sr/Ca ratios, all specimens showed slightly higher values in the otolith core region, and thereafter the ratios showed constant values or values that decreased gradually toward the edge of the otolith in the freshwater growth zone (mean, 3.33–4.58 × 10^?3). An abrupt increase was found in some specimens to 5–7 × 10^?3 in the maximum levels around the otolith edge. The relationship between Sr/Ca and Zn/Ca ratios at each ablation in otoliths in both juvenile and adult salmons showed a significant correlation. Otolith Zn/Ca and Sr/Ca ratio patterns were seen to reflect the levels in ambient water environment. Thus, these findings indicate that Zn, like Sr, in teleost otoliths is an excellent tracer for reconstructing the ambient aquatic environmental conditions which individual fish have experienced.     

~(137)Cs在卧龙自然保护区土壤中的分布特征

对137Cs在卧龙自然保护区内不同生态系统土壤中的分布特征进行测量分析的结果表明:137Cs在耕地土壤中均匀分布,在其余6种非耕地土壤中呈明显的指数递减分布;非耕地土壤在0~10 cm土层内存在一个137Cs富集层,富集层以下137Cs含量有一个骤降的过程;137Cs在耕地土壤中的分布深度大于耕层厚度20 cm,在非耕地土壤中的分布深度在24 cm左右;137Cs的面积浓度在高山草甸土壤中最大,在适温灌丛土壤中最小,前者是后者的2.6倍。     

侵蚀泥沙研究的137Cs核示踪技术

^137Cs是上世纪50-70年代大气核试验产生的核尘埃，1963年产出量最大，半衰期30．1a。^137Cs主要伴随降水降落到地表，随即被土壤颗粒吸附，^137Cs以后的迁移主要伴随被吸附土壤颗粒的运移。上世纪80年代以来，^137Cs示踪技术已广泛应用于侵蚀泥沙研究中。简要介绍了^137Cs示踪技术的基本原理，和在黄土高原、长江上游等地侵蚀速率测定，泥沙来源调查，塘库沉积物断代等研究中的一些应用实例。     

红壤侵蚀沉积点^137Cs垂直剖面分布特征

研究了红壤农田和荒地侵蚀沉积点中 1 3 7Cs的剖面分布特征 ,结果表明 ,沉积点在 1 7cm处有明显的峰谷 ,农田沉积点 1 3 7Cs含量要高于荒地 ;经估算 ,两沉积点的沉积速率相近 ,1 96 3年以来为 1 .0 3 cm/ a,近 2 0年约为 0 .74cm/ a;沉积点的 1 3 7Cs分布显示该区域侵蚀有减小的趋势 ;1 3 7Cs活度与有机质存在较好的相关性 ;1 3 7Cs在侵蚀研究中具有重要意义     

Sorption and desorption studies of Cs and Sr in contaminated soil samples around Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Huge amounts of radiocesium, radiostrontium, and fission products were released into the atmosphere during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP)...     

Assessment of 137Cs and 239,240Pu Distribution in Forest Soils of the Opole Anomaly

Distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu in the forest soils horizons of the Opole Anomaly was established. Gamma and alpha spectrometry was used for determination of these isotopes. It was found that the ¹³⁷Cs activity was approx. 1,000 times higher than that of ^239,240Pu. The highest activities of both radioisotopes were found close to the boundary region in soil profile where the organic horizon turns into the inorganic one. Cluster analysis did not clearly indicate the group’s existence in data in respect to ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu activities and organic matter content. Distributions of ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu in soil horizons were non-normal but similar to each other. These distributions were substantially different from that one for organic matter content. The data were separated into two groups, for organic and inorganic soil horizons, respectively. Data transformation using Box–Cox formula was performed following by standardization. Mutual relationships between variables were investigated using ordinary and robust regression methods. Good correlation between ¹³⁷Cs and ^239,240Pu was found. No significant relationship between organic matter content and radioisotopes activity was asserted.     

Transformation of Water-Soluble Organic Substances in Litters of Podzols in the Background and Technogenic Areas of the Kola Peninsula

Mineralization of water-soluble organic substances in forest litters of different compositions under conditions of their pollution with heavy metals from aerogenic emissions is considered. Water-soluble organic substances of the pine forest litters are shown to be less stable than that under the spruce forests irrespective of their pollution; the portion of mineralized at 20°C carbon for a month reached 40%. In the spruce litters, mineralizable amounts of carbon are related to their pollution: in the technogenic areas, compared to the background ones, carbon losses from the litters are twice greater. In the course of decomposition, in the spruce and pine litters, phenol compounds accumulate among the water-soluble organic compounds, and this process is more intense in the contaminated areas. After the decomposition of all the litters, irrespectively of their composition and the distance from the pollution sources, the water-soluble organic substances are characterized by higher indices of humification (HIX), more intense fluorescence, and greater coefficients of specific extinction (E₂₆₀). In the ultraviolet spectra, bands appear in the region of aromatic amines absorption. These changes indicate the transformation of water-soluble organic substances: the degrees of their condensation and aromaticity increase and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are formed.     

辽东湾沿岸土壤中~(137)Cs背景值及分布特征研究

在辽东湾沿岸区域采集了20个土壤表层样和7个非耕作土壤剖面样(其中一个为标准剖面),通过对采集的土壤样品中的137 Cs进行测量与分析,确定该区域土壤中137 Cs的背景值,并探讨了土壤中137 Cs的分布特征。结果表明,研究区137 Cs的背景值为(1 704±40)Bq/m2;表层土壤中137 Cs的比活度范围为0.84～19.90Bq/kg,不同土地利用类型表层土壤中的137 Cs比活度有明显差异,比活度高低依次为:草地>盐碱地>耕地;非耕作土壤剖面中137 Cs的总量范围为65～1 535Bq/m2,大部分土壤剖面中137 Cs呈指数递减分布,且剖面中的137 Cs发生不同程度的流失,而受到沉积扰动作用的剖面中137 Cs分布无规律。通过探讨辽东湾沿岸区域土壤中137 Cs的背景值及137 Cs的分布特征,为利用137 Cs示踪技术定量研究该区域物质输移和辽东湾沉积物来源提供依据。     

The migration of fallout 134Cs, 137Cs and 106Ru from Chernobyl and of 137Cs from weapons testing in a forest soil

To estimate the accumulation and vertical migration of radiocesium and radioruthenium, the activity concentrations of Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁰⁶Ru as well as of ¹³⁷Cs from the global fallout of weapons testing observed in the upper horizons of a forest soil (Hapludult, spruce stand) were evaluated with a compartment model. The resulting residence half-times were used to estimate the mean rates of transport of these radionuclides. For Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs within the time period of 200–600 days after the beginning of the fallout the rates were between 4 cm/yr (Of1-horizon) and 2 cm/yr (Oh-horizon), and for ¹⁰⁶Ru between 4 cm/yr (Of1-horizon) and 7 cm/yr (Oh-horizon). These rates, though considerably slower than observed in the same soil during the initial infiltration of these radionuclides with a rain shower, are (depending on the soil horizon) still higher by a factor of 3–6, when compared to the rates of transport of ¹³⁷Cs from the global fallout of weapons testing in the same soil. Because global fallout ¹³⁷Cs is in the soil since about 20 years, these results suggest that the fixation of radiocesium in the forest soil is a rather slow process.     

137Cs示踪三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率研究

三峡库区土壤侵蚀量研究对于该区水土保持、土地资源合理利用、生态环境改善以及水库的使用寿命具有重要的实践意义。本文运用137C s示踪法对三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率进行初步研究,结果表明:研究区137C s的背景值为2 029.2 Bq/m2;不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀强度的大小顺序为:耕地>园地>草地>荒地>林地,按照水利部1997年颁布的土壤侵蚀强度等级标准,则耕地为中度侵蚀,园地、草地和荒地为轻度侵蚀,林地为微度侵蚀。不同坡度段土壤侵蚀强度差别不大,由强到弱依次为5~°15,°0~°5,°25~°35,°15~°25°和>35°坡度段,皆属轻度侵蚀;重庆-万州段和云阳-宜昌段土壤侵蚀等级虽皆为轻度,但前者已接近中度侵蚀,其土壤年均侵蚀模数为后者的2.18倍。     

Examining the Relationships Between the Activities of 3H in Precipitation and 137Cs in Ground-Level Air in Belgrade City Area

Specific activity of tritium (³H) in precipitation and specific activity of ¹³⁷Cs in ground-level air were monitored at three locations in Belgrade (Meteorological Station of Belgrade at Zeleno Brdo (ZB), Meteorological Station Usek (USEK), and Vin?a Institute of Nuclear Sciences (VINS)). Data presented cover the period 1985?C1997 for ¹³⁷Cs for all locations and 1985?C2009 (ZB), 1988?C1997 (USEK), and 1988?C2009 (VINS) for ³H. Concentrations of ³H in precipitation have been determined using electrolytic enrichment and liquid scintillation spectrometer LKB-Wallac 1219 RackBeta. The activity of ¹³⁷Cs in air was determined on an HPGe detector (Canberra, relative efficiency 23?%). ³H concentrations in precipitation ranged from 0.40?±?0.08 to 74.6?±?5.2?Bq?l^?1 decreasing with distance from the nuclear facilities. Significantly higher tritium levels were measured in samples in VINS compared with those from an off-site location. The observed seasonal variations of tritium concentration indicate the stratospheric source of tritium. Increases in activity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in the atmosphere were observed after the nuclear plant accident at Chernobyl in April 1986. The concentrations obtained for ¹³⁷Cs in 1986 were compared with the integrated air concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in the region. The increases of ¹³⁷Cs air concentrations in 1987 and 1988 were attributed to local resuspensions from the ground. Since 1989, the activity level before the accident has been obtained. The average monthly concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in ground-level air were shown spread maximum in spring?Csummer period and pronounced maximum during winter. The obtained results were statistically analyzed, i.e., the following parameters were determined: tritium deposition, monthly activities of ³H and ¹³⁷Cs, seasonal indices, radionuclide loading indices, and linear correlation coefficients.     

Predicting Areas of 137Cs Loss and Accumulation in Upland Catchments

Anthropogenic radioisotopes with long physicalhalf-lives derived from atmospheric fallout remain inthe environment for decades after deposition. Process- and field-based studies within uplandcatchments show that radiocaesium is transported insolution as well as in particulate form. Catchmenthydrology is therefore an important control onradiocaesium transport and natural processes of soildevelopment. The topographic index, from thehydrological model TOPMODEL, has been used as a basisfor the development of a simple model for predictingradiocaesium redistribution in temperate uplandcatchments. The model is particularly suited topredicting ¹³⁷Cs redistribution within uplandenvironments as it is based on topography, which isreadily calculated from digital terrain models withingeographical information systems. A conceptual modelof radiocaesium losses on hillslopes and re-depositionon the valley floor was calibrated with atmosphericweapons testing ¹³⁷Cs inventories from soil coredata for the Raithburn catchment, Renfrewshire, U.K. The model fitted the observations well and showed thatin this catchment a topographic index value of about5.0, for 10 m grid cells, forms the threshold between¹³⁷Cs loss and accumulation. The resultsindicated that about 20% of the total atmosphericweapons testing ¹³⁷Cs deposited in the catchmenthad been transported out of the catchment over theca. 30 yr period since deposition.     

137Cs Contamination from Chernobyl of Soils in Piemonte (North-West Italy): Spatial Distribution and Deposition Model

¹³⁷Caesium was measured in soils sampled from 101 locationsdistributed across the Piemonte Region (North-West of Italy). The contamination levels found ranged from a few kBq m^-2 to about 60 kBq m^-2, the regional average being of the order of 15 kBq m^-2. The data obtained were interpolated with geostatistical functions in order to obtain a detailed mapof radioactive contamination for the whole region. A second map,representing the rainfall for the period of Chernobyl atmospheric contamination, weighted with the estimated values of air contamination, was produced.The comparison of the two maps and a statistical analysis of the data show that 84% of the ¹³⁷Cs global inventory is due to wet deposition, associated with 9% pre-Chernobyl fallout and a 7% attributed to Chernobyl dry deposition.A deposition model based on a linear relationship betweenwet deposition (D _w) and `weighted rainfall'(R _w) isproposed, applied and tested with available data. On this basisthe following parameters were estimated: scavenging factor, washout ratio, cloud height, dry deposition velocity, mediandiameter of the particles.     

雅鲁藏布江中游地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs示踪法研究

雅江中游地区林草地土壤侵蚀强度的137Cs示踪法研究表明,林草地土壤剖面的137Cs总量,可以很好地表征土壤的侵蚀程度.研究区137Cs本底值介于830.6～1 114.0Bq/m2之间;林草地平均土壤侵蚀强度介于341～1 971t/km2.a,影响林草地土壤侵蚀强度的主要因子为林草地覆盖度,其次为坡度.     

Spatial Variations of the Activity of 137Cs and the Contents of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Products in the Polluted Soils of the City of Elektrostal

Eurasian Soil Science - The levels of specific activity of 137Cs and the contents of mobile forms (1 M ammonium acetate extraction) of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb) and petroleum products...     

137Cs在耕作土壤中的均一性分布研究

选择一块面积为35m×30m较为平坦的农耕地作为研究对象,采集68个样点,共计112个样品,对~(137)Cs在土壤中的垂直分布和水平分布进行了探讨.结果表明,~(137)Cs在耕作土壤剖面中分布主要集中在耕层以内,且各个层的质量活度介于2.92～4.01Bq/kg之间,在土壤表层中水平面上质量活度介于28.77～30.98Bq/kg之间,该核素在土壤剖面和地表水平面上都呈现均一性分布特征.     

Vertical distribution and bioavailability of 137Cs in organic and mineral soils

The vertical distribution and bioavailability of ¹³⁷Cs in Histosols and mineral soils with different physicochemical properties from the southeast of Bavaria (Germany) more than ten years after the Chernobyl accident were the focus of this study. The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs was low in the investigated soils. About 85–98 % of the total ¹³⁷Cs was located in the upper 10 cm of the mineral soils. Slightly higher ¹³⁷Cs percentages were observed in deeper soil layers of the peat soils. Although the organic matter is assumed to enhance ¹³⁷Cs mobility in soils, ¹³⁷Cs was also located in the upper 10 cm of the peat soils (73–85 %). The highest ¹³⁷Cs‐activities were found in the humus layers of forest soils, where 45–93 % of the total ¹³⁷Cs soil inventories were observed. To determine the bioavailability of radiocesium, the soil‐to‐plant transfer of ¹³⁷Cs and additionally added ¹³⁴Cs was investigated under controlled conditions. The results revealed that the ^134+137Cs soil‐to‐plant transfer factors as well as the percentages of NH₄‐exchangeable ^134+137Cs were much higher for the peat soils and humus layers than for the mineral soils. Nevertheless, the migration of ¹³⁷Cs from the humus layers to the underlying soils was low. Considering the high bioavailability and low migration of radiocesium in the humus layers, it is suggested that radiocesium is involved in a shortcut element cycle in the system humus layer‐plant uptake‐litter. Furthermore, the organic matter has to be taken into account for radiocesium immobilization.     

Potential Use of Ultrafiltration for Groundwater Remediation and Aqueous Speciation of 60Co and 137Cs from A Contaminated Area

The potential for colloid-facilitated migration in contaminated sites is well known, and remediation techniques such as ultrafiltration are often considered for contaminant removal. Although this approach could be successful, the stability of the contaminant species in groundwater and the removal efficiency need to be investigated to ensure proper decontamination of moving aquifers. In our study, we have sampled contaminated groundwater near a former radioactive liquid disposal area at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Samples were taken in 2002 and 2004 to determine the behaviour of radiocontaminants by size fractionation using ultrafiltration, with emphasis on ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs. The contaminant concentrations varied significantly for both contaminants in the two samples (34.5 and 25.5 Bq/l for ⁶⁰Co, 25.5 and 97.2 Bq/l for ¹³⁷Cs). On the other hand, the size fractionation (5,000 Da^a nominal cut-off) remained consistent between the 2002 and 2004 samples, as most of the ⁶⁰Co (72%–83%) remained in the filtrate, while almost all of the ¹³⁷Cs (>98%) was retained along with the colloidal-sized material. Release of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs from the colloidal material yielded desorption coefficients (K _D-des) of 7.8 × 10⁵ and 1.7 × 10⁸ ml/g for ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs, respectively.     

The enrichment of 137Cs in the soil loss from small agricultural watersheds

Enrichment ratios (ER) are widely used to predict loss of sorbed nutrients or pesticides with runoff sediment, while ER is frequently neglected in studies which quantify past erosion from global fallout ¹³⁷Cs losses. The ER of ¹³⁷Cs (ER- ¹³⁷Cs) in the soil loss and the subsequent depletion of ¹³⁷Cs at the soil surface were determined for eight small watersheds (1.6–16.8 ha) with different soils and land use. Due to preferential loss of the clay fraction, the upper 5 mm of the soil surface was significantly depleted of ¹³⁷Cs after a heavy storm. A total of 31 watershed-events were investigated with soil losses ranging between 1.2 and 480 kg-ha^?1 and sediment concentrations between 1.98 and 54.1 g?L^?1 The correspondent ER-¹³⁷Cs (mean: 1.72, range: 0.40–4.95) was positively correlated to the ER of clay, organic carbon, total nitrogen and calcium-acetate-lactate-extractable phosphorus (P_CAL). A close correlation between ER-¹³⁷Cs and ER-P_CAL was also found for sediment samples of detention ponds, where most of the ER values were less than 1.0 due to depletion. Therefore, ER-P_CAL seems to be a suitable estimate of ER-¹³⁷Cs for both, erosion and deposition processes. Our findings strongly support the need for considering ER-¹³⁷Cs, when ^,37Cs data are used to assess rates and pattern of soil redistribution. Otherwise, soil loss will be overestimated in a range of about factor 2 in many cases.